Assumptions: V V V V V V

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Chapter 5 Mass, Bernoulli, and Energy Equations

5-98
Solution
Water is flowing through a venturi meter with known diameters and measured pressures. The flow rate of
water is to be determined for the case of frictionless flow.
Assumptions 1 The flow through the venturi is steady, incompressible, and irrotational with negligible friction (so that the
Bernoulli equation is applicable). 2 The flow is horizontal so that elevation along the centerline is constant. 3 The pressure
is uniform at a given cross-section of the venturi meter (or the elevation effects on pressure measurement are negligible).

We take the density of water to be = 1000 kg/m3.

Properties

Analysis
We take point 1 at the main flow section and point 2 at the throat along the centerline of the venturi meter.
Noting that z1 = z2, the application of the Bernoulli equation between points 1 and 2 gives
P1 V12
P V2
+
+ z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2
g 2 g
g 2 g

P1 P2 =

V 22 V12
2

(1)

The flow is assumed to be incompressible and thus the density is constant. Then the conservation of mass relation for this
single stream steady flow device can be expressed as
V1 = V2 = V

A1V1 = A2V 2 = V

V1 =

V
A1

and

V2 =

Substituting into Eq. (1),


(V / A2 ) 2 (V / A1 ) 2 V 2
=
P1 P2 =
2
2 A22

430 kPa

120 kPa

A22
1

A2
1

Solving for V gives the desired relation for the flow rate,

V = A2

V
(2)
A2

4 cm

7 cm

2( P1 P2 )

(3)

[1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2 ]

The flow rate for the given case can be determined by substituting the given values into this relation to be

D 2
V =
4

2( P1 P2 )

[1 ( D 2 / D1 ) ]
4

(0.04 m) 2
4

1000 kg m/s 2

1 kN
(1000 kg/m 3 )[1 - (4/7) 4 ]
2(430 120) kN/m 2

= 0.0331 m 3 /s

Discussion
Venturi meters are commonly used as flow meters to measure the flow rate of gases and liquids by simply
measuring the pressure difference P1 - P2 by a manometer or pressure transducers. The actual flow rate will be less than the
value obtained from Eq. (3) because of the friction losses along the wall surfaces in actual flow. But this difference can be
as little as 1% in a well-designed venturi meter. The effects of deviation from the idealized Bernoulli flow can be accounted
for by expressing Eq. (3) as

V = C d A2

2( P1 P2 )

[1 ( A2 / A1 ) 2 ]

where Cd is the venturi discharge coefficient whose value is less than 1 (it is as large as 0.99 for well-designed venturi
meters in certain ranges of flow). For Re > 105, the value of venturi discharge coefficient is usually greater than 0.96.

5-65
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to
teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

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