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Analysis and Design of Structures Analysis and Design of Structures

This document discusses the analysis and design of structures. It defines structures as objects constructed from solid elements that maintain their shape under loading. The design of structures involves considering their purpose, applicable loads, stress analysis, selection of structural elements, and drawings/details. The complete design process is outlined in five stages: developing a layout, investigating loads, stress analysis, selecting elements, and creating drawings. Structural theories can be classified based on whether they consider static or dynamic effects, planar or spatial structures, linear or nonlinear behavior, and determinate or indeterminate systems.

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AJ
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138 views

Analysis and Design of Structures Analysis and Design of Structures

This document discusses the analysis and design of structures. It defines structures as objects constructed from solid elements that maintain their shape under loading. The design of structures involves considering their purpose, applicable loads, stress analysis, selection of structural elements, and drawings/details. The complete design process is outlined in five stages: developing a layout, investigating loads, stress analysis, selecting elements, and creating drawings. Structural theories can be classified based on whether they consider static or dynamic effects, planar or spatial structures, linear or nonlinear behavior, and determinate or indeterminate systems.

Uploaded by

AJ
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CIVL 3121

Introduction to Structures

Analysis and Design of Structures


The word structure has various meanings.
By an engineering structure we mean roughly
something constructed or built.
The principal structures of concern to civil engineers are
bridges, buildings, walls, dams, towers, shells, and cable
structures.
Such structures are composed of one or more solid
elements arranged so that the whole structures as well
as their components are capable of holding themselves
without appreciable geometric change during loading
and unloading.

Analysis and Design of Structures


Consider, for example, the roof truss resting on columns
shown below.

Analysis and Design of Structures


The design of a structure involves many considerations,
among which are four major objectives that must be
satisfied:
The structure must meet the performance requirement (utility).
The structure must carry loads safely (safety).
The structure should be economical in material, construction,
and cost (economy).
The structure should have a good appearance (aesthetics).

Analysis and Design of Structures


The purposes of the roof truss and of
the columns are, on the one hand, to
hold in equilibrium their own weights,
the load of roof covering, and the wind
and snow
Also to provide rooms for housing a
family, for a manufacturing plant, or for
other uses
During its development the design is
generally optimized to achieve
minimum expenditure for materials and
construction

Theory of Structures - Defined


The complete design of a structure is outlined in the
following stages:

Theory of Structures - Defined


The complete design of a structure is outlined in the following
stages:
(1) Developing a general layout

Developing a general layout


Investigating the loads
Stress analysis
Selection of elements
Drawing and detailing

These five stages are interrelated and may be subdivided and modified
In many cases they must be carried out more or less simultaneously

The general layout of a structure is selected from many possible


alternatives.
This stage involves the choice of structural type, the selection of material,
and a tentative estimation of cost based on a reasonable analysis of a
preliminary structural design.
It is clear that this stage of design calls for an engineer with a high order
of experience, skill, general knowledge, and imagination.

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CIVL 3121

Introduction to Structures

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined


(2) Investigating the loads
Before a refined structural analysis can be carried out, it is necessary to
determine the loads for which a given structure should be designed.
General information about the loads imposed on a structure is usually
given in the specifications and codes.
However, it is part of the designer's responsibility to specify the load
conditions and to take care of exceptional cases.

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

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Introduction to Structures

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

50-year mean recurrence


interval uniform ice thickness
due to freezing rain with 3second gust speeds

Theory of Structures - Defined


Maximum earthquake ground
motion for United States of 0.2
(sec) spectral response
acceleration

Theory of Structures - Defined


(3) Stress analysis
Once the basic form of the structure and the external loads are defined, a
structural analysis can be made to determine the internal forces in
various members of the structure and the displacements at some
controlling points.
When live loads are involved, it is important to determine the maximum
possible stresses in each member being considered.
The principles governing this phase of design are usually discussed in
the theory of structures.

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Introduction to Structures

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined

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Introduction to Structures

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined


(4) Selection of elements
The selection of suitable sizes and shapes of members and their
connections depends on the results of the stress analysis together with
the design provisions of the specifications or codes
A trial-and-error approach may be used in the search for a proportioning
of elements that will be both economical and adequate
A sound knowledge of strength of material and process of fabrication is
also essential

Theory of Structures - Defined

Theory of Structures - Defined


(5) Drawing and detailing
This final stage includes the preparation of contract drawing, detailing,
job specification, and final cost; this information is necessary for
construction to proceed

Theory of Structures - Classified

End of Theory of Structures

Structural theories may be classified from various points of


view. For convenience of study, we shall characterize them by
the following aspects:

Static versus dynamic


Plane verse space
Linear versus nonlinear structures
Statically determinate versus statically indeterminate structures

Any Questions?

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