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EC334 AP L02 Array PDF

1) Phased arrays use controlled phase excitation between array elements to direct the main beam. The Hansen-Woodyard end fire array achieves larger directivity for θ=0° or θ=180° by using a phase slightly different than a standard end fire array. 2) For maximum radiation at θ=0° or θ=180°, two conditions relating the phase and element spacing must be satisfied. If these conditions are not met, side lobes may be larger than the main beam. 3) The directivity of a uniform broadside array can be calculated as a function of the number of elements N and spacing d between elements. For very large arrays, the directivity is proportional to 2

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31 views18 pages

EC334 AP L02 Array PDF

1) Phased arrays use controlled phase excitation between array elements to direct the main beam. The Hansen-Woodyard end fire array achieves larger directivity for θ=0° or θ=180° by using a phase slightly different than a standard end fire array. 2) For maximum radiation at θ=0° or θ=180°, two conditions relating the phase and element spacing must be satisfied. If these conditions are not met, side lobes may be larger than the main beam. 3) The directivity of a uniform broadside array can be calculated as a function of the number of elements N and spacing d between elements. For very large arrays, the directivity is proportional to 2

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Phased (Scanning)

Arrays
They direct the main beam of an array by controlling the
phase excitation between elements:

= kd cos + = = 0
o

(16)

kd cos o + = 0 = kd cos o

[Array factor pattern of a 10-element uniform amplitude scanning


array. = -kd cos 0, 0 = 600, d = /4]

2 - dimensional pattern

Hansen- Woodyard End fire Array


Hansen and Woodyard found that a larger directivity can be
achieved for = 0 o or = 180 o if the phase :

2.94

kd +
kd +
N
N

is used instead of:

= kd

for

= 0o

(17)

and

2.94

+ kd +
+ kd +
N
N

instead of
= kd

for

(18)

= 180o

These conditions yield larger directivity than in the


ordinary end fire antennas, but not the maximum
possible.

For Maximum Radiation along =0


kd cos + =0o =

kd cos + =180o =

and

(19)

(20) Must be satisfied

For Maximum Radiation along =180


kd cos + =180o =
kd cos + =0o =

and

(21)

(22) Must be satisfied

Directivity of Hanson Woodyard in Figure is 19


Directivity of ordinary end Fire is 11
3-dB Beamwidth of Hanson Woodyard is 37o
3-dB Beamwidth of ordinary End Fire is 74o

What happens if we do not satisfy both conditions?


If both conditions are not satisfied you may end up with some
side lobes that are larger than the main beam.
[See Derivation in the Book]

N-element Linear Array Directivity


Broadside array
Can one calculate the directivity of a uniform array as a function of
N&d?

How do we calculate Do in this case?


For the Broadside array ( = 0) and for small spacing we have:
N

kd

sin
cos

( AF ) =
N kd cos

U ( )

sin 2 kd cos

= ( AF ) 2 =
N kd cos

(23)

(24)

1
Prad
& Uo =
4
2

kd cos
2 sin
1
2
sin d d

Uo =
4 0 0 N kd cos

2
Since the integration w.r.t.

(25)

will yield 2
2

kd cos
sin
1
2
sin d

Uo =
2 0 N kd cos

(26)

Let

N
N
z = kd cos dz = kd sin d
2
2

Eqn (26) becomes:

1
Uo =
Nkd

Nkd

sin z
Nkd z d z

(27)

or

1
Uo =
Nkd

Nkd
2

sin z
Nkd z d z

(28)

For very large arrays

Eqn (28) becomes:

Nkd
sin z
z d z

1
Uo
Nkd

or U o =

(29)

Nkd

Hence:

U max
1
Nkd
Do =
=
=

Uo

Nkd
2
N
d
2 Nd

Do =
=

(30)

d
Do = 2 N

for broadside arrays

Endfire array

Similarly, for ordinary end fire arrays the directivity is:

d
Do 4 N

(31)

For the Hansen Woodyard end fire:

d
Do 1.8054 N

(32)

Feed Networks

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