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Graphing Trigfunctions Review

1) The document provides information about trigonometric functions including their definitions, key characteristics like period and domain, and how to graph them. 2) It discusses the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant, and secant functions, providing their definitions and formulas, as well as tables and graphs showing their periodic behavior. 3) The summary at the end outlines the main graph characteristics of each trig function, including their period, domain, range, and whether they are even or odd functions.

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15K views

Graphing Trigfunctions Review

1) The document provides information about trigonometric functions including their definitions, key characteristics like period and domain, and how to graph them. 2) It discusses the sine, cosine, tangent, cotangent, cosecant, and secant functions, providing their definitions and formulas, as well as tables and graphs showing their periodic behavior. 3) The summary at the end outlines the main graph characteristics of each trig function, including their period, domain, range, and whether they are even or odd functions.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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You are on page 1/ 46

Unit 5: Quick Review of

Trigonometric Functions

Key Vocabulary:

Amplitude: the maximum or minimum vertical


distance between the graph and the x-axis.
Amplitude is always positive! |a|

Period: The measure/ interval needed for the function


to complete one cycle. Think 1 full rotation

Finding the period algebraically.


Formula: 2
b

Given:

y sin2 notice that b 2


period:

Given :
y sin x ; here b
period: ??

Graphing! Recall: Unwrapping the Unit


Circle.

sin
y

90
135

45

II

180
II I

2
90

II

3
2

180

270

360

IV

III
225

315
270

Interactive Sine Unwrap

IV

sin

/2

3/2

222
3

2
212222

You try! Graph the sin function: y = sin x


Remember to use the key points around the coordinate plane!

sin x

Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve


that extends in both directions beyond the five points. A
single cycle is called a period.
y = sin x
y

222
3

2
212222

You try! Graph the cosine function: y = cos x


Remember to use the key points around the coordinate plane!
x

cos x

Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve


that extends in both directions beyond the five points. A
single cycle is called a period.
y = cos x
y

Given : A sin Bx
Determine the amplitude and period.
& Graph y=5sin2X

Amplitude = IAI
period = 2/B

Determine the
amplitude and
period.

Amp=5
Period=2/2
=

/2
/4

3/4

Given : A sin Bx
Determine the amplitude and period.
Graph
y=2cos 1/2 X

Determine
the
amplitude
and period.

Amp= 2
Period= 2/

(1/2) = 4

Amplitude = IAI
period = 2/B

b
2

3
6
2
3

2
2
2

66336

Homework : Sketch the graph of y = 2 sin (3x). Determine


the amplitude and period!

y = 2 sin (3x) = 2 sin 3x


period: 2 = 2
3

Use the identity sin ( x) = sin x:

3
2
3
6

amplitude: |a| = |2| = 2


Calculate the five key points.
x

y = 2 sin 3x

( , 2)

(0, 0)

( , 0)
(

( , -2)

, 0)

Graphing Trig Functions on the TI89


Mode critical radian vs. degree
Graphing: ZoomTrig sets x-coordinates as multiple of /2

Use ZoomTrig.
Enter the function.

This is the
graph.

Graph the following in radian mode: sin(x), cos x


[use trace to observe x/y values]

Switch to degree mode and re-graph the above


What do you think would happen if you graphed cos(x), or 3cos(x) + 2?
[Well study these transformations in the next chapter]

Tangent Function
Recall that tan

sin
.
cos

Since cos is in the denominator, when cos = 0, tan is undefined.


This occurs @ intervals, offset by /2: { /2, /2, 3/2, 5/2, }
Lets create an x/y table from = /2 to = /2 (one interval),
with 5 input angle values.

sin

cos

tan

tan

/2

und

/2

und

2
2

2
2

/4

/4

2
2

2
2

/4

/2

und

/2

und

/4

Graph of Tangent Function:


Vertical asymptotes
tan Periodic
where cos = 0
sin
tan
cos

/2

tan
Und (-)

/4

/4

/2

Und()

3/2

/2

/2

One period:

tan : Domain (angle measures): /2 + n


Range (ratio of sides): all real numbers (, )
tan is an odd function; it is symmetric wrt the origin.
Domain, tan() = tan()

3/2

s
i
n
x
t
a
n
x

c
o

22kk
xx

kk

2
2

2
2

Graph of the Tangent Function

To graph y = tan x, use the identity

At values of x for which cos x = 0, the tangent function is


undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = tan x
1. Domain : all real x
2. Range: (, +)
3. Period:

4. Vertical asymptotes:

period:

1
x

t
a
n
2
x
4
4
3

P
e2rixod
fy,
t2xa
n
22xxi
s
.2
3

1
,x

8 83
2
4
1

8
3

8
3

(0,2)y

x
0
8
8
8
1
13tan2x131

33

Example: Find the period and asymptotes and sketch the graph
y
of
1. Period of y = tan x is .

2. Find consecutive vertical


asymptotes by solving for x:
Vertical asymptotes:

3. Plot several points in

4. Sketch one branch and repeat.

Cotangent Function
Recall that cot

cos
.
sin

Since sin is in the denominator, when sin = 0, cot is undefined.


This occurs @ intervals, starting at 0: { , 0, , 2, }
Lets create an x/y table from = 0 to = (one interval),
with 5 input angle values.

sin

cos

cot

cot

Und

Und

/4

2
2

2
2

/4

/2

/2

3/4

2
2

3/4

Und

2
2

Und

Graph of Cotangent Function: Periodic


Vertical asymptotes
where sin = 0
cos
cot
sin

cot

cot

/4

/2

3/4

3/2

/2

/2

cot : Domain (angle measures): n


Range (ratio of sides): all real numbers (, )
cot is an odd function; it is symmetric wrt the origin.
Domain, tan() = tan()

3/2

c
o
s
x
c
o
t
x

i
n
y

c
o
t
x
k
xx
k

2
2
2
2

xx0xx2

Graph of the Cotangent Function


To graph y = cot x, use the identity
.
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cotangent function is
undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y

Properties of y = cot x
1. Domain : all real x

2. Range: (, +)
3. Period:
4. Vertical asymptotes:

vertical asymptotes

Cosecant is the reciprocal


of
sine
Vertical asymptotes
where sin = 0

csc

0
2

sin

One period: 2

sin : Domain: (, )
Range: [1, 1]

csc : Domain: n
(where sin = 0)
Range: |csc | 1
or (, 1] U [1, ]

sin and csc


are odd
(symm wrt origin)

1
c
s
x

s
i
n
x
y

c
s
x
4
k
xx
k

2
2
2
sinx
4 y

Graph of the Cosecant Function


To graph y = csc x, use the identity
.

At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cosecant function


is undefined and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = csc x
1. domain : all real x

2. range: (,1] [1, +)


3. period:

4. vertical asymptotes:
where sine is zero.

Secant is the reciprocal of cosine Vertical asymptotes


where cos = 0

sec

cos

One period: 2

cos : Domain: (, ) sec : Domain: /2 + n


(where cos = 0)
Range: [1, 1]
Range: |sec | 1
or (, 1] U [1, ]

cos and sec


are even
(symm wrt y-axis)

1
s
e
c
x

c
o
s
x
y

s
e
c
x
4

xx
k
(k

)
y

c
o
s
x
2

2
2
2
2
2k4

Graph of the Secant Function


The graph y = sec x, use the identity

At values of x for which cos x = 0, the secant function is undefined


and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = sec x
1. domain : all real x

2. range: (,1] [1, +)


3. period:
4. vertical asymptotes:

Summary of Graph Characteristics


Defn

sin
csc
cos
sec
tan
cot

Period

Domain

Range

Even/Odd

Summary of Graph Characteristics


Defn

Period

Domain

Range

Even/Odd

opp
hyp

y
r

(, )

1 x 1 or
[1, 1]

odd

csc

1
.sin

r
.y

cos

adj
hyp

x
r

(, )

sec

1 .
sin

r
y

2 +n

tan

sin
cos

y
x

2 +n

All Reals or
(, )

odd

cot

cos
.sin

x
y

All Reals or
(, )

odd

sin

|csc | 1 or
(, 1] U [1, )

All Reals or
(, )
|sec | 1 or
(, 1] U [1, )

odd
even
even

14. 2: Translations of Trigonometric Graphs


Without looking at your notes, try to sketch the basic shape of
each trig function:
1) Sine:

2) Cosine:

3) Tangent:

More Transformations
We have seen two types of transformations on trig

graphs: vertical stretches and horizontal stretches.


There are three more: vertical translations (slides),

horizontal translations, and reflections (flips).

y
k
asinbx
h

More Transformations

Here is the full general form for the sine function:

Just as with parabolas and other functions, h and k

are translations:

h slides the graph horizontally (opposite of sign)

k slides the graph vertically


Also, if a is negative, the graph is flipped vertically.

More Transformations
To graph a sine or cosine graph:
1.

Graph the original graph with the correct


amplitude and period (like section 14.1).

2. Translate h units horizontally and k units

vertically.
3. Reflect vertically at its new position if a is negative

(or reflect first, then translate).

yy
iy

s
n
x
c2ossxin(
x2)
Examples

Describe how each graph would be transformed:


1.

2.

3.

y2cos(x)
Examples

State the amplitude and period, then graph:

-2


y
sinx2
Examples

State the amplitude and period, then graph:

-2

1
y2sinx
Examples

State the amplitude and period, then graph:

-2

Examples
Write an equation of the graph described:

The graph of y = cos x translated up 3 units,


right units, and reflected vertically.

14.3: trigonometric Identities


Reciprocal Identities
Quotient Identities
Pythagorean Identities
Opposite Angles Identity

Some Vocab
Identity: a statement of equality between two
expressions that is true for all values of the
variable(s)
2. Trigonometric Identity: an identity involving trig
expressions
3. Counterexample: an example that shows an
equation is false.
1.

Prove that sin(x)tan(x) = cos(x) is not a trig


identity by producing a counterexample.
You can do this by picking almost any angle

measure.
Use ones that you know exact values for:
0, /6, /4, /3, /2, and

Reciprocal Identities

Quotient Identities

Why?

Do you remember the Unit Circle?


What is the equation for the unit circle?

x 2 + y2 =
1

What does x = ? What does y = ?


(in terms of trig functions)

sin2 + cos2 = 1
Pythagorean
Identity!

Take the Pythagorean Identity and


discover a new one!
Hint: Try dividing everything by cos2

Quotien
t
Identity

sin2 + cos2 =
1 .
2
22
cos
cos
tan + 1 = sec2
cos2
another
Pythagorean
Identity

Reciproc
al
Identity

Take the Pythagorean Identity and


discover a new one!
Hint: Try dividing everything by sin2

sin2 + cos2 =
1 .
2
22
sin

sin
1 + cot =
22
sin
Quotien csc
Reciproc
t
Identity

a third
Pythagorean
Identity

al
Identity

Opposite Angle Identities


sometimes these are called even/odd identities

Simplify each expression.

Using the identities you now know, find


the trig value.
If cos = 3/4,
find sec.

If cos = 3/5,
find csc.

sin = -1/3, 180o < < 270o; find tan

sec = -7/5, < < 3/2; find sin

Similarities and Differences


a) How do you find the
amplitude and period for
sine and cosine functions?
b) How do you find the
amplitude, period and
asymptotes for tangent?
c) What process do you
follow to graph any of the
trigonometric functions?

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