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1K views172 pagesFinite Element Methods Bhavi Katti
FEm
Uploaded by
Manpreet LittCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Available Formats
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/ 172
FINITE
ELEMENT
ANALYSIS
S. 8. BHAVIKATTI
‘Prot sn ed Depart of Cl Eitan Dea (Andee) +
‘SA Dhara Masasesvara Coleg of Engesing so
sab 002
NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED; PUBLISHERS
(omy Wig Eater
‘Now Delhi- Bangalore Cheanai-Ouwahat- Hyder
Uslandhar«Kolats Lukow » Mumba «Ranchi
‘Visit ust wornaewagepublisbers.com Acknowledgements
suthor sincerely acknowledges Dr C.V. Ramakrishnan, Professor, Department of Applied Mechanics,
Delhi for introducing him the subject finite element analysis as his PB.D. guide
‘The author thanks the authoides of Karnataka Regional Engineering College, Surathkal(cesealy National
tate of Technology, Kernataka, Surethkal) for giving him opportunity to teach this subject to M.Tech.
astil Structures and Geotechnical Engineering) students for soveral years He thanks SDM College of
neering and Technology, Dharwad for the oppoztunity given to kim for teaching the course on FEA to
semester BE (Civil) students. The author wishes to thank his M-Tech. Students Madhusudan (1987),
‘daiah N.G. (1987), Parameshwarapoa P.C. (1988), Kuriskose Mathew (1991), Vageesh SM. (1991),
sesh S.V. (1992), Manjunath M.B. (1992), Siddamal T-V. (1993), Venkateshan Y. (1994), Nagar] B.N.
5), Devalla Lakshmi Satish (1996) and Ajith Shenoy M. (1996) for carrying out their M.Tech thesis work
orhis guidance.
“Thanks are also due to clerical asstance he got from Mrs, Renuka Deshpande, Si. RM. Kanakapur and
Rayappa Kurabagatt of Department of Civil Hogineering of SDM Collegeof Eagineesing & Technology,
‘iad in preparing the manuscript, He acknowledges the help reneved by Sri RJ.Femandes, Si Satish
‘Sid Chandrahas of SDM College of Engineering & Technology, Dharwed in preparing the drawings.
Contents
Preface
Acknovledgements
Introduction
Lt General 7
1.2 General Description of the Method
13 Brief Explanation of EA for a Suess Analysis Problem 2
14 Finite Element Method vs Classical Method 4
15 FEMvsFDM 5
1.6 A Bricf History of FEM 6
17 Need for Stdying FEM 6
1.8 Waring o FEA Package Users 7
Questions 7
References 7
2, Basic Equations in Elasticity
2.1 Invoduction 9
22 Suessesina Typical Element 9
23. Bquations of Equiltrium 12
24 Suains 1
25 Sian Displacement Equations 14
26 Linear Constiutve Law 15
Questions 20
3. Matrix Displacement Formulation
31 Incodvetion 27
3.2. Matrix Displacement Equations 21
33 Solution of Matrix Displocement Equations 28
34 Techniques of Saving Computer Memory Requirements 30
Questions 32
a vil Comens
j Coments x
|
44. Klement Shapes, Nodes, Nodal Unknowns and Coordinate Systems 3 \ . Assembling Stiffness Equation—Variational Method 18
4.1 Intron 33 9.1 Introduction 128
42 Blement Shapes 33 9.2 General Variational Method in Basicity Problems 128
43 Nodes 38 93 Potential Energy in Elastic Bodies 124
44 Nodal Unknowns 39 944 Principles of Minimm Potent! Bnerey 136
45 Coonan Systems 40 9.5 Rayleigh—Rit Method 140
Questions 53 915 Variational Fommlaton in Finite Bement Analysis 150
5, Shape Funetions 58 eee
tiiemasasoa 10, Discritization of 1 Structure 154
15.2 Polynomial Shape Functions 6
" 10: latoduetion 154
533 Convergence Requirements of Shape Functions 39 He tia Meer atic ice
54 Desivaon of Shape Functions Using Polynomials 62 103 Refining Mesh 156
5:5 Finding Shae Functions Using Lagrange Polynomials 82 10 tears
Symmetry 157
5 Shape Functions for Serendipity Faily ements 89 1055 Finite Representation of Infinite Bodies 157
5:7 Hermite Polyromiale as Stape Fanctions 95 106 Element Aspect Patio 158
58 Consrston of Shape Punctons by DesradiogTechsique 98 10-7 Higher Order Element vs Mesh Refinement 159
Questions 102 108 Nutnbesing System to Reduce Band With 159
6, Strain Displacement Matrix 108 ete
64 Inwoduction 104 11, Finite Element Analysis—Bars and Trusses 161
62 Susin—Digplacement Marre for Bar Element 104 114 towodection 161
63 Strain Displacement Matix for CST Element 105 112 Tenson BuwColumns 161
644 Stain Digplacement Relation for Bear lement 107 113 Two Dimensional Truses (Pane Trusses). 180
Questions 108 ; 114 Three Dimensional Trusses (Space Trosses) 197
7. Assembling Stiffness Equation—Direct Approach 0 Qvesions 201
7A Iwoduetion 1/0 12. Finite Element Analysis—Plane Stress and Plane Strain Problems 204
112 Element Siinss Max for CST Element by Dice Approxch 110 At eeu aoe
7 Nodal Loads by Direct Approach 114 122 General Procedurs when CST Elements re Used. 204
Questions 117 123 Useat Higher Onter Elements 216
8, Assembling Stiffness Equation—Galerkin’s Method, a8 F Gear.
‘Virtusl Work Method i 13, Isoparametric Formulation 219
81 Insodsetion 118
13,1 Inroduetion 219
82 Galesin's Method 118 13.2 Cocrinate Tassformation 227
83 Galen's Method Applied to Blastty Problems 119 : 12 Bale Teteme of ioperemetie Conept 222
Questions 127
134 Uniqueness of Mapping 223,
135 Isoparametic, Superparametric and Subparametric Elements 224 Contents
136 Assembling Stiffness Matric 225
13.7 Numerical Integration 230
138 Numerical Examples 232
Questions 240
References 241
14, Analysis of Beams and Rigid Frames
14 Intodeetion 242
142 Beam Ansiysis Using two Noded Elements 242
143. Analysis of Rigid Plaze Frame Using 2 Noded Beam Elements 259
144 A Three Dimensional Rigid Frame Blement 266
145 Timoshenko Beam Element 269
Questions 278
References 279
15. Bending of Thin Plates
15,1 Invodsetion 280
15.2 Basic Relations in Thin Plate Theory 281
153 Displacement Models for Fate Analysis 282
154 Rectangular Plate Element with 12 Degrees of Freedom 234
155 Rectangular Pate Element with 16 Degrees of Freedom 289
1546 Mindi’ Plate Blement 292
Questions 299
References 299
16, Analysis of Shells
16.1 Intoducion 301
162 Forceon Shell Element 301
1623 Finite Elomeat for Shell Analysis 302
164 Finite Element Formlation Using Four Noded
Degenerated Quadrilateral Shell Element 307
Questions 317
References 317
17. Nonlinear Analysis
17 Intodvetion 318
172 Nonlinear Problems 318,
173 Analysis of Material Nonlinear Problems 320
174 Analysis of Geamesic Nenlinea Problems 325
242
301
38.
17S. Analysis of Bots Material and Geometric Nominea Problems 328
Quessions 328
References 328
18. Standard Packages and Their Features
181 Taroduction 329
18.2 Commercially Available Standard Packages 329
183 Suvcwre ofa Finite Element Analysis Program 330
184 Preand Post Processors 331
18.5 Desirable Features of FEA Packages. 333,
Questions 333
Contents
329 1
Introduction
1.1 GENERAL
‘The finite element analysis is @ mumerical technique In this method all he completes of the problems, like
‘varying shape, boundary conditions and loads axe maintained as they are 2ut the eoutons obtained are
Approximate. Because ofits diversity and flexibility as an analysis too, iis receiving muck ateation ia
‘engineering, The Fst improvements in computer hardware technology and lacing of cost of computers
have boosted his method, since the compris the basic need for the applicsion ofthis method. A number
‘of popular beand of Fite element analysis packages are now avalable commercially. Some of the popular
packages are STAAD-PRO, GT-STRUDEL, NASTRAN, NISA and ANSYS, Using these packages one ean
snalyse several complex structures.
"The finite element analyse originated asa method of suess analysis in thedesign of icra. stared as
an extension of matrix method of stctacal analysis. Today tis method is used not only forthe aalyssin
‘sod mechanies, but even inthe analysis of fluid flow, heat transfer, elecricand magoetc fields and many
‘others, Civil engineers uso this mothod extensively forthe analysis of beans, space famos, pte, shel,
{olde plates, foundations, rock mechanics problems and seepage analysis of uid through porous mola
‘Both static and dynamic problems canbe handled by nite element analysis. This method i used extensively
forthe analysis and design of ships, acral, space cafs, electric motors ant eat engines
1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD
Inenginering problems there are some basic unknowns. If they are foun, the sbaviourof the ene structure
can be predicted. The basic unknowns or the Field variables which are encountered in the engineering
‘problems are displacements in olid mechanics, velocities in fluid mechanics, lctric and magnetic poteatils
In clectieal engineering and temperatures in heat low problems.
In continuum, these unknown ae infinite. The fn element procedure reduces such unknowns toa
finite nmberby dividing the solution ego nto smal parts called elements and by expressing the unknows
field vaabes in tems of estumed approximating fonetions(lotepolating function/Shape fuetion) within,
cach element, Tie approximating functions are defined in terms of field vainbls of specified points called
‘nodes r nodal plnts, Thus inthe Finite element analysis the unknowns act field variables of the nodal
points. Once these are found te field variables at any point canbe found by using interpolation functions.
‘After selecting elements and nol unknowns nest step infinite element salyssis to assemble element
properies foreach element. For example, in sold meckanis, we have to ind the fore-displacement ie.
‘sifnesscharactestis of ech individual clement Mathematically this elatonshipi of xe form 2 Finite Element Aralsis
1, (6). (7,
‘whee 8) is element sitfnese mats, (5), 56 nodal displacement veetor ofthe element and (Fis nodal
force vector. The element of stfness matrix &, represent the force in coordinate direction “ due toa unit
displacement in coordinate direction‘. Four methods are avaiable for formulating these element properties
‘via direct spproach, variational approach, weighted residual approach and energy balance approach, Any
‘one of these methods can be wsed for assembling clement properties. In solid mechanics variational proach
‘is commonly employed t assemble stiffness matrix and nodal fore vector (consistant lon).
"Element properties ae used to semble global propertes/sructure properties o get sysiem equations
{418} = LF). Then the boundary conditions are imposed. The solution ofthese simultancous equations give
‘he nodal unknowns. Using these nodal values additonal calcaatons are made to get te reguied values ©.
‘eeses, reins, moment, ec in solid mechanies problems.
“Tho the varios steps involved inthe fist element analysis are
(@ Select suitable field variables andthe elements
i) Disertis the continue
(Gi) Select ntespoation funtion,
(jv) Find he element properties.
(09 Assemble elzment properties to got global properties.
(3) Impose the boundary conditions.
(i) Solve the system equations to et the nodal unknowns.
(i) Mike the sdltionalealealations to gt the require values.
1.3 A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF FEA FOR
{A STRESS ANALYSIS PROBLEM
“The steps involved in fnke element analysis are clarified by taking the sets analysis ofa tension sep with
filets (efer Fig 11) In this problem stress concesration isto be studies in te fillet 2ne, Since the problem
‘shaving symmetry about both x andy axes, only one quater ofthe tension stip may be considered as shown
in Fig 12. About the symmetzic ares, ransverge displacements of all odes ae tobe made zeo, The various
‘eps involved inthe Finite clement analysis ofthis problem ae iscused below:
‘Step 1: Four noded isoparametric element (refer Fig 13) Is selected forthe analysis (However note that 8
noded isoperametic element ix ideal fr this analysis). The four node isoparamectic element can take
‘quiisteral spe ali serequized for elements 12, 15, 18,ec. Asthereisnotending of sip, only displacement
Continuity isto be ensored butnetthe slope continuity. Hence displacements of noes in x andy dresions are
taken as basic unknowns ia the problem.
pitty
I
|
|
Fig. 1.1 Typical tersion lat
Inroducion 3
Ay 8 8 amos a “
TET fete = | a G
4 S| Fifulisleesl ao | ao 2 P
oe ihbiala [= *
a °
a seas 20 cr)
Fig. 1.2 Discretsation of quater of tension lat
(er eiematina 5 (erp oanent
Riga
‘Sap2: The portion o be analysedis to be dscretise, Fig 12 shows discretized portion. Fortis 33 elements
have been ured. There are 4 nodes, Ateach node unknowns arex and components of displacements, Heace
in his problem total unknowas (displacements) tobe determined ae 48 x2= 96,
‘Stop 3: Toe cispacement of any point inside the element i aproximated by suitable Functions in terms of|
‘he nodal displacements of he element. For the typical element (Fig. 1.36), dsplacemanis at P are
we Sap ay Ny * Nyy Han
a v= Da Mit Mars Nyro Move 3)
Te approximating enon cll shape finns or ineroiton ection. Us thy ee
erved using polynomial. The method of deriving these functions fr varcas elements re discussed in Ns
textin later chapters.
Step 4: Now the sifness characters and consistant loads are to be found So each element. There are four
odes and at each node degre of fredom is 2. Hence degree of freedom in each clement is 4x 2= 8, The
relationship beween te nodal displacements and nodal forces is called eee stiffness characteristics. tis
ofthe foom
16, (le
For the element under consideration k is 8 x8 matix and 8, and Fare vectors of & values. In solid
‘mechanics element stiffness mati is assembled sing variational approach by minimizing potential energy.
fue load isactig in the body of element or on ibe sutfaceof element, is equivalent at nodal points are be
found ving variational spprosch, so that righthand sie of the above expression is assembled, This process
is called finding constant Load,
(Fle, ss explained earie
EE ———— 4 FiniveBlement Analysis
‘Step 5: ‘Toe structure is having 48 > 2 = 96 displacement and load vector components to be deteained.
ence global sine equetion i of the form
wo Fn
96x96 96x1 9621
Each element stiffness matrix i tobe placod inthe global stiffuess max appropriately. This proces is
‘called azsemblin global stfaessmatx, In this problem force vector Fis zero at ell nodes except at nedes
145, 46,47 and 48 in x-direction, For the given loading nodal equivalent forces are found ante force vector
Fisassembled.
‘Step 6: In ths problem, due o symmetry wansverse displacements along AB and BC are zero. The system
‘equation (K](6} = (F} is modified to soe that the solution for (5) comes out with the above values. This
rmodifation of system equation i called imposiag te boandary conditions.
‘Step 7: The above 96 simultancous equations are solved using the standard numerical procedures like Gauss-
ciminaion or Choleshi's decomposition techniques o get the 96 nodal dgplacements.
Step &: Now the interest of the analyst isto study the stresses at various points. In solld mechanics the
relationship between te dgplacements and stresses are well established. The stresses at various points of
inzereat my be found by sing shape funion and the nodal displacements andthe stresses calculated, The
_szess concentrations may be studies by comparing the values obiined st varios pont inthe fillet zone with
the values at uniform zone, faraway from the let (whic is equal to 2,
1.4. FINITE ELEMENT METHOD VS CLASSICAL METHODS
1. Tn classical methods exact equations ave formed and exact solutions ae obtxined where sin ite
clement analysis ext equations are formed but approximate solutions are obisines.
2, Solutions have been obtained for few eandard cates by classical methods, where as scutions ean
be obtained forall problems by finite clemeat analysis.
3, Whenever the following complexities ar faced, classical method makes the drastic sssomptions*
‘nd looks for the solutions:
(@) Shape
(©) Boundary conditions
(© Loading
Fig, 1 showe such cases in the analyse of sabe (plates)
“To gt the soludon inthe sbove cases, rectangular shapes, same boundary condition along aside
snd egalaequivalent onde ae toe assumed, InFEM no such assumption are made. The problem
intrested a tie,
4, When material property is notisotopi, solution forthe problems become very ificvtinclasicl
method, Only few simple cases have been tied successfully by researchers, FEM can handle
structures with anisotropic properties also without any difcalty.
5. Uf strueare consists of more than one matra itis difficlt to use classical method, but finite
clement canbe used without any difficulty. |”
6. Problems with mstecal snd geomet non Snenites can not be handled by classical methods,
‘There sno dificly in FEM.
Introduction 5
Hence FEM is superorio the classical methods ely forthe problems invaving a mumber of completes
which cannot be handled by classical mesods without making rustic assumytions. Foal regular problems,
the soludon by clasicl methods are the bert solution. Infact, to check the validity ofthe FEM programs
{doveloped, the FEM solutions aze compared wit the solutions by classical methods for standard problems.
(a) maga shaper
coo
(e)troga iscing
(©) moular banda eoraion
Fig. 14
1.5. FEM VS FINITE DIFFERENCE METHOD (FDM)
1
5.
'FDM makes pointwise approsimation tothe governing equations. it ensures contnalty only at
the node points. Contimty slong the shes of grid lines are not exsure,
"FEM make piecewise approximation ie. itensues the contin at node points as wells along
the sides of the element.
FFDM do not give the values at any point except at node points. Ido not give any approximating
function to evsluate the basie values (defections, in case of solid mechanics) using the nodal
values
"FEM can give the values at any point, However the values obtined at points other than nodes
ar by vsing suitable interpolation formulae.
[FDM makes stir ype approximation to sloping and curved boundaries a shown in Fig. 1.5
FEM ean consider the sloping boundaries exacy. Ifeurved elements are used, even the curved
boundaries can be handled exactly
FDM needs larger numberof nodes to get good results while FEUA needs fewer nodes.
‘With FDM fairly complicated problems can be handled whereas FEM can handle all complicated
problems.
rn 6 Pinte Bement Anabsis
Fig. 1.5 FOM approximation of shape
1.6 A BRIEF HISTORY OF FEM
Enos pci and matte aye despa i lnestmin ince. n 19 Coa
[liad cect promi coins cio sd owe timglardaia
‘Aesth itt nea cade co ie Stibton en. Ini renewed tert in hs ee
sown by Popa) Her Sand Weherger (Arisa Key (nocd tv mee ring
‘energy principles to the formation of structural analysis problems in 1960. In the same year Clough (6)
ince he werd Te lent eth”
Tnsitin convergence set of the ite slement tod Wes pare orgy. On sich
by Meta atteomlatonfte te ementmetrd neon be princes of im poe
ery Sonn feta de Vb [] ocd equiva anes ard on pani ef nanan
Dota enecy, Fon intact conto yb cement ang the el pine of minima
Dovel cyan antum comple cry
cepts 18 7 pos was mien Fl oe et a. The
impovomnisintheseedandnenory capac of compas gly cobede pops aed ses
oftsmetod ni Sedo so mesteris nn thea anton oon tieaicanays cane
Ses an plane sin ode, te mstod se tren een exeed ne ae ao
Qc dimensional protons, iy ard viaton oclnn nonlin sages A me of Cooks
{00 20; ave speed sn oa te eld imesing
1.7 NEED FOR STUDYING FEM
Now, a number of users friendly packages ae available in the market, Hence one may ask the quertion "What
is the need to study FEA’
‘The above argumertis nt sound, The fn element knowledge makes & good engineer beter while jst
‘ser without the knowledge of FEA may produce more dangerous results. To use the FEA packages propery,
the use must know the following points cleary:
1. Which elements are tobe used fr solving the problem in hand,
2. How to discrits to get good reals
3. How to introduce boundary conditions propery
!
|
|
|
|
|
Introduction 7
4, How the element properties are developed and what are thei itations.
‘5. How the displays ae developed in pre and post proestor to undestand ther limitations
6, To understand the difficulties involved inthe developmen: of FEA programs and hence the need
for checking the commercially available packages with te esas of stndurd cases.
Unless user has the background of FEA, he may produce worst results and may go with overeonfdence
‘ence iis nocessty tha the users of FEA package shoul have soand knowledge of FEA.
1.8. WARNING TO FEA PACKAGE USERS
‘When hand caleulatios are made, the designer always gets the feel of the stuctae and get rough idea about
Ihe expocied resulls, This aspet cannot be ignored by any designer, whateverbe the reliability ofthe program,
{complex problem may be simplified with érastie aesumptions and FEA results obisined. Check wither
txpected end ofthe results obtained. Then avoid drastic assumptions and get more refined results with BEA
jpockage. User must remember that srictural behaviour snot dictated by the compte programs, Henos the
[esignerthoulé develop fee! of the structure and make use ofthe programs o get numerical results which re
loge to structural bebaviour.
Cie
1. Explain te concept of FEM briefly and outne the procedure.
2, Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of FEM over
@ Clasical method
(fi) Finite difference method.
13, Cleary point out the situation in which FEM is preferred over cher methods.
“4. When there are several FEM packages are available is thre neec to study this method? Discus.
References
1.8. Courant, “Vaciational Methods forthe Solutions of Problemsof Bgiibeium and Vibrations,
Bulletin of American Mathematical Society, Vo. 49, 1943,
2.G. Polya, Estimates for Eigen Values, Stuties presented to Richard Von Mises, Academie Press,
New York, 1954,
43.1. Heesch,“Equitions Differentlls et Funetionsdecellules", CR Acad. Science, Vol.240, 1955.
4 LR. Weinberger, “Upper and Lower Bounds for Eigen Values by Finite Dilfeence Method", Pare
Applied Mathematics, Vol.9, 1956,
5... Argytis and S, Kelsey, “Energy Theorems and Strut
Vol. 27,1955,
6. RW, Clovgh, “The Finite Element Method in Plane Suess Amlysis", Proceeding of 2nd ASCE
Conference on Electronic Computation, Pitsburg, PA, September, 1960.
7. RJ, Melosh, “Bate forthe Desivation forthe Direct Stiffness Method”
1963.
8B, Frais de Veubeke, “Upper and Lower Bounds in Matix Structural Analysis", AGARD ograph
‘TR.BE. de Vesbeko (ed). Pergaman Press, New Yor, 1964.
9. THH. Pian, “Derivation of Element Siffaess Matices’, AIAA Journal, Vol. 2, 1964. pp. 556-87.
Analysis", Aireraft Engineering,
AA Journal, Vol. 1, 8” Finite Element Anelyois
10. 0.6. Zienkiowice, Te Finite Element Method in Bngincering Selence, McGraw-Hill, London 1971.
11. KE. Huebner, Die Finite Element Methods for Engineers Jn Wiley and Sons, 1971.
12, Desai and Ate, troducton tothe Fini Element Method, CBS Publishers & Distbutors, 1972.
13, HC. Martin and G. F. Carey, Introduction to Finite Element Analysis: Theory and Applications,
‘Tata MeGraw Hill Pablishing Company Ltd, New Delt, 1975.
14, KL. Bathe and EL. Wilson, Finite Element Methods, Prentice Hall, 1976.
1S. YK, Chey end ME, Yeo Practical nrocon oF len Anat, Pan Pass,
1
16. RD. Cook, DS. Makus and MF. Plesha, Concept and Applications of Finite Element Analysis,
John Wiley and Sons, 1981.
I7.IN Resi, An troduction tothe Finite Element Method, McGraw-Hill nemational Edition,
1984,
18. CS, Kuishnamoorhy, Finite Element Anolis, Theory and Programming, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Lt, New Delhi, 1987.
19. TR. Chandropatla ond A.D. Belegundu, Jnroduction o Fine Elements in Engineering, Peace
Hal, 1991
20, 8. Rajatekharn, Finite Element Anaiysis in Engineering Design, Wheclee Publisher, 1993.
2
Basic Equations in Elasticity
2.1, INTRODUCTION
“ui caper smart eu fom hay of acy wich ein ving he ren in
‘ocala coninun mech ty We ie Sentnebod
2.2 STRESSES IN A TYPICAL ELEMENT
In tery ofa sy right and le se fo seeing he eons syste Fig 2.1 shows
waar eaten othand nlf econo Egon ved eeny onsach fenton
pole ood feral ober oeaton of
Fig. 2.1
coorinte sytem with ih ad rl In is Chap venation ho a Fg 21) 8 we for
Spun Fg. shows typi tee cmensonal cre of sede) ae axe abc gy bald
sr htgne tal oran ee oes pote ace sce te afore ods Uthat
‘eee og Site fre eh opie fc of ype leave face fy. Negev sd
Potve ces Oz gan ag. :
The dec steneso tdsheing ets © aching one seghve ese shown te Fig. 23 wth
suite aac ny bop atte aabcoposeangues bein tne econ whet
tthe drecton, Ths he mean sheng ste onthe ate Wise wala is constant andy he 10° Fine Bement Anaiysis
Fig. 22 Fig. 23
Ti a stressed body, the values ofsesses change ftom face to fice ofan element. Hence on positive face
the various stresses acing are shown in Fig. 24 with superset “+
Allthese forces ae listed in table 2.1
‘Note the sign convention: A suess is positive when tis on postive fae in postive direction o on negative
face in negative direction. Tn other words the stress + ve when ti a shown in Figs 2.3 and 2.4
Fig 24
Re ee
Basis Bquations in Besticty 3
Table 2.1 Stresses on a type! element
ace ‘Sires Face ‘Sets on +e Face
[Note that tess on positive face is equal tothe stress on negative face plus ate of change of tat stress
mulled bythe distance between the faces.
=
FH
4
Fig 25 12 Phuite Element Analysis
[Let the intensity of body forces acting onthe element in xz dieotions be X, ¥ and Z respectively as
shown in Fig 2.5. Te intensity of body forces are uniform over entire body. Hence te total body force in x,
‘y,2 direction onthe element shown ae given by
@ Xdtedy drinx— direction
(@) Yededy dein y direction and
(6) 2 dedy dein 2—dizection
2.3 EQUATIONS OF EQUILIBRIUM,
‘Considering all ths fores acting, we can write equations of equilibrium forthe element
Dao
Of dy de~ Ogdy de th, de de tye de + de dy ty hey +H dey
se (erBealoamerae (eat 2 a]
[case] orer-ngaeayextedreeo 6
‘Simplifying nd den dividing throughout by dy de. we get
Similaty ZF, =0 and 2; =0 equiiiam conditions give,
By 80,
So, 21, Foye
Bet te ereo At)
Ba , Fp , 9,
an Mn yey Wie ze 0
a see Be sze0
