The document discusses Born-Haber cycles which are used to calculate lattice enthalpies of ionic compounds. It explains how the size and charge of ions affect the lattice enthalpy based on Coulomb's law, with smaller ionic radii and higher charges resulting in stronger attractions and higher lattice enthalpies. Experimental and theoretical lattice enthalpy values are compared, showing good agreement for sodium halides but discrepancies for silver halides likely due to their more covalent character. Born-Haber cycles allow calculating enthalpy changes by summing the enthalpies of steps involving atomization, ionization, electron affinity, and lattice formation.
The document discusses Born-Haber cycles which are used to calculate lattice enthalpies of ionic compounds. It explains how the size and charge of ions affect the lattice enthalpy based on Coulomb's law, with smaller ionic radii and higher charges resulting in stronger attractions and higher lattice enthalpies. Experimental and theoretical lattice enthalpy values are compared, showing good agreement for sodium halides but discrepancies for silver halides likely due to their more covalent character. Born-Haber cycles allow calculating enthalpy changes by summing the enthalpies of steps involving atomization, ionization, electron affinity, and lattice formation.
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All of IB screwed resources repacked in the chemistry bundle muhaha
The document discusses Born-Haber cycles which are used to calculate lattice enthalpies of ionic compounds. It explains how the size and charge of ions affect the lattice enthalpy based on Coulomb's law, with smaller ionic radii and higher charges resulting in stronger attractions and higher lattice enthalpies. Experimental and theoretical lattice enthalpy values are compared, showing good agreement for sodium halides but discrepancies for silver halides likely due to their more covalent character. Born-Haber cycles allow calculating enthalpy changes by summing the enthalpies of steps involving atomization, ionization, electron affinity, and lattice formation.
The document discusses Born-Haber cycles which are used to calculate lattice enthalpies of ionic compounds. It explains how the size and charge of ions affect the lattice enthalpy based on Coulomb's law, with smaller ionic radii and higher charges resulting in stronger attractions and higher lattice enthalpies. Experimental and theoretical lattice enthalpy values are compared, showing good agreement for sodium halides but discrepancies for silver halides likely due to their more covalent character. Born-Haber cycles allow calculating enthalpy changes by summing the enthalpies of steps involving atomization, ionization, electron affinity, and lattice formation.
2 Born-Haber Cycles 15.2.1 - Define and apply the terms lattice enthalpy and electron affinity Lattice Enthalpy The energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into its gaseous ions. Electron Affinity The energy change that occurs when mole of electrons is accepted by one mole of atoms in the gaseous state to form one mole of negative ions.
15.2.2 - Explain how the relative sizes and the charges of ions affect the lattice enthalpies of different ionic compounds An ionic lattice with a higher enthalpy is considered more stable, because it is harder to break apart. It would have a higher melting and boiling point.
The size and charge of the ions affect the force of attraction within the lattice, which affects the enthalpy. The size of this attraction occurs according to Coulombs Law:
Here, q1 and q2 represent the charges on the two ions, and r is the sum of their radii, which is the distance between them. When the charge increases on either one of the ions, or the distance between them decreases, then the force of attraction is larger. NaCl
KCl
Here, the cations are different, but the anions are the same.
Same charge on the metal ions
K+ has a greater ionic radius than Na+ due to its higher number of shells
KCl has a lower lattice enthalpy because there are weaker attractive forces, mainly because of the size of the ions. NaF
NaBr
- NaI
All have the same cations, however the anions are different
The anions have the same charge
The anions are different sizes, with I as the largest.
Lattice enthalpy: NaI < NaBr < NaF
Based on the size of the ions
MgF2
NaF
Mg ion has the higher charge
Magnesium is a smaller ion
MgF2 has the greatest force of attraction because of both of these factors.
So, in a nutshell: Larger charge = Larger enthalpy Smaller radius = Larger enthalpy
15.2.3 - Construct a Born-Haber cycle for group 1 and 2 oxides and chlorides, and use it to calculate an enthalpy change When metals and non-metals combine to form ionic lattices, there are a number of other processes which also take place. This is called the Born-Haber process, and can be compared to Hesss Law. 1. The atomisation of the solid metal {Hat} which is where the metal goes into the gaseous state. This is an endothermic process. 2. Ionisation of the gaseous metal {HI} which is where the metal loses electrons to form a cation. This is an endothermic process. 3. The dissociation/ atomisation of the molecular non-metal into atoms {HD}, which is where the non-metal goes into the gaseous state and is broken into individual atoms. This is an endothermic process. 4. Addition of electrons to the non-metal atoms, or electron affinity {HE} where the non-metal atoms gain electrons to form anions. This is an exothermic process. 5. The reaction between the gaseous ions to form the solid ionic lattice {HIf}. This is an exothermic process.
The more negative the standard enthalpy change of formation of the ionic compound, the more stable it is. The enthalpy of formation for step five is of the same magnitude (but opposite sign) to the lattice enthalpy of the compound. The Born-Haber cycle can be applied to find an enthalpy that cannot be measured.
15.2.4 - Discuss the difference between theoretical and experimental lattice enthalpy values of ionic compounds in terms of their covalent character Born-Haber Cycles allow us to find the lattice enthalpies from experimental results. However, to find the theoretical enthalpy values, we use Coulombs law. Compound NaF NaCl NaBr NaI AgF AgCl AgBr AgI
In some cases, we are led to believe that the ionic model is an accurate representation of the compound because the theoretical and experimental lattice enthalpies are close. Sodium halides have proven to be very close to these theoretical values, so we assume that our current model for their ionic model is very accurate. However, the silver halides do not have similar experimental and theoretical lattice enthalpies, so we still need to refine the current model to suit what actually happens within the lattice. The experimental lattice enthalpy tends to be larger than the theoretical one. This is due to the effect of distorting the electron cloud, which results in a higher electron density between the ions, causing an almost polar bond.
