M

Damage Mechanism

1 885F embrittlement
2 Abrasive wear
3 Acid dew point corrosion
4 Adhesive wear
5 Amine corrosion
6 Amine cracking
7 Ammonia grooving
8

Ammonia stress corrosion cracking

Ammonium bisulfide corrosion

9 (alkaline sour water)
10 Brittle fracture

Mechanism Mode

Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Cracking
Metal loss

x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Cracking

Metallurgical damage

Cracking

Carbonate stress corrosion cracking

Cracking
11
Metallurgical damage
12 Carburization
Metal dusting (catastrophic carburization)
Metal loss
13
14

Caustic stress corrosion cracking

Caustic corrosion (caustic gouging)

15
16 Cavitation
17 Chelant corrosion
Chloride stress corrosion cracking
18
19 CO2 corrosion
20 Cold cracking
Corrosion under
21 insulation (CUI)
22 Corrosionfatigue
23 Creep
24 Creep fatigue
25 Crevice corrosion

[Note (1)]

Damage Mechanism

Damage/ Defect

x
x
x

Cracking

Metal loss

Metal loss
Metal loss

x
x

Cracking

Metal loss
Weld defects

Metal loss

Cracking
Cracking
Cracking
Metal loss

x
x
x
x

26 Decarburization
Dissimilar metal weld cracking (DMW)
27
28 Dissolved O2 attack
29 Electrical discharge
30 Erosion
31 Erosiondroplets
32 Erosionsolids
33 Erosion/corrosion
34 Fatigue
35 Fatigue, contact
36 Fatigue, thermal
37 Fatigue, vibration
38 Filiform corrosion

Metallurgical damage

Cracking

Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Cracking
Cracking
Cracking
Cracking
Metal loss

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC)

39
40 Flue gas dew point corrosion
41 Fretting
42 Fuel ash corrosion
43 Galvanic corrosion
44 Graphitization
45 High temp H2/H2S corrosion
46 Hot cracking
47 Hot tensile
48 Hydrochloric acid corrosion
49 Hydrofluoric acidcorrosion
50 Hydrogen damage (HTHA)
51 Hydrogen embrittlement

Metal loss

Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Weld defects
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metal loss
Cracking
Metallurgical damage

x
x
x
x
x
x

Hydrogen-induced crack (HIC)

52
53 Intergranular corrosion
54 Knife-line attack
55 Lack-of-fusion
56 Lack-of- penetration
57 Liquid (molten) slag attack
Liquid metal
58 embrittlement

Cracking

Metal loss / cracking

Cracking
Weld defects
Weld defects
Metal loss

Cracking

Metal loss

Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss

x
x
x
x
x

Microbiological induced corrosion

(MIC)

59
60 Napthenic acid orrosion
61 Oxidation corrosion
62 Phenol (carbolic acid)
63 Phosphate attack
64 Phosphoric acid corrosion

x
x
x
x
x

65 Pitting corrosion
66 Polythlonic acid cracking
67 Porosity
68 Selective leaching (dealloying)
69 Sensitization
70 Sigma phase
71 Sigma and chi phase
72 Sliding wear
73 Softening (over aging)
74 Sour water corrosion (acidic)
75 Spheroidization
76 Strain aging
77 Stray current corrosion
78 Sulfidization
79 Sulfide-stress cracking (SSC)
80 Sulfuric acid corrosion
81 Temper embrittlement
82 Under deposit corrosion
83 Uniform corrosion
84 Weld decay
85 Weld metal crater cracking
86

Weld metal fusion line cracking

Weld metal longitudinal cracking

87
88 Weld metal root cracking
89 Weld metal toe cracking
90
91

Metal loss
Cracking
Weld defects
Metal loss
Metallurgical damage
Metallurgical damage
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metallurgical damage
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metal loss
Cracking
Metal loss
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Weld defects
Weld defects
Weld defects
Weld defects
Weld defects

Weld metal transverse cracking

Weld defects

Weld metal underbead cracking

Weld defects

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
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x
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x

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x

All Temperature T> -2C

x
x

T>-20C

-2>T>121C

x
x
x
x

121>T>427C

427>T>538C

T >538C

All Material

Cast Iron

Ti

x
x
x

Temperature (C) Range in

Which Mech. May Occur

Al Alloys

x
x
x

Cu Alloys

x
x
x
x

Ni-Based Alloys ( 50% Ni)

Duplex Stainless Steel

x
x
x

x
x
x
x

Fe-Ni Alloys (0.61.3 Fe:Ni

Ratios)

400 Series Stainless Steel

x
x
x
x

300 Series Stainless Steel

x
x
x
x
x

Low Alloy Steel

Carbon Steel

Manufacturing Defect

Materials of Construction in Which

Mechanism Typically Occurs

x
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Static Stress [Note (2)]

Hydrodynamic

Processes in Which Mechanism May Be

Suspected. Process Contains:

MotionlessStatic

All Element s

Other

Particulates

Phosphoric Acid

Crude Oil

Phenol

HF

x
Chloride

Ammonia

Amines

Sulfur

Carbonate

Sodium

Carbon

Hydrogen

Water, Steam, Air

Operating Environment
Flow
Req.
Type of
Loading

x
x

x
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x
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x
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x
x
Cyclic Stress (e.g., Vibratory)

Thermal Gradients or Shock

Impact

Type of
Loading

x
x
x
x

Mechanism Mode

2 Abrasive wear

Metal loss

3 Acid dew point corrosion

4 Adhesive wear
5 Amine corrosion
6 Amine cracking

Metal loss

[Note (1)]

Cracking

x
x
x
x
x
x

Metallurgical damage

Cracking

Cracking

Metallurgical damage

14 Caustic stress corrosion cracking

Cracking

15 Caustic corrosion (caustic gouging)

16 Cavitation
17 Chelant corrosion
19 CO2 corrosion
20 Cold cracking

Metal loss

Metal loss

x
x
x

8 Ammonia stress corrosion cracking

Ammonium bisulfide corrosion
(alkaline sour water)

9
10 Brittle fracture

11 Carbonate stress corrosion cracking

12

Carburization

Metal loss
Metal loss
Cracking

Metal loss
Metal loss

Metal loss

22 Corrosionfatigue
23 Creep
24 Creep fatigue
25 Crevice corrosion
26 Decarburization
27 Dissimilar metal weld cracking (DMW)
28 Dissolved O2 attack
29 Electrical discharge
30 Erosion
31 Erosiondroplets
32 Erosionsolids
33 Erosion/corrosion
34 Fatigue

Cracking
Cracking
Cracking
Metal loss
Metallurgical damage
Cracking
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Cracking

Weld defects

Corrosion under
21 insulation (CUI)

Manufacturing Defect

Damage Mechanism

Damage Mechanism

Damage/ Defect

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

35 Fatigue, contact
36 Fatigue, thermal
37 Fatigue, vibration
39 Flow-accelerated corrosion (FAC)
40 Flue gas dew point corrosion
41 Fretting
42 Fuel ash corrosion
43 Galvanic corrosion
44 Graphitization
45 High temp H2/H2S corrosion
46 Hot cracking
47 Hot tensile
48 Hydrochloric acid corrosion
49 Hydrofluoric acidcorrosion
50 Hydrogen damage (HTHA)
51 Hydrogen embrittlement
52 Hydrogen-induced crack (HIC)
55 Lack-of-fusion
56 Lack-of- penetration
57 Liquid (molten) slag attack
Liquid metal
58 embrittlement
Microbiological induced corrosion

59 (MIC)
60 Napthenic acid orrosion
61 Oxidation corrosion
62 Phenol (carbolic acid)
63 Phosphate attack
64 Phosphoric acid corrosion
65 Pitting corrosion
67 Porosity
72 Sliding wear
73 Softening (over aging)
74 Sour water corrosion (acidic)
75 Spheroidization
76 Strain aging
77 Stray current corrosion
78 Sulfidization
79 Sulfide-stress cracking (SSC)
80 Sulfuric acid corrosion
82 Under deposit corrosion
83 Uniform corrosion
85 Weld metal crater cracking
86 Weld metal fusion line cracking
87 Weld metal longitudinal cracking
88 Weld metal root cracking

Cracking
Cracking
Cracking
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

Weld defects
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metal loss
Cracking
Metallurgical damage
Cracking

x
x
x
x
x
x

x
x

Weld defects
Weld defects
Metal loss

Cracking

Metal loss

Metal loss

x
x
x
x
x
x

Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss

Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metallurgical damage
Metallurgical damage
Metal loss
Metal loss
Cracking
Metal loss
Metal loss
Metal loss
Weld defects
Weld defects
Weld defects
Weld defects

Weld defects
Metal loss

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

89 Weld metal toe cracking

90 Weld metal transverse cracking
91 Weld metal underbead cracking

Weld defects
Weld defects
Weld defects

x
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Water, Steam, Air

All Temperature T>32F

T>32F

x
x

32>T>250F

250>T>800F

800>T>1,000F

T >1,000F

All Material

Cast Iron

x
x
x

Al Alloys

Fe-Ni Alloys (0.61.3 Fe:Ni Ratios)

x
x
x

Ti

Duplex Stainless Steel

x
x
x

x
x
x
x

Cu Alloys

400 Series Stainless Steel

x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x

Temperature (F) Range in Which

Mech. May Occur

Ni-Based Alloys ( 50% Ni)

300 Series Stainless Steel

Low Alloy Steel

Carbon Steel

Materials of Construction in Which

Mechanism Typically Occurs

x
x
x
x

x
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x
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Operating Environment

x
x

Impact

Type of
Loading

Static Stress [Note (2)]

Hydrodynamic

MotionlessStatic

All Element s

Other

Particulates

Phosphoric Acid

Flow
Req.

Crude Oil

Phenol

HF

Chloride

Ammonia

Amines

Sulfur

Carbonate

Sodium

Carbon

Hydrogen

Processes in Which Mechanism May Be

Suspected. Process Contains:

x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x

x
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x

x
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x
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x
Cyclic Stress (e.g., Vibratory)

Thermal Gradients or Shock

Type of
Loading

x
x
x