8 - Articles - Word Formation Netng ‘© Nouns are: abstract (love, freedom, etc), proper Woe, Europe. etc), group (family, team, crowd, group. etc.) oF common (chair, hat, boy, etc). © Most nouns which refer to jobs, social status, etc. hhave the same form for men and women e.g, doctor. teacher, etc. Others have different forms: actor - actress (bride) groom - bride ‘duke - duchess hero - heroine host - hostess king - queen ‘monk - nun prince - princess waiter - waitress widower - widow, ete. Countcble Wevne/Uncethickle Netns 2 @ Countable nouns are nouns which we can count. They have singular and plural forms. We usually {form the plural by adding -s. (Look at Appendix 1). @ Irregular Plurals: man - men, woman - women, foot - feet, tooth - teeth, louse - lice, mouse - mice, child. - children, goose - geese, ox - oxen © Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural. These are: a) some kinds of animals (sheep, deer) and fish (rout, cod, salmon, etc.) 9.4 sheep was grazing in the field. Some sheep were grazing in the field b) the words aircraft, spacecraft, hovercraft, etc. e.g. One hovercraft was approaching the por. Two hovercraft were approaching the port €) some nouns ending in -s: crossroads, means, series, species, works, etc. €.g.Acaris ameans of transport. Cars a of transport ‘means aX, XS Scientists do a lot of research in ‘order to find cures for various diseases. A lot of money is spent ‘on equipment every year, but the information collected is invaluable. © Uncountable nouns are nouns which we cannot count. They do not have different plural forms. Uncountable nouns include: a) many types of food: flour. yoghurt, butter, meat, cheese, spaghetti. rice, sugar, etc. ') liquids: coffee, lemonade, oil, petrol, wine, water, etc <) materials: crystal, wood. plastic, siver. china. glass, etc 4) abstract nouns: knowiedge, beauty. justice. help, freedom, education, love, etc @) others: research, luggage, baggage. hair, weather, behaviour, advice, news, accommodation, information. fun, equipment, liter, rubbish, furniture, crockery cutlery, jewellery, machinery, money, etc. @ We use the following nouns with uncountable ‘nouns to show quantity: 2 piece of cakelpaperinews) advicelintormationituriure, a glassibottle of water, a {Jar of jamjhoney, a rasher of bacon, a packet of rice) tea, a loafislice of bread, 2 pot of yoghurtihoney, @ poticup of tea, a kilo of meat, a tube of toothpaste. a bar of chacolate!soap, a can of soda, a carton of milk, @ bow! of sugarisoup, ete ‘Some of the above nouns can also be used with plural countable nouns. 2.9. 2 kilo of tomatoes, a bow! of cherriesNouns - Articles - Word Fo Countable nouns: © can take singular or plural verbs. ‘eg. The window is open. The windows are open. always go with a/anitheimy, etc. in the singular. eg. [paid the bill. Ths is my pen. can be used alone or with somelanyimanyitew in the plural. eg. IJove apples. | bought some apples to make a pie. ‘Some nouns can be used as countable or ‘uncountable, with a difference in meaning, '* Would you like a glass of lemonade? Tina can't see without her glasses. (spectacles) The vase is made of glass. (the material) «He went fo the newsagent’ to buy a paper. (newspaper) He wrote my phone number on a piece of paper. (the woting material) Don't forget to bring all the necessary papers. (documents) ‘© Susan has got shor, dark hair (all the hair on her head) There is a hair in my soup! ‘© 1¥e bought an iron as a wedding git for Tom and Jane. (lor roning clothes) This chair is made of iron. (the material) ‘© You shouldn't eat 100 much chocolat We gave her a box of chocolates. '* Your room is a mess! We haven't got enough room to put you up. (space) *# The table is made of wood. (the material) Alot of wolves live in the woods. (forest) ‘+ Mr Davis has a lot of experience in accounting. (length of time doing i) He had a few unpleasant experiences while living abroad. (events) ‘© rhaven't got any time to lose. How many times did Rick phone? (occasions) Uncountable nouns: © always take singular verbs. e.g. Gold is more expensive than silver. Milk comes trom cows. # do not go with ajanjoneitwo, ete. e.g. Water is good for you. ‘© can be used alone or with some/anyimuchilitie) theimy, ete. e.g. Don't forget to buy (some) cotee. Note: We use alan, oneitwo, etc. with uncountable nouns such as coffee, tea, soda, etc. when we order something in a restaurant, café, etc. 9. Well have three coffees, please. ‘© A couple of, several, (a) few, many, @ (good, large, great) number of and both are used with countable ‘nouns. e.9. a couple of friend. (Too) much, (a) litle, 2 greatigood deal of, a smallilarge amountiquantity of are used with uncountable nouns. e.g. @ small amount of money. A lot of, lots of, (hardly) any, ‘some, no, plenty of are used with countable and uncountable nouns. e.g. plenty of iendsimoney (CGRECENGINGENE: ‘© Compound nouns are nouns that are made of two ‘or more parts and are formed as follows: a) noun + noun. The plural is usually formed by adding -s/-es to the second noun. 2.9. ticket inspector — ticket inspectors »b) ing form/adjective + noun. The plural is formed by adding -s/-es to the noun. 8.9. swimming pool + swimming pools 9. greenhouse = greenhouses ©) noun + in-law. The plural is formed by adding -s to the noun. e.g. sisterin-law — sisters-in-law 4d) noun + adverb, The plural is formed by adding 5 to the noun, e.g. unnerup —* runners-up e) verb + adverb particle. The plural is tormed by ‘adding -s to the word. ‘2.9. breakthrough + breakthroughsticles - Word Formation inetlen/Elutel Vert ikouns @ a) nouns which reter to school subjects: economics, Welucarg physics, mathematics (maths), politics, etc. 'b) nouns which refer to sports: gymnastics, athletics, bowls, ete. €) nouns which refer to games: billiards, dominoes, darts, draughts, etc. 4d) nouns which refer to illnesses: measles, mumps, ete, «) the word news. 2g. think physics is very interesting subject. The news isn't very encouraging, I'm afraid, plural nouns when we talk about an amount of ‘money, a time period, weight, distance, etc. eg. Five hundred thousand pounds was donated to build a new hospital wing. ‘group nouns such as jury, family, team, group, crew, crowd, class, audience, committee, council, army, club, press, government, company, etc. when we mean the group as a unit. But we use plural verbs when we mean the individuals who make up the group. e.g. The jury is ready 10 give the verdict. (We mean the jury as unit) The jury are ail staying at the Park Hotel. (We ‘mean the individual members of the jury.) @ nouns such as: clothes, people, police, stairs, a (good) looks, surroundings, outskirts, premises, arnings, wages, cattle, poultry, ee. ‘2.9, Designer elothes are rather expensive. nouns which refer to objects that consist of two parts, such as: trousers, binoculars, shorts, shoes, gloves, pyjamas, tights, glasses, earrings, socks, scissors, etc. We do not use a/an or a number with these words. We use the phrase pair of .. instead, 9, Where are your gloves? was given a pair of gloves. quantity. cartor/glave/iug of . orange juice cheese bread cotter Sa water 6a wine 7a chocolate Ba crisps: ga honey oa ‘meat Wa ‘spaghetti Ra flour Fill the gaps with a, an, or some where necessary. 1 a) We had ... cme. delicious food last night, b) We had... delicious meal lastnight 2 a) Thereis beautiful furniture in that shop, b) There is ‘beautiful table in that shop. 3 a) Fmthisty. | need rink b) Im thirsty. tneed water. 4 a} She's just bought expensive clothes, 'b) She's just bought expensive oress. $a} They booked room in advance ) They booked ‘accommodation in advance. 6 a) The band played lovely song, b) The band played lovely music 7 a) We had heatwave last week b) We had hot weather last week. 8 a) Icantt do this job alone. I need assistant. ») I can't do this job alone. | need help. 9 a) He has got heavy luggage to carry ) He has got heavy suitcase to carry, 10 a} Ineea Cutlery 10 eat this food with b) Ineed knife and fork to eat this food with 14. a) She has got Important job to do. b) She has got important work to do. 12. a) He found coin on the ground, b) He found ‘money on the ground. Complete the sentences using the noun in brackets in the singular or plural form and alan where necessary. ae 1) He gave me a box of my favourite ...chocolates. (chocolate) 2. His favourite food is (chocolate) 3. She bought fon her way to work (paper) 4 He placed all the important inns briefcase. (paper) 5 Ineed some fn. (paper) to write this message 6 Hurry up! We don't have much time) 7 She has visited us severat this month, (time) 8 He has no but he is keen to learn, (expenence) ‘She had a lot of exciting travels. (experience) during her10 " 2 8 “ 8 6 v7 18 9 20 oe 10 e Nouns - Articles - Word Fo Gy ensentine ne cone word We went for a walk in the after lunch (wood) His desk is made of (009) Jane is in her reading a book. (room) We have got plenty of for a party inhhere. room) Lam going to have my ‘cut tomorrow. (hair) There was. ‘in my soup. (hair) Tim thirsty. I need of water. (glass) Susan only wears her when she reads. (lass) This omament is made of coloured (glass) Helen bought in the sale at the electrical store. (iron) The old gate was made of (iron) Cross out the expressions which cannot be used with the nouns, as in the example. There are several, many, youetf plenty of, Sao-¥ts things you can do to help He has met a couple of , a few, very litle, plenty of, to0 much interesting people Se ears few, hardly any, plenty of, several, a great deal of money. We have got ne, many, lots of, a great deal of, a few work to do Don't worry, there's @ lit many, a lot of time Both, Several, A large quantity of, Plenty of, Too ‘much students applied for the course He's got no, hardly any, a litle, some, 2 small amount of qualifications She's got hardly any, Several, a litle, experience in dealing with customers. There 1s too much, alot of, hardly any, few, several saltin this soup, Tere a litle, many, too much, a great number of, some traffic on the roads today le, plenty of, a couple of, few, a lot of What do we call the following things oF people? A person who drives a bus is ..a bus driver The screen of a computer is, The juice from an orange is Astick for walking with is ‘Acurtain around the shower is Someone who cleans windows is Your husband's mother is your chair which rocks is A brush for your hair is ‘Someone who passes by a place or incident is The keys to your house are 1 2 10 " 2 (Dy sien ne sotonces atin he exam 10 " 2 3 DPOF EP aRrar gr arOrarararar | have a Physics exam tomorrow. Oh dear. Physics is/are a very dificut subject. IMy office is three miles from my house. Three miles is/are along way to walk to work ‘My litle brother has got measles. (Oh dear. Measies isiare quite a serious illness. Jane looked nice today, didn't she? Yes. Her clothes were/was very smart He got two pounds. 'm going to buy a CD ‘Two pounds islare not enough to buy a CO. The classroom was empty when I walked past. Yes. The class wasiwere all on a schoo! outing Have you just cleaned the stairs? Yes. so be careful. They isiare very slippery. Did you ask John to fx your car? ‘Yes. His advice wasiwere that | take it toa garage. Did you enjoy your holiday? Yes, thank you. The weather wasiwere wonderful These trousers is/are vary old You should buy a new pair How isiare the company doing lately? Great. We opened up two more branches, liam going to travel fortwo years when I finish school “Two years isiare a long time to be away trom home. ‘You need a lot of experience to do this job. Alot of experience Js needed to do this job. They gave us some interesting information. The information She likes Maths more than any other subject. Maths We had mid weather this winter ‘The weather We called the police immediately. The police old them some excting news The news He was iritated because of the bad tratic He was initated because the | stayed in very luxurious accommodation, The accommodation ‘The driver took the luggage out of the car. ‘The luggage She gave me very sensible advice. ‘The advice she gave me These shor are too big for me. This pair of shorts The hotel is in magnificent surroundings. The hotel surroundings ‘She's got long blonde hai. Her hair ]