SIPRI Fact Sheet

April 2015

TRENDS IN WORLD MILITARY

EXPENDITURE, 2014
sam perlo-freeman, aude fleurant, pieter d. wezeman and
siemon t. wezeman
Global military expenditure in 2014 was an estimated $1776 billion, representing a marginal fall of about 0.4 per cent in real terms compared to 2013.1
Total expenditure was equivalent to 2.3 per cent of global gross domestic
product (GDP). This is the third consecutive year that total global military
expenditure has decreased. However, the falls during the previous two
years have been comparatively small; world military expenditure is still only
1.7 per cent below its 2011 peak, and it remains significantly above the levels
of the late 1980s (see figure 1).
The pattern of the past few yearswhereby military expenditure has
fallen in the United States and Western Europe, but increased elsewhere
largely continued in 2014, although spending in Latin America was essentially unchanged. Spending in Central Europe broke with recent trends and
began to rise again following the large falls in previous years resulting from
the global financial crisis that began in 2008. Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe

2000

1500

1000

500

0
19
1988
8
19 9
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2099
2000
2001
2002
2 00 3
20 04
20 05
2006
2007
2 00 8
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
14

Military expenditure (constant US$ billion)

1Unless otherwise stated, dollar gures for national, regional or global military spending in 2014
refer to spending at current prices and exchange ratesi.e. converted from national currency to
US dollars at the average market or official exchange rate for 2014. Figures for percentage changes
between 2 years, unless otherwise stated, are given in real termsi.e. adjusted for ination. The
SIPRI Military Expenditure Database includes gures for each country and region in constant (2011)
US dollars, which is the basis for the real-terms calculations. This means that local currency gures
have rst been adjusted for ination in each country to express them in 2011 prices, then converted
into US dollars at the average market or official exchange rate for 2011. Figures or rates of change
in nominal terms (US dollars or local currency) indicate gures that are not adjusted for ination.

Figure 1. World military expenditure, 19882014

Note: The totals are based on the data on 172 states in the SIPRI Military Expenditure
Database, <http://www.sipri.org/databases/milex/>. The absence of data for the Soviet
Union in 1991 means that no total can be calculated for that year.

KEY FACTS
w Global military expenditure
was $1776 billion in 2014.
w Total spending fell by 0.4 per
cent in real terms between 2013
and 2014, the third consecutive
year of falling global spending.
w Overall military spending
decreased in North America,
Western and Central Europe,
and Latin America and the
Caribbean, but rose in Asia and
Oceania, the Middle East,
Eastern Europe and Africa.
w The five biggest spenders in
2014 were the USA, China,
Russia, Saudi Arabia and
France.
w Military expenditure in the
USA fell by 6.5 per cent, to
$610 billion, as part of ongoing
deficit reduction measures
required by the US Budget
Control Act of 2011.
w China, Russia and Saudi
Arabia continued to make
substantial increases in
military expenditure. Saudi
Arabias 17 per cent increase
was the highest of any country
in the top 15 military spenders
in 2014.
w A total of 20 countries
concentrated in Africa, Eastern
Europe and the Middle East
spent more than 4 per cent of
their GDP on the military in
2014, compared to 15 in 2013.
Only 3 of the 20 countries are
functioning democracies, and
the majority were involved in
armed conflict in 201314 or had
a recent history of armed
conflict.

sipri fact sheet

Table 1. The 15 countries with the highest military expenditure in 2014

Spending gures are in US$, at current prices and exchange rates. Figures
for changes are calculated from spending gures in constant (2011) prices.

Rank
2014

2013a

1
2
3
4

1
2
3
4

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

5
6
9
8
7
10
12
11
13
14
15

Country
USA
China
Russia
Saudi
Arabia
France
UK
India
Germany
Japan
South Korea
Brazil
Italy
Australia
UAE
Turkey

Spending,
2014 ($b.)

Change,
200514
(%)

Spending as a
share of GDP
(%)b
2014

2005

610
[216]
[84.5]
80.8

-0.4
167
97
112

3.5
[2.1]
[4.5]
10.4

3.8
[2.0]
[3.6]
7.7

62.3
60.5
50.0
[46.5]
45.8
36.7
31.7
30.9
25.4
[22.8]
22.6

-3.2
-5.5
39
-0.8
-3.7
34
41
-27
27
135
15

2.2
2.2
2.4
[1.2]
1.0
2.6
1.4
1.5
1.8
[5.1]
2.2

2.5
2.4
2.8
1.4
1.0
2.5
1.5
1.9
1.8
[3.7]
2.5

and the Middle East continued to see large

increases. Excluding the USA, total military
expenditure for the rest of the world has
increased continuously since 1998 and was up
by 3.1 per cent in 2014.
From 13 April 2015 the SIPRI Military
Expenditure Database includes newly released
information on military expenditure in 2014.
This Fact Sheet describes the global, regional
and national trends in military expenditure
that are revealed by the new data, with a
special focus on countries with a military
burdenthat is, military spending as a share
of GDPof over 4 per cent.
THE TOP 15 MILITARY SPENDERS IN 2014

There was no change in the countries that

comprised the top 15 military spenders in
2014 compared to 2013, although there were
some changes in order (see table 1). India
moved up from 9th position to 7th, exchanging places with Japan, while Brazil and Italy
Total top 15
1 427
swapped places at 11th and 12th.
World total
1 776
21
2.3
2.4
While the USA remains clearly the worlds
largest military spender, at nearly three times
[ ] = SIPRI estimate.
aRanks for 2013 are based on updated military expenditure gures for
the level of second-placed China, its expendi2013 in the current edition of the SIPRI military expenditure database. ture dropped by 6.5 per cent in 2014, largely
They may therefore differ from the rankings for 2013 given in the SIPRI as a result of budget deficit control measures
Yearbook 2014 and other SIPRI publications in 2014.
put in place by the US legislature under the
bThe gures for military expenditure as a share of gross domestic prod2011 Budget Control Act. US military spenduct (GDP) are based on data from the International Monetary Fund (IMF)
ing is expected to fall again in 2015 but at a
World Economic Outlook database, Oct. 2014.
slower rate.
Since reaching its highest recorded peak in
2010, US military expenditure has decreased by 19.8 per cent in real terms.
The USAs share of world military expenditure remains high at 34 per cent,
but it is declining steadily year on year as the USA reduces its spending and
other states increase expenditure (see figure 2). Nevertheless, US military
spending continues to run at historically high levels and is around the same
level in real terms as at its previous peak in the late 1980s.
In 2014 China, Russia and Saudi Arabia were the second, third and fourth
highest military spenders, respectively. Chinas expenditure rose by 9.7 per
cent, Russias spending was up 8.1 per cent and Saudi Arabias by 17 per cent.
Chinas military spending has generally kept pace with its economic growth
rate, with military expenditure remaining, by SIPRIs estimate, a fairly
steady share of GDP of between 2 per cent and 2.2 per cent over the past
decade.
The huge increase in Saudi Arabias spending is a reflection both of the
continuing conflict and instability in the surrounding region, and of the revenues available to the government from the high price of oil that prevailed

trends in world military expenditure, 2014

until late 2014. The drastic fall in oil prices in the latter part
of 2014 may affect Saudi Arabias ability to maintain these
USA, 34%
expenditure levels in the medium term. In the short term, howChina,
Russia, 4.8%
12%
ever, Saudi Arabia can rely on its very large nancial reserves
Saudi Arabia, 4.5%
to fund further spending. Meanwhile, Russia has already cut
France, 3.5%
its planned military spending in 2015 by 5 per cent as a result
UK, 3.4%
of falling oil revenues, despite its involvement in the conict in
India, 2.8%
Ukraine and increasingly hostile relationship with the West.
Germany, 2.6%
Others,
Russias military budget for 2015 is nonetheless still around
Japan, 2.6%
20%
South Korea, 2.1%
15 per cent higher in real terms than spending in 2014.
Brazil, 1.8%
Among other countries in the top 15, Australia also made
Italy, 1.7%
a substantial increase in spending of 6.8 per cent, following
Australia, 1.4%
three years of cuts, and there were small increases by India
UAE, 1.3%
Turkey, 1.3%
(1.8 per cent) and South Korea (2.3 per cent). Meanwhile, Italys
expenditure fell by 8.8 per cent; as Italy is one of the European
Figure 2. The share of world military
countries experiencing economic difficulties due to the global
expenditure of the 15states with the highest
nancial crisis, its spending has now decreased by 25 per cent
expenditure in 2014
since the crisis began in 2008. There were smaller falls in the
United Arab Emirates (UAE, 5.5 per cent), Germany (3.3 per cent) and Brazil
(1.7 per cent), with very little change in France, the United Kingdom, Japan
and Turkey.
REGIONAL TRENDS
Asia and Oceania

Military spending in Asia and Oceania increased by 5 per cent in 2014 and by
62 per cent between 2005 and 2014, reaching $439 billion in 2014 at current
prices and exchange rates (see table 2). In 2014 the growth of 9.7 per cent in
Chinas expenditure dominated the regional trend, with the overall increase
in the rest of the region standing at just 1.2 per cent.
Viet Nam also continued its rapid rise in military spending, with an increase
of 9.6 per cent in 2014, reaching $4.3 billion. Since 2005 Viet Nams spending
has risen by 128 per cent, reecting tensions with China over
Table 2. Military expenditure in Asia and Oceania
territorial disputes in the South China Sea. However, IndoneChange (%)a
sia, another South China Sea littoral state, decreased its spendSpending,
ing by 10 per cent in 2014a reversal of recent trends, which
2014 ($b.) 201314 200514
may prove to be only temporary, given Indonesias ambitious
Asia and Oceania 439
5.0
62
military modernization plans.
Central and South 65.9
2.0
41
Although military spending in Asia and Oceania remains
Asia
on an upward trendwith all states in the region except Fiji,
East Asia
309
6.2
76
Japan and Laos increasing their spending since 2005the
Oceania
28.0
6.9
26
South East Asia
35.9
-0.4
45
growth rate for most states has been substantially lower since
2009, when the effects of the global nancial crisis began to Major changes, 201314
be felt. For example, while Chinas military expenditure douMajor increases
%
Major decreases %
bled in real terms between 20042009, it increased by only
Brunei
29
Indonesia
-10
48 per cent between 200914. Likewise, while Indias military
Afghanistan
20
Philippines
-2.4
expenditure increased by 45 per cent between 20042009, it
Cambodia
14
Sri Lanka
-2.0
has remained essentially at since then, increasing by just 2 per
Kyrgyzstan
10
Taiwan
-1.9
a
Changes are in real terms.
cent. Overall, since 2009, three times as many countries in Asia

sipri fact sheet

and Oceania have slowed (or reversed) their rate of increase in

military expenditure as have increased their rate of growth. In
the region as a whole, the growth rate slowed from 41 per cent
in the period 20042009, to 21 per cent in the period 200914.
Europe

Table 3. Military expenditure in Europe

Change (%)a

Military expenditure in Europe increased by 0.6 per cent

in 2014, reaching $386 billion see (table 3). The total was
201314 200514
6.6 per cent higher than in 2005. In Eastern Europe spending
Europe
386
0.6
6.6
was up 8.4 per cent in 2014, reaching $93.9 billion, while in
Eastern Europe
93.9
8.4
98
Western and Central Europe the total was down 1.9 per cent at
Western and
292
-1.9
-8.3
$292 billion. Since 2005 Eastern European spending has increased
Central Europe
by 98 per cent, while that in Western and Central Europe has
Major changes, 201314
fallen by 8.3 per cent.
Major increases
%
Major decreases %
In Eastern Europe, SIPRIs provisional estimate for Ukraines
Ukraine
(23) Albania
-26
military spending in 2014 shows an increase of 23 per cent over
Poland
13
Portugal
-12
2013; this is much higher than the original budget estimates
Russia
8.1 Greece
-11
and is in response to the conict in the east of country, which is
Lithuania
6.0 Italy
-8.8
probably still not fully accounted for in the latest gures. Rus( ) = uncertain estimate.
sias military spending also grew by 8.1 per cent to $84.5 billion,
a Changes are in real terms.
but Russia had planned for this increase before the start of the
crisis in Ukraine. Ukraine has doubled its budget for the armed forces in 2015
in real terms, while Russia also plans a rise of about 15 per cent.
In Western Europe the downward trend resulting from austerity policies
continued in most countries in 2014. However, in Central Europe, Poland
increased spending by 13 per cent, mostly due to its major military modernization programme for 201322. Several other countries in the subregion also
raised expenditure, including the Baltic states, which have begun to reverse
the heavy reductions in spending that followed the global nancial crisis.
Increases in many Central European countries, as well as some of the Nordic
countries, are likely to continue in 2015, in part as a reaction to the crisis in
Ukraine (see SIPRI media brieng Military spending in Europe in the wake
of the Ukraine crisis).
Spending,
2014 ($b.)

The Middle East

Table 4. Military expenditure in the Middle East

Spending,
2014 ($b.)
Middle East

(196)

Change (%)a
201314
5.2

200514
57

Major changes, 201314

Major increases

Major decreases

Saudi Arabia
17
Oman
Lebanon
15
UAE
Iraq
15
Yemen
( ) = uncertain estimate.
a Changes are in real terms.

%
-20
-5.5
-4.6

Military spending in the Middle East amounted to $196 billion in

2014, an increase of 5.2 per cent over 2013, and 57 per cent since
2005 (see table 4). The largest increases since 2005 were by Iraq
(286 per cent), the UAE (135 per cent), Bahrain (126 per cent)
and Saudi Arabia (112 per cent). Figures for 2014 were not
available for Kuwait, but its spending increased by 112 per cent
between 2005 and 2013. All these countries are major oil producers, and their state revenues were boosted by high oil prices
over the period. Military expenditure budgets of states in the
region may be affected by the fall in the price of oil in late 2014,
but any effects will likely be mitigated by the strong nancial
reserves built up by many countries following several years of
high oil prices.

trends in world military expenditure, 2014

In contrast, Turkeys spending grew by just 15 per cent since

2005, while Israels military spending remained relatively
stable throughout 200514. Based on data available, Israels
spending decreased by 8 per cent from 2013 to 2014; however,
the final figure for 2014 is likely to be substantially higher as
the current estimate may not fully cover the costs of the war in
Gaza in 2014.
The last available figure for Qatars military expenditure
dates from 2010 when it stood at $1.9 billion. However, Qatar
started a major expansion of its armed forces in 2012 and
announced orders for weapons worth $23.9 billion dollars in
2014, suggesting a substantial increase in its military spending
since 2010.
Latin America and the Caribbean

Table 5. Military expenditure in the Americas

Spending,
2014 ($b.)
Americas
Central America
and Caribbean
North America
South America

Change (%)a
201314

200514

705
10.4

-5.7
9.1

4.0
90

627
67.3

-6.4
-1.3

-0.3
48

Major changes, 201314

Major increases

Paraguay
13
Mexico
11
Argentina
8.5
Dominican Republic 8.1
a Changes are in real terms.

Major decreases

Venezuela
Uruguay
USA
Jamaica

-34
-11
-6.5
-5.1

Latin American military expenditure was essentially flat in

2014. Total military spending in South America was $67.3 billion, down 1.3 per cent in real terms since 2013, but 48 per cent higher than
in 2005; in Central America and the Caribbean the total was $10.4 billion, up
9.1 per cent over 2013, and 90 per cent since 2005 (see table 5).
Brazils military spending fell by 1.7 per cent, as the economy slowed and
the government faced major social protests over the lack of basic services
in the run-up to the 2014 soccer World Cup. GDP growth in 2014 was projected to be just 0.3 per cent, with only a slow recovery in 2015 to 1.4 per cent.
Nonetheless, Brazils spending was still 41 per cent higher than in 2005 and
has continued on a fairly consistent, if uneven, upward trend since the mid1990s. This general increasing trend represents Brazils ongoing military
modernization programme. In 2014 this included the signing of a contract to
purchase 36 combat aircraft from Sweden for $5.8 billion.
Meanwhile, Mexicos military spending increased by 11 per cent in 2014
and has now more than doubled since 2005. A further rise of 10 per cent
(8 per cent in real terms) is budgeted for 2015. Both military and security
expenditure have increased rapidly as Mexico continues to use its armed
forces, regular police and a newly created 5000-strong gendarmerie in its
actions against drug cartels.
Africa

Africa once again saw the largest year-on-year increase

in military expenditure of any region, at 5.9 per cent,
reaching $50.2 billion in 2014 (see table 6). Military
spending in the region has increased by 91 per cent
since 2005.
Africas two biggest spenders, Algeria and Angola,
continued their rapid military spending increases
financed by high oil revenues, with Algeria increasing by 12 per cent to reach $11.9 billion, and Angola
by 6.7 per cent to hit $6.8 billion. These countries
have respectively trebled and doubled their spend-

World
North Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
North America
Latin America
Central and South Asia
East Asia
South East Asia
Oceania
Eastern Europe
Western and Central Europe
Middle East
-7

-6

-5

-4

-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Change in military expenditure (%)

Figure 3. Changes in military expenditure, by region, 201314

sipri fact sheet

Table 6. Military expenditure in Africa

Spending,
2014 ($b.)
Africa
North Africa
Sub-Saharan
Africa

(50.2)
20.1
(30.1)

Change (%)a
201314

200514

5.9
7.6
4.8

91
144
66

Major changes, 201314

Major increases

Major decreases

Congo, Rep.
88
Malawi
Namibia
47
Nigeria
Zambia
23
Ghana
Guinea
22
Burundi
( ) = uncertain estimate.
a Changes are in real terms.

%
-27
-9.3
-5.8
-5.0

ing in real terms since 2005, and both now spend more than
5 per cent of their GDP on the military. It remains to be seen
whether the crash in oil prices in late 2014 will halt this trend.
Nigerias budgeted military expenditure fell in 2014 for the
third year running, by 9.3 per cent, to $2.3 billion. Nonetheless,
the total is still 79 per cent higher than in 2005, and the budgeted gure does not include a $1 billion loan approved by the
Nigerian Congress in October 2014 for military hardware and
training to ght the militant group Boko Haram. However, it
is debatable whether extra funding for the military on its own
will prove effective, given the rampant corruption in the Nigerian armed forces and alleged human rights abuses by Nigerian
soldiers that have alienated much of the local population. Such
factors have severely impeded the ght against Boko Haram so
far.

COUNTRIES WITH HIGH MILITARY EXPENDITURE AS A SHARE OF GDP

A countrys military expenditure as a share of GDPalso known as the

military burdenis the simplest measure of the relative economic burden
the military places on the country. In general, most countries worldwide
have seen a decline in their military burdens since the end of the cold war,
although this trend has slightly reversed in recent years. In 2014 about
55 per cent of countries for which SIPRI had data had military burdens below
1.5 per cent of GDP.
However, there is very wide variation in military burdens, and in 2014
there was a sharp increase in the number of countries with military burdens
over 4 per cent of GDP, as well as in countries with military burdens over
5 per cent. In total, 20 countries had military burdens over 4 per cent of GDP
in 2014or in the most recent year when data was available (2011 or later, see
gure 4). Of these countries, 10 had military burdens over 5 per cent. 2
The countries are very diverse in size (from Armenia with a population of
3 million to Russia with 143 million) as well as in absolute levels of military
spending (from just $0.5 billion to over $80 billion in 2014). The Middle East
is heavily over-represented, with 9 of the 20 countries in the list, including the top 2, representing a majority of the states in the region. There are
7 African countries, almost all of which have increased their military burden
noticeably since 2005. Of the remaining countries, 3 are from Eastern Europe
(Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia) and 1 (Myanmar) is from Asia. In 2014,
within Western and Central Europe, Serbia had the highest military burden
at 2.3 per cent, and in the Americas the USA was the highest at 3.5 per cent.
By way of comparison, only 13 countries had a military burden over 4 per
cent in 2005 (including Eritrea, for which data was not available in 2005, but
which had a military burden of 21 per cent in 2003the year closest to 2005
where comparable data was available). Burundi, Djibouti, Jordan, Kuwait
and Singapore have fallen below 4 per cent of GDP since 2005.
2There is no generally recognized gure for what constitutes a high military burden. The 4%
threshold is chosen as one that has consistently represented at most the top quintile of military
burdens for over 20 years.

trends in world military expenditure, 2014

A common feature of the great majority of the countries in the list is a lack
of effective democracy. The Polity IV dataset, produced by the Center for
Systemic Peace, is one of the most widely used academic datasets for measuring levels of democracy and autocracy in different states since the early
19th century. Of the 20 countries in gure 4, only 3 (Israel, Lebanon and
Namibia) were classed as democracies in 2013 by Polity IV, although
56 per cent of countries worldwide were classed as such. Conversely, 6 out of
the 20, or 30 per cent, were classed as autocracies, compared to 13 per cent
worldwide. Of the remaining 11, 2 (Libya and South Sudan) were classed as
failed states, while 9 had a rating between democracy and autocracy (compared to 29 per cent of states worldwide).
Of the 20 countries, 11 were engaged in war or minor armed conict in 2013
or 2014. Thus, while conict was a common feature, it was not ubiquitous.
However, several of the other countries have a recent history of conict,
often with continuing high tensions.
One country, Namibia, stands out as being a functioning democracy that
has not suffered armed conict since 1990, yet still has a military burden of
4.6 per cent. Namibia made a 66 per cent increase in its defence budget in
2014 to improve living conditions for its soldiers. Namibias large geographical size and small population, which increases the relative cost of defending
the countrys long borders and coastline, may partly explain its relatively
high military spending in the longer term.
12%

Military expenditure as a percentage of GDP

10%

2014
2005

8%

6%

4%

2%

Sa Om
ud an
So i Ar
ut ab
ia
h
Su
da
na
Ch
ad
Re
b
pu
bl Lib
ic
y
of a c
Co
ng
Al o
ge
ria
Is
ra
el d
An
go
la
U
Az AE
er
ba
ij
Na an
m
ib
ia
Ru
ss
i
Le a
ba
M non
ya
nm
Ar ar c
m
en
ia
Ira
Ba q
hr
ai
n
Ye
m
en
Sy
ria
b

0%

Figure 4. Countries with a military burden over 4 per cent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2014 or in year of most
recent available data
a The earlier gure for South Sudan

is for 2006, not 2005, the earliest year of available data.

b The most recent available gures for Chad and Syria are from 2011.
c

Data for Libya and Myanmar are available for 2005 but come from a different source of military expenditure data that is not
directly comparable with the gures for 2014.
d The gures for Israel for 2014 may not fully include the cost of the war in Gaza.
Source: SIPRI Military Expenditure Database.

SIPRI is an independent
international institute
dedicated to research into
conict, armaments, arms
control and disarmament.
Established in 1966, SIPRI
provides data, analysis and
recommendations, based on
open sources, to policymakers,
researchers, media and the
interested public.

GOVERNING BOARD
Sven-Olof Petersson, Chairman
(Sweden)
Dr Dewi Fortuna Anwar
(Indonesia)
Dr Vladimir Baranovsky
(Russia)
Ambassador Lakhdar Brahimi
(Algeria)
Jayantha Dhanapala
(SriLanka)
Ambassador Wolfgang
Ischinger (Germany)
Professor Mary Kaldor
(UnitedKingdom)
The Director

THE SIPRI MILITARY EXPENDITURE DATABASE

The SIPRI Military Expenditure Database provides military expenditure

data by country for the years 19882014

in local currency, at current prices,

in US dollars, at constant (2011) prices and exchange rates,
as a share (%) of gross domestic product (GDP),
per capita, in current US dollars, and
as a share (%) of general government expenditure.

SIPRI military expenditure data is based on open sources only, including a

SIPRI questionnaire that is sent out annually to governments. The collected
data is processed to achieve consistent time series which are, as far as possible, in accordance with the SIPRI definition of military expenditure.
The database is available at <http://www.sipri.org/databases/milex/>.
The definition of military expenditure

Where possible, SIPRI military expenditure data includes all current and
capital expenditure on
the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces,
defence ministries and other government agencies engaged in defence
projects,
paramilitary forces, when judged to be trained and equipped for military
operations, and
military space activities.
Such expenditure should include

DIRECTOR
Dr Ian Anthony (United
Kingdom)

military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military

personnel and social services for personnel,
operations and maintenance,
procurement,
military research and development, and
military aid (in the military expenditure of the donor country).
Civil defence and current expenditure on previous military activitiessuch
as veterans benefits, demobilization, conversion and weapon destruction
are excluded.
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Dr Sam Perlo-Freeman (United Kingdom) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI Arms
and Military Expenditure Programme and Head of the Military Expenditure project.
Aude Fleurant (Canada/France) is Director of the SIPRI Arms and Military
Expenditure Programme.
Pieter D. Wezeman (Netherlands/Sweden) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI

Arms and Military Expenditure Programme.

Signalistgatan 9
SE-169 70 Solna, Sweden
Telephone: +46 8 655 97 00
Fax: +46 8 655 97 33
Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.sipri.org

Siemon T. Wezeman (Netherlands) is a Senior Researcher with the SIPRI Arms and
Military Expenditure Programme.

SIPRI 2015