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Grphs of Trig Fnctns

The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x have similar properties: 1. The domain is the set of real numbers. 2. The range is the set y values such that 1 y 1. 3. The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is -1. 4. The graph is a smooth curve. 5. Each function cycles through all the values of the range over an x-interval of 2.

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15K views14 pages

Grphs of Trig Fnctns

The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x have similar properties: 1. The domain is the set of real numbers. 2. The range is the set y values such that 1 y 1. 3. The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is -1. 4. The graph is a smooth curve. 5. Each function cycles through all the values of the range over an x-interval of 2.

Uploaded by

api-261587850
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Digital Lesson

Graphs of Trigonometric
Functions

Properties of Sine and Cosine Functions


The graphs of y = sin x and y = cos x have similar properties:
1. The domain is the set of real numbers.
2. The range is the set of y values such that 1 y 1.
3. The maximum value is 1 and the minimum value is 1.

4. The graph is a smooth curve.


5. Each function cycles through all the values of the range
over an x-interval of 2 .
6. The cycle repeats itself indefinitely in both directions of the
x-axis.

Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

Graph of the Sine Function


To sketch the graph of y = sin x first locate the key points.
These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the
intercepts.

3
x
0

2
2

sin x

-1

Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve


that extends in both directions beyond the five points. A
single cycle is called a period.
y = sin x
y
3

3
2

5
2

Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

Graph of the Cosine Function


To sketch the graph of y = cos x first locate the key points.
These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the
intercepts.

3
x
0

2
2

cos x

-1

Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve


that extends in both directions beyond the five points. A
single cycle is called a period.
y = cos x
y
3

3
2

5
2

Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

Example: Sketch the graph of y = 3 cos x on the interval [, 4].


Partition the interval [0, 2] into four equal parts. Find the five key
points; graph one cycle; then repeat the cycle over the interval.

x
y = 3 cos x
y

(0, 3)
2
1

0
3

-3

x-int

min

max

3
2

2
3

x-int

max

(2 , 3)

1
( , 0)
2
2
3
( , 3)
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

( 3 , 0)
2

4 x

The amplitude of y = a sin x (or y = a cos x) is half the distance


between the maximum and minimum values of the function.
amplitude = |a|
If |a| > 1, the amplitude stretches the graph vertically.
If 0 < |a| < 1, the amplitude shrinks the graph vertically.
If a < 0, the graph is reflected in the x-axis.
y
4

y = sin x

y=

1
2

3
2

sin x

y = 4 sin x
reflection of y = 4 sin x

y = 2 sin x

y = 4 sin x

4
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

The period of a function is the x interval needed for the


function to complete one cycle.
For b 0, the period of y = a sin bx is 2 .
b
For b 0, the period of y = a cos bx is also 2 .
b

If b > 1, the graph of the function is shrunk horizontally.


y
y sin 2 x
period: 2
period:
y sin x x

If 0 < b < 1, the graph ofythe function is stretched horizontally.


y cos x
1
y cos x
period: 2
2
2
3
4

x
period: 4

Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

Use basic trigonometric identities to graph y = f (x)


Example 1: Sketch the graph of y = sin (x).
The graph of y = sin (x) is the graph of y = sin x reflected in
the x-axis.
y = sin (x)
y
Use the identity
sin (x) = sin x
y = sin x

Example 2: Sketch the graph of y = cos (x).


The graph of y = cos (x) is identical to the graph of y = cos x.
y
Use the identity
x
cos (x) = cos x

2
y = cos (x)
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

Example: Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin (3x).


Rewrite the function in the form y = a sin bx with b > 0
y = 2 sin (3x) = 2 sin 3x
Use the identity sin ( x) = sin x:
2 2
period:
amplitude: |a| = |2| = 2
=
3
b
Calculate the five key points.
x

y = 2 sin 3x

2
3

( , 2)

(0, 0)
2

( ,-2)

2
3

5
6

( , 0) 2
3
( , 0)
3

Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

Graph of the Tangent Function


sin x
To graph y = tan x, use the identity tan x
.
cos x
At values of x for which cos x = 0, the tangent function is
undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y

Properties of y = tan x
1. domain : all real x

x k k
2
2. range: (, +)
3. period:
4. vertical asymptotes:

x k k
2

2
3
2

3
2

period:
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

10

Example: Find the period and asymptotes and sketch the graph
y

1
x

of y tan 2 x
4
4
3
1. Period of y = tan x is .

Period of y tan 2 x is .
3
1
2

8
2
8 3
x
2. Find consecutive vertical
1
asymptotes by solving for x:
3 1
,
,

8 3
8 3
2x , 2x
2
2

Vertical asymptotes: x , x
4
4

3
3. Plot several points in (0, )

x
0
2
8
8
8
1
1
1
1

y tan 2 x
0
4. Sketch one branch and repeat.
3
3
3
3
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

11

Graph of the Cotangent Function


cos x
To graph y = cot x, use the identity cot x
.
sin x
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cotangent function is
undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = cot x

y cot x

1. domain : all real x


x k k

2. range: (, +)
3. period:
4. vertical asymptotes:
x k k
vertical asymptotes
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

3
2

x0

x
2

x 2
12

Graph of the Secant Function


The graph y = sec x, use the identity sec x

1
.
cos x
At values of x for which cos x = 0, the secant function is undefined
and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
y sec x

Properties of y = sec x
1. domain : all real x

x k ( k )
2
2. range: (,1] [1, +)
3. period:
4. vertical asymptotes:

x k k
2

Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

y cos x
x

3
2

5 3
2

13

Graph of the Cosecant Function


1
To graph y = csc x, use the identity csc x
.
sin x
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cosecant function
is undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = csc x
4

y csc x

1. domain : all real x


x k k
2. range: (,1] [1, +)
3. period:
4. vertical asymptotes:
x k k
where sine is zero.
Copyright by Houghton Mifflin Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

3 2
2

5
2

y sin x
4

14

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