Oregon State University

Mathematics Department
Study Guide and Lab Manual
for
Mth 252 Integral Calculus
to accompany the text
Calculus
Early Transcendentals
by
William Briggs
and
Lyle Cochran
written by
Stephen Scarborough
(with significant contributions from D. Hart
and partially based on previous material written by
W. Bogley, R. Burton, C. Escher, D. Garity, J. Lee,
J. Pohjanpelto and T. Dray)

First Edition Spring 2011

Table of Contents
Syllabus for Math 252......................................................................3
Syllabus for Math 251 ( for reference ) ...........................................4
Introduction and Notes to Students..................................................5
Lesson 1 - 4.8 - Antiderivatives.....................................................7
Basic Integral Table..................................................................9
Flash Cards ...............................................................................11
Lesson 2 - 5.1 - Riemann Sums ...................................................20
Lesson 3 - 5.2 - Definite Integrals ...............................................23
Lesson 4 - 5.3 - Fundamental Theorem of Calculus....................25
Lesson 5 - 5.4 - Working with Integrals ......................................27
Lesson 6 - 5.5 - Substitution ........................................................28
Lesson 8 - 6.2 - Regions Between Curves ...................................31
Lesson 9 - 6.3 - Volume from Cross Sectional Area ...................32
Lesson 10 - 6.4 - Volume by Shells.............................................34
Lesson 11 - 6.5 - Arc Length .......................................................35
Lesson 12 - 6.6 - Physical Applications ......................................38
Lesson 13 - 6.7 - Logarithms and Exponential Functions ...........39
Lesson 14 - 7.1 - Integration by Parts ..........................................40
Lesson 15 - 7.2 - Trigonometric Integrals ...................................41
Lesson 16 - 7.3 - Trigonometric Substitution ..............................43
Lesson 17 - 7.4 - Partial Fractions ...............................................45
Lesson 18 - 7.5 - Integration Strategies .......................................48
Practice Integrals.......................................................................50
Hints for Practice Integrals .......................................................53
Solutions for Practice Integrals.................................................56
Lesson 19 - 7.6 - Numerical Integration ......................................65
Lesson 20 - 7.7 - Improper Integrals............................................66
Lesson 21 - 6.8 - Exponential Models .........................................67
Lesson 22 - 7.8 - Introduction to Differential Equations .............68
Laboratory Manual for Mth 252 ................................................72
Laboratory: Differentiation Review and Antiderivatives ..............73
Laboratory: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.....................88
Laboratory: The Substitution Rule (Change of Variables) ............90
Laboratory: Regions Between Curves ...........................................91
Laboratory: Volume of a Solid of Revolution ...............................92
Laboratory: Integration by Parts ....................................................93
Laboratory: Trigonometric Substitutions, Partial Fractions ..........94
Laboratory: Techniques of Integration ..........................................96
Laboratory: Improper Integrals....................................................112
Laboratory: Exponential Growth and Decay ...............................113
Laboratory: First Order Linear Differential Equations................114

Page 2

Syllabus for Math 252

Approximate
Number of
Lectures

Lesson

Section(s)

Topic

4.8

Antiderivatives

1.5

5.1

Riemann Sums

5.2

Definite Integrals

5.3

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

5.4

Working with Integrals

5.5

Substitution

6.1

Velocity and Net Change

6.2

Regions Between Curves

6.3

Volume from Cross Sectional Area

1.5

10

6.4

Volume by Shells

0.5

11

6.5

Arc Length

12

6.6

Physical Applications

1.5

13

6.7

Logarithms and Exponential Functions

0.5

14

7.1

Integration by Parts

15

7.2

Trigonometric Integrals

16

7.3

Trigonometric Substitution

17

7.4

Partial Fractions

18

7.5 and Study

Guide

Integration Strategies (Note: Contains

material that is not explicitly in the
textbook.)

19

7.6

Numerical Integration

20

7.7

Improper Integrals

21

6.8

Exponential Models

22

7.8

Introduction to Differential Equations

Catch up and Review

Exams

Number of Lectures

Page 3

1.5

29

Syllabus for Math 251 (for reference)

Text
Chapter 1

Review of Functions

2.1

Idea of Limits

2.2

Definition of Limit

2.3

Computing Limits

2.4

Infinite Limits

2.5

Limits at Infinity

2.6

Continuity of Functions

3.1

Definition of Derivative

3.2

Basic Rules of Differentiation

3.3

Product and Quotient Rules

3.4

Derivatives of Trigonometric Functions

3.5

Rates of Change

3.6

Chain Rule

3.7

Implicit Differentiation

3.8

Logarithmic and Exponential Functions

3.9

Inverse Trigonometric Functions

3.10

Related Rates

4.1

Maxima and Minima

4.2

Locating Extreme Values

4.2 - 4.3

Topic

Graphing Functions

4,4

Optimization Problems

4.5

Linear Approximations and Differentials

4.6

Mean Value Theorem

4.7

L'Hpital's Rule

Page 4

Introduction and Notes to Students

Introduction:
This study guide is set up for a ten week term with 29 lectures and 9 to 10
recitations. Please check with your instructor for a detailed syllabus for your
section of the course.
Prerequisites:
It is expected that you are comfortable with differential calculus. This includes
familiarity with material from previous courses, such as basic algebraic
manipulations, including those involving fractions and exponents, as well as
trigonometry. The most common difficulty for students in this course is with
old concepts such as algebra; if your skills are rusty, practice now, and get help
early.
Comments and suggestions on study habits:
There is much new material presented in this course. It is very important to
develop good study habits and to keep up with the course material right from the
beginning of the course. Listed below are a number of things to watch out for.
Time: It is very important to devote enough time on a daily basis for the course.
You should plan on spending two to three hours going over the material and
assignments for each hour of lecture. If you have seen some of this material
before, it is easy to fall into the pattern of not devoting enough time to the
material at the beginning of the course. When more difficult material is presented
in a few weeks you then will find yourself too far behind.
Algebra skills: The most common difficulty for students in this course is
remembering the correct algebraic manipulations from pre-Calculus courses. If
you find yourself having difficulty, get help early in the course. Don't wait until it
is too late. The material in the course is based on the assumption that you
remember the algebra and trigonometry that you learned in your previous courses.
Attendance: Many students make the mistake of thinking that they can learn all
the required material by just working the homework problems without attending
the lectures. Often, your lecturer will present an additional viewpoint on the
material that is not presented in the text. The exams for the course are based on
the text material and on the presentations in lecture. Make sure that you attend all
the lectures. If for some reason you miss a lecture, get notes for the missed class
from one of the other students in the course.
Homework: Often, students think that they have mastered the material if they can

Page 5

get the answers in the back of the book. You should look at the answers in the
back of the book only after you have completed the assignment. Relying on the
solutions can give you a false sense of security.
Your homework assignments may include problems that are not available through
the online homework. Do not make the mistake of not doing these problems. They
often cover important concepts that are difficult practice in an online environment.
Other Resources:
The Mathematics Learning Center (MLC) provides drop-in help for all lower
division mathematics courses. The MLC is located on the ground floor of Kidder
Hall in room 108, and is normally open Monday through Thursday from 9 a.m. to
6 p.m. and on Fridays from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., from the second week of the term
through the Dead Week. The MLC also provides evening tutoring in the Valley
Library, in general Sunday through Thursday from 6 p.m. till 9 p.m. Current hours
can be found at the MLC homepage, http://www.math.oregonstate.edu/mlc
By purchasing the course text, you will gain access to MyMathLab, an online
calculus portal maintained by the publisher. In addition to homework problems
and tests with automated grading, the site offers a number of useful tools,
including Powerpoint and video lectures, review cards, and tutorial exercises, for
organizing your studies and to facilitate learning the course material.

http://www.coursecompass.com/

On page 11 there is a table of basic integrals. You should print this table and keep
it available during the first couple of weeks of lecture. If you find that you are still
referring to this table after this time then you need to spend more time with the
flash cards.

Page 6

Lesson 1
Antiderivatives
Section 4.8

Definition: We call F an antiderivative of f on an interval I if F (x) = f (x) for all

x in Is

x3
x3
d x3
2
2
+ 8 is
Since
. It is worth noting that
= x , an antiderivative of x is
3
3
dx 3
x3
also an antiderivative of x . In fact,
plus any constant is an antiderivative of x 2 .
3
2

From the Mean Value Theorem, the following result was established in differential
calculus:
Uniqueness of Antiderivatives: If F (x) = G (x) for all x in an open interval ( a,b ) ,
then there is a constant C such that G(x) = F(x) + C for all x in ( a,b ) .
The set of all possible antiderivatives of a function f is denoted as

f (x)

dx . From the

Uniqueness of Antiderivative Theorem,

x3
2
x
dx
=
+ C Cis any real number .

3
This is usually written as
x3
2
x dx = 3 + C
where C is interpreted as an arbitrary constant.
C is called the constant of integration. By tradition, C is almost always used as the
variable for the constant of integration.

f (x)

dx is called an indefinite integral.

f is called the integrand.

dx is a differential.
x is the dummy variable of integration. Since x is a dummy variable, any otherwise
unused variable can be used. The following formulas are equivalent.
2
x dx =

x3
+C,
3

2
t dt =

t3
+C,
3

Page 7

2
d =

3
+C
3

is an integral sign. You can think of

as an elongated S for sum. The reason

for this will become clear in later sections.

A large portion of this term will be spent on developing and learning methods of finding
antiderivatives which we will refer to as techniques of integration.
The first two techniques of integration are using stock formulas and using algebraic
manipulation to reduce to stock formulas.
Every differentiation formula will give a corresponding integration formula, some more
useful than others. For example, from the differentiation formula
d kx
e = ke kx where k is a constant
dx
the following integration formula is established:
1 kx
kx
e dx = k e + C .

( )

Any integration formula can be verified by differentiation. Since

d
(sec(x) + tan(x))
d
ln sec(x) + tan(x) ) = dx
(
dx
sec(x) + tan(x)
=

sec(x) tan(x) + sec 2 (x)

sec(x) + tan(x)

sec(x) + tan(x)
= sec(x)
sec(x) + tan(x)
= sec(x)
the integration formula

sec(x)

dx = ln sec(x) + tan(x) + C

is verified.
Here is a table of stock integration formulas. You should verify each of these formulas
by differentiation. You should also start learning these formulas.

Page 8

Basic Integral Table

k is any nonzero constant
1.
2.
3.

k f (x) dx = k f (x) dx
( f (x) + g(x)) dx = f (x)
( f (x) g(x)) dx = f (x)

4.

p
x dx =

5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

dx g(x) dx

dx = ln x + C

1 kx
e +C
k
ln(x) dx = x ln(x) x + C

kx

dx =

1
dx = cos(kx) + C
k
1
cos(kx) dx = k sin(kx) + C
1
tan(kx) dx = k ln sec(kx) + C
1
cot(kx) dx = k ln csc(kx) + C
1
sec(kx) dx = k ln sec(kx) + tan(kx) + C
1
csc(kx) dx = k ln csc(kx) + cot(kx) + C
1
2
sec ( kx ) dx = k tan(kx) + C
1
2
csc (kx) dx = k cot(kx) + C
1
sec(kx) tan(kx) dx = k sec(kx) + C
1
csc(kx)cot(kx) dx = k csc(kx) + C
dx
1 1 x
x 2 + k 2 = k tan k + C,k > 0

sin(kx)

19.

20.

x p +1
+ C, p 1
p +1

dx + g(x) dx

dx
k 2 x2
dx
x x2 k 2

x
dx = sin 1 + C,k > 0, x < k
k
dx =

1 1 x
sec
+ C,k > 0, x > k
k
k
Page 9

Often algebraic manipulation can be used to manipulate your integral into a form that can
be evaluated by stock formulas.
Example 1:

x5 + 5
x4
5
3 5
3
2
dx
=
x
+
=
x
dx
+
5
x
dx
=
+
x 2 +1 + C
dx
x2
x 2

4 2 + 1
=

x4 5
+C
4 x

Example 2:

4x

x
dx
dx
dx
1
1
1 1
1
= 2 25 =
tan
2 =
5 + C
5
+ 25 4 x + 4 4 x 2 + 5
4 2
2

=
Example 3:

(x

+ 3 dx =

1
2x
tan 1 + C
5
10

(x

+ 6x 2 + 9 dx = x 4 dx + 6 x 2 dx + 9 dx

x5
=
+ 3x 3 + 9x + C
5
NOTE:

1 dx

is usually written as

dx .

The following 9 pages can be printed and used as flash cards. Cut along the solid lines
and fold on the dotted line. You can also cut on the dotted line and tape to 3 by 5 index
cards.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 292 303
Problems Available Online: Pages 301 303 { 11, 17, 21, 31, 38, 45, 57, 64, 73, 85 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 301 303 { 2, 3, 27, 35, 67, 80 }

Page 10

1. x p dx, p 1

2.

1
dx
x

1. =

x p +1
+C
p +1

2. = ln x + C

1 kx
e +C
k

3. ekx dx

3. =

4. ln(x) dx

4. = x ln(x) x + C

5. sin(kx) dx

1
5. = cos(kx) + C
k

6. cos(kx) dx

6. =

Page 11

1
sin(kx) + C
k

1
ln sec(kx) + C
k

7. tan(kx) dx

7. =

8. cot(kx) dx

1
8. = ln csc(kx) + C
k

9. sec(kx) dx

9. =

10. csc(kx) dx

1
10. = ln csc(kx) + cot(kx) + C
k

11. sec 2 ( kx ) dx

11. =

12. csc 2 (kx) dx

1
12. = cot(kx) + C
k

Page 12

1
ln sec(kx) + tan(kx) + C
k

1
tan(kx) + C
k

13. =

14. csc(kx)cot(kx) dx

1
14. = csc(kx) + C
k

15.

16.

17.

dx
,k > 0
x + k2
2

dx

dx,k > 0

k 2 x2

dx
x x k
2

18. e x dx

1
sec(kx) + C
k

13. sec(kx) tan(kx) dx

dx,k > 0

15. =

1 1 x
tan + C
k
k

x
16. = sin 1 + C
k

17. =

1 1 x
sec
+C
k
k

18. = e x + C

Page 13

19. sin(x) dx

19. = cos(x) + C

20. cos(x) dx

20. = sin(x) + C

21. tan(x) dx

21. = ln sec(x) + C

22. cot(x) dx

22. = ln csc(x) + C

23. sec(x) dx

23. = ln sec(x) + tan(x) + C

24. csc(x) dx

24. = ln csc(x) + cot(x) + C

Page 14

25. sec 2 ( x ) dx

25. = tan(x) + C

26. csc 2 (x) dx

26. = cot(x) + C

27. sec(x) tan(x) dx

27. = sec(x) + C

28. csc(x)cot(x) dx

28. = csc(x) + C

29.

dx
x +1

29. = tan 1 ( x ) + C

30.

dx

1 x

dx

30. = sin 1 ( x ) + C

Page 15

31.

dx
x x 1
2

32. ( 3t + 5) dt

33.

dz
z3

34. 5x 1 dx

dx

31. = sec 1 x + C

32. =

3 2
t + 5t + C
2

1
33. = z 3 dz = z 2 + C
2

34. = 5 ln x + C

1
2

+1

35. x dx

x2
2 3
35. = x dx = 1
+ C = x2 + C
3
+1
2

36. t 7 dt

36. =

Page 16

t8
+C
8

37. e x dx

37. = e x + C

38. e 3 d

38. =

39. sin(5 ) d

1
39. = cos(5 ) + C
5

40. cos(4 ) d

40. =

1
sin(4 ) + C
4

41. tan(6x) dx

41. =

1
ln sec(6x) + C
6

42. cot( x) dx

42. =

Page 17

1 3
e +C
3

1
ln csc( x) + C

1
ln sec( ) + tan( ) + C

43. sec( ) d

43. =

44. csc(3x) dx

1
44. = ln csc(3x) + cot(3x) + C
3

45. sec 2 ( x ) dx

45. =

46. csc 2 (3t) dt

1
46. = cot(3t) + C
3

47. sec(5 ) tan(5 ) d

47. =

48. csc(2x)cot(2x) dx

1
48. = csc(2x) + C
2

Page 18

1
tan( x) + C

1
sec(5 ) + C
5

49.

50.

51.

dx
x + 25

49. =

dx
4 x2

dx
x x2 9

dx

dx,k > 0

1 1 x
tan + C
5
5

x
50. = sin 1 + C
2

x
1
51. = sec 1 + C
3
3

Page 19

Lesson 2
Riemann Sums
Section 5.1

Sigma notation is a shorthand method of representing sums. This notation will be used in
the development of Riemann sums.
n

a
i =1

= a1 + a2 + + an

For example,

(k
5

k =1

) (

) (

) (

) (

) (

+ 1 = 12 + 1 + 2 2 + 1 + 32 + 1 + 4 2 + 1 + 5 2 + 1
= 2 + 5 + 10 + 17 + 26
= 60

Make sure you know how to use sigma notation. It will be used throughout the course.
The formulas below are quite useful.
n

1 = n

i =

i =1

i =1

n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
i =
6
i =1
n

i
i =1

n(n + 1)
i = 2
i =1
n

n(n + 1)
2

n(n + 1) 6n 3 + 9n 4 + n 1
30

The second formula is easily verified by the following observation:

1+2+3++n
n+(n 1)+(n 2) ++1
(n + 1) + (n + 1) + (n + 1) + + (n + 1) = n(n + 1)

Page 20

Consider the function f (x) = x on the interval 0 x 4 . Our interest is in finding

the area that is under this curve and above the x-axis. Since this region is not one of the
regions whose area can be found by elementary geometry, we first estimate this area by
approximation by rectangles.
Below are pictures of three such approximations.

The first approximation is a Left Riemann sum.

The second approximation is a Right Riemann sum.
The third approximation is a Midpoint Riemann sum.
Let f be a function that is defined on the closed interval [ a,b ] . To form a Riemann
sum, pick a positive integer n and subdivide the interval [ a,b ] into n subintervals of
ba
equal length x =
. Let x0 = a and xn = b . There are now n subintervals,
n
[ x0 , x1 ],[ x1, x2 ],,[ xi 1, xi ],,[ xn 1, xn ] , where:
x0 = a
ba
x1 = a + x = a +
n
ba
x2 = x1 + x = a + 2
n

ba
xi = xi 1 + x = a + i
n

ba
xn = xn 1 + x = a + n
=b
n

Page 21

Pick any point xi from the interval

[x

i 1

, xi ] . Then form a rectangle with height f ( xi )

and base [ xi 1 , xi ] . The area of this rectangle is f ( xi ) x . Sum the area of these
rectangles to form a Riemann sum:
n

f ( x )x .
i

i =1

If xi is chosen to be the left endpoint of the interval

Riemann sum is formed.

[x

i 1

, xi ] , i.e. xi = xi 1 , a Left

Ln = f ( xi 1 )x
i =1

If xi is chosen to be the right endpoint of this interval, a Right Riemann sum is found.
n

Rn = f ( xi )x
i =1

This Midpoint Riemann sum is found when xi is taken to be the midpoint of the
interval.
n
x + xi 1
Mn = f i
x

2
i =1

To improve the accuracy of the approximation, take a larger value of n. Since a common
definition of Calculus is the study of limits, it is clear what will happen to n in the next
section.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 306 - 320
Problems Available Online: Pages 315 - 320 { 1, 5, 9, 18, 22, 33, 59, 65 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 315 - 320 { 7, 34(i), 35(a) find the sigma notation for
the right, left and midpoint Riemann sums, no need to evaluate with a calculator }

Page 22

Lesson 3
Definite Integrals
Section 5.2

When a real world situation can be modeled by an equation involving Riemann sums, the
solution often involves evaluating integrals. This will be a common theme throughout
this course.
Definition: A general Riemann sum of a function f defined on an interval [ a,b ] is
defined as
n

f ( x ) x
k =1

where a = x0 < x1 < x2 < < xn 1 < xn = b is a partition of [ a,b ] , xk 1 xk xk , and

xk = xk xk 1 .
Let = max { x1 , x2 , x3 ,, xn } .
Definition: The definite integral of a function f defined on an interval [ a,b ] is defined
as

f (x) dx = lim f ( xk ) xk
0

k =1

provided this limit exists for all choices of partitions of [ a,b ] and all choices of xk on a
partition.
The key idea is that a definite integral is a limit of Riemann sums. The fact that this limit
exists for all functions that are continuous on the interval [ a,b ] is usually proven in an
advanced Calculus course. The main idea of the proof depends heavily on the Extreme
Value Theorem.
While the process of evaluating a definite integral by evaluating the limit of a Riemann
sum is generally rather difficult and is well beyond the scope of this course, there are
several simple examples that can be done. Make sure that you carefully read and
understand the process. You are given the opportunity in the homework to work out a
few examples. You will need the summation formulas given in the last section to do these
problems. You may also want to review limits to infinity.

Page 23

Many definite integrals can be evaluated by elementary geometry. Explain why

1 x 2 dx =

.
2

You may have already taken notice that the integral sign

is used for both indefinite

and definite integrals. The relationship between antiderivatives and definite integrals will
be made clear in the next section.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 320 - 334
Problems Available Online: Pages 331 - 334 { 19, 24, 27, 29, 33, 41, 48, 65, 76 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 331 334 { 5, 7, 43, 49, 70, 75 }

Page 24

Lesson 4
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Section 5.3

In Lesson 4, the definite integral,

f (x) dx , was defined as the limit of Riemann sums.

In Lesson 2, the indefinite integral,

f (x)

dx , was defined to be the set of all

antiderivatives of f. In this lesson, the use of the integral sign and the term integral for
both of these concepts will be justified.
Given a function f defined on an interval that contains the point a, define the area
function as
A(x) =

f (t) dt

Recall that t in this expression is the dummy variable of integration. The variable x
cannot be used since x is already being used as the variable for the area function.
Consider the following calculation:
d
A(x + h) A(x)
A(x) = lim
h0
dx
h

= lim

x+h

= lim

x+h

f (t) dt f (t) dt
a

h0

h0

f (t) dt

Justify this step.

If f is continuous at x and h is small, then

x+h
x

f (t) dt is approximately f (x)h .

From this it is seen that it is quite reasonable to seek a formal proof that

d
A(x) = f (x) .
dx

This is the substance of the next result.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1
If f is function that is continuous on an interval I that contains the point a, then the
function A(x) =

f (t) dt is differentiable on I and

d
d x
A(x) =
f (t) dt = f (x)
dx
dx a

Page 25

Notice the name of this theorem, Fundamental Theorem of Calculus. This should give
you some idea of the importance of this result.
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 1 shows that the function
A(x) =

f (t) dt is an antiderivative of f. Let F be any other antiderivative of f.

Then there is a constant C where

f (t) dt = F(x) + C . In the above equation, let

x = a and make the observation that

f (t) dt = 0 to see that

f (t) dt = F(a) + C
0 = F(a) + C

Then C = F(a).

Then

f (t) dt = F(x) F(a). Take x = b to obtain the next result.

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Part 2

If f is continuous on the interval [ a,b ] and F is any antiderivative of f on [ a,b ] ,
then

f (x) dx = F(b) F(a)

Notice that this result, which follows from Part 1, is also called the Fundamental
Theorem of Calculus (FTC).
There is a shorthand notation that is commonly used.

f (x) dx = F(x)

b
a

= F(b) F(a)

The use of the integral sign for both definite and indefinite integrals is now justified.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 334 - 349
Problems Available Online: Pages 345 - 349 { 11, 18, 27, 38, 47, 51, 53, 57, 63, 77 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 345 - 349 { 40, 73, 82 }

Page 26

Lesson 5
Working with Integrals
Section 5.4

Recall that a function is even if for all x in the domain of f, f (x) = f (x) . The graph of
an even function is symmetric about the y-axis. Examples of even functions are
f (x) = cos(x) and f (x) = 3x 4 + 2x 2 5 . If an even function f is defined on the
interval [ a, a ] , then

f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx .
0

An odd function satisfies the property that for all x in the domain of f, f (x) = f (x) .
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin. Examples of odd functions
are f (x) = sin(x) and f (x) = x 3 4x . If an odd function f is defined on the interval

[ a, a ] ,

then

f (x) dx = 0 .

By noticing that a function has symmetry, calculations can often be simplified.

The average value of a function defined on the interval [ a,b ] is defined as,
f =

b
1
f (x) dx .

ba a

If you think of the area between the graph of f and the x-axis as a thin film of water
magically being held in place, then the average value of a function will be the height of
the water when the magic is removed.
If f is continuous on the interval [ a,b ] , then there will be a point c with a c b
where f (c) is equal to the average value of f on [ a,b ] . This result is called the Mean
Value Theorem for Integrals.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 349 - 357
Problems Available Online: Pages 345 - 349 { 3, 19, 27, 31 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 345 - 349 { 7, 13, 37 }

Page 27

Lesson 6
Substitution
Section 5.5

Recall that every differentiation formula has a corresponding integration formula. The
formula that corresponds to the chain rule,
d
F(g(x) = F (g(x))g(x) = f (g(x))g(x) ,
dx

where F is an antiderivative of f, we obtain the integration formula,

f (g(x))g(x)

dx = F(g(x)) + C .

This leads to a technique of integration that is called either substitution or change of

variables. This technique is often called u substitution since u is commonly used as the
substitution variable.
To use this method you need to select a potential substitution u = g(x) and then
calculate du = g(x) dx . Then

f (g(x))g(x)

dx =

f (u)

du = F(u) + C =F(g(x)) + C .

Finding the proper substitution comes from experience and from trial and error. As you
gain more experience through practice, you will have to resort to trial and error less often.
It is important to note that not all integrals can be evaluated through substitution. Several
techniques of integration will be covered this term.
It is unfortunately true that not every simple function has an antiderivative that can be
expressed in terms of elementary functions. An example of such an integral is

x2

dx .

When substitution is used with definite integrals, the limits of integration also change.

f (g(x))g(x) dx =

g(b)
g(a)

f (u) du = F(g(b)) F(g(a))

Page 28

You can avoid changing the limits of integration by converting back to the original
variable.

f (g(x))g(x) dx =

x =b
x=a

f (u) du = F(u)

x =b
x=a

= F(g(x))

b
a

= F(g(b)) F(g(a))

There are several trigonometric identities that are useful in evaluating integrals.
1
(1 cos(2x))
2
1
cos 2 x = (1 + cos(2x))
2
1
sin x cos x = sin(2x)
2
sin 2 x =

Heres an example.
2
2
sin x cos x dx =

(sin x cos x ) dx
2

1
1

= sin(2x) dx substitute sin x cos x = sin(2x)

2

2
1
= sin 2 (2x) dx
4
1
1
= 1 cos(4x) dx substitute sin 2 (2x) = (1 cos(4x))
8
2
1
1
= x
sin(4x) + C
8
32
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 357 366
Indefinite Integrals
Problems Available Online: Pages 363 - 366 { 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, 29, 32,
33, 91 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 363 - 366 { 1, 2, 4, 7, 8 }
Definite Integrals
Problems Available Online: Pages 363 - 366 { 6, 35, 37, 39, 41, 49, 59, 65, 67 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 363 - 366 { 51, 57, 83 }

Page 29

Lesson 7
Velocity and Net Change
Section 6.1

Let the position of an object moving along the x-axis at time t be given by s(t) . Then
the velocity of that object at time t is v(t) = s(t) and its acceleration is
a(t) = v(t) = s(t) . Velocity includes both magnitude (speed) and direction of travel.
Accordingly, the speed of the object at time t is given by v(t) .
The displacement of the particle from time t = a to time t = b where b > a is
s(b) s(a) =

v(t) dt .

The total distance travelled by the particle from time t = a to time t = b where b > a
is

v(t) dt .

Under what conditions will the displacement and the total distance travelled be different?
How can these ideas be applied to other situations?
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 370 - 383
Problems Available Online: Pages 378 - 383 { 8, 13, 19, 33, 41 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 378 - 383 { 29, 31, 51 }

Page 30

Lesson 8
Regions Between Curves
Section 6.2
The area of the region bounded by the curves y = f (x),y = g(x),x = a,and x = b is
given by

f (x) g(x) dx .

Whenever possible, you should plot the curves to help with the evaluation of the
integral. To evaluate this integral, first split the integral up at the locations where
f (x) = g(x) . Then over each of these intervals, rewrite the integral by the rule,
f (x) g(x),
f (x) g(x) =
g(x) f (x),

f (x) g(x)
f (x) g(x)

To find the area enclosed between two curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) , the first step,
generally, will be to plot the curves to get a good visualization of the region. To
determine the limits of integration, you need to solve the equation f (x) = g(x) . Next you
need to determine whether f (x) g(x) or g(x) f (x) on this interval. Use this
information to set up the proper integral.
On occasion it is useful to interchange the roles of x and y and deal with curves of the
form x = h(y) and x = k(y) .
The justification for the use of integrals to find these areas depends of the proper
evaluation of a limit of Riemann sums. Make sure you understand this process. Using a
limit of Riemann sums to find the integral for a particular application will be a common
theme over the next several lessons.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 383 - 392
Problems Available Online: Pages 388 - 392 { 5, 11, 16, 25, 29, 35 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 388 - 392 { 6, 39, 65 }

Page 31

Lesson 9
Volume from Cross Sectional Area
Section 6.3

Suppose that you are give a three-dimensional solid that is oriented so that it extends
along the x-axis from x = a to x = b . Also suppose that at each point x in this interval
you have the cross sectional area, A(x) of this solid. After carefully setting up the
proper Riemann sum, you can show that the volume of this solid is given by
V=

A(x) dx .

For many of the exercises in the textbook, you will need to use techniques from
elementary geometry to determine a formula for the cross sectional area function.
Consider the situation where the region between the graph of a continuous function
y = f (x) , the x-axis, and the lines x = a and x = b is revolved about the x-axis. The
resulting volume is called a solid of revolution. The cross sectional area at x is a circle
with radius f (x) . The cross sectional area is A(x) = f 2 (x) . The formula for the
volume of this solid of revolution is
b

V = f 2 (x) dx .
a

This technique for finding the volume of a solid of revolution is called the disk method.
It is useful to think of this formula as the integral of pi times the radius squared, the area
of a circle.
When the region between two continuous functions, f and g, with 0 g(x) f (x) and
a < x < b is revolved about the x-axis, the formula for the resulting solid of revolution is
b

V = f 2 (x) g 2 (x) dx .
a

Can you justify this formula? Can you explain why this technique is commonly called
the washer method?
You need to be able to modify these formulas to handle other cases such as when a region
is revolved around a horizontal line other than the x-axis. Often these methods can be
modified to handle the case when the region is revolved about the y-axis. In the next
section, we will discover another method that can often be used when it is difficult to
apply the disk or washer method to a particular solid of revolution.

Page 32

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 392 - 403
Problems Available Online: Pages 399 - 403 { 9, 11, 15, 17, 23, 25, 34, 50, 57, 58 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 399 - 403 { 52 }

Page 33

Lesson 10
Volume by Shells
Section 6.4

Consider the situation where the region between the graph of a continuous function
y = f (x) , the x-axis, and the lines x = a and x = b , with 0 a < b , is revolved about
the y-axis. To find the volume of this solid of revolution by the washer method can often
be difficult. Instead of using disks, we look at cylinders.

y = f(x)

The cylinder will have a radius of x and a height of f (x) . A careful examination of the
proper Riemann sum will show that the volume can be obtained by integrating the areas
of these cross sectional cylinders.
b

V = 2 x f (x) dx .
a

This technique for finding the volume of a solid of revolution is called the shell method.
It is useful to think of this formula as the integral of two pi times the radius times height,
the area of a cylinder.
When the region between two continuous functions, f and g, with g(x) f (x) and
0 a < x < b is revolved about the y-axis, the formula for the resulting solid of
revolution is
V = 2 x ( f (x) g(x)) dx .
b

Can you justify this formula?

Page 34

You need to be able to modify these formulas to handle other cases such as when a region
is revolved around a vertical line other than the y-axis. Often the shell method can be
modified to handle the case where the region is revolved around a horizontal line.
You need to be able to recognize which method, washer or shell, is appropriate for the
problem at hand. Often both methods will be equally appropriate. You should make sure
to do a few of these to see that you will get the same answer.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 403 - 413
Problems Available Online: Pages 410 - 413 { 5, 11, 17, 19, 27, 41 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 410 - 413 { 9 }

Page 35

Lesson 11
Arc Length
Section 6.5

Consider the problem of finding the length of the curve from the graph of a differentiable
function y = f (x) for a < x < b . This is the arc length of a curve. Lets look at the
length of a small section from xi 1 < x < xi . If we approximate this section with a straight
line segment from the point ( xi 1 , f (xi 1 )) to ( xi , f (xi )) , we see that the length of this
straight segment is

( xi xi 1 )2 + ( f (xi ) f (xi 1 ))2 .

Then summing these,
2
f (xi ) f (xi 1 ))
(
( xi xi 1 ) + ( f (xi ) f (xi 1 )) = 1 + x x 2 ( xi xi 1 )
i =i
i =i
( i i 1 )
n

=
i =i

f (xi ) f (xi 1 )
1+
xi xi 1

( xi xi 1 ).

As usual let xi = xi xi 1 . By the Mean Value Theorem, there will be a point xi with
f (xi ) f (xi 1 )
.
xi 1 < xi < xi where f (xi ) =
xi xi 1
Therefore,
n

i =i

( xi xi 1 ) + ( f (xi ) f (xi 1 )) = 1 + [ f (x )] xi .
2

i =i

This is a Riemann sum from which we see that the arc length is given by,

L=

1 + [ f (x)] dx .
2

The Leibniz form of this formula is,

L=

dy
1+
dx
Page 36

dx .

It is useful to think of this formula as the integral of the hypotenuse of a triangle with leg
lengths dx and dy where,

( dx )

+ ( dy )

dy
= 1 + dx .
dx

The integrals that come from arc length problems are generally quite difficult to evaluate.
One algebra trick that you may find useful is
2

e x e x
1
1+
= 1 + e2 x 2e x e x + e2 x

2
4

1 2 x 1 1 2 x
e + e
4
2 4
1
1 1
= e2 x + + e2 x
4
2 4
1
= e2 x + 2e x e x + e2 x
4

= 1+

e x + e x
=
2

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 413 - 420
Problems Available Online: Pages 418 - 420 { 3, 5 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 418 - 420 { 4, 25 }

Page 37

Lesson 12
Physical Applications
Section 6.6

This lesson is concerned with the application of integration to several problems from
physics and engineering. We use Riemann sums to find the proper integral for the
problem at hand. You should consider this section as a selection of examples on the use
of Riemann sums as a strategy to solve these and similar problems.
The problems covered in this section include:

finding the mass of a thin linear object that has a variable density.

finding the work done when using a variable force to move an object along a
straight line.

finding the force exerted on a flat surface by a liquid.

In later courses, you may learn how to deal with physical problems that involve more
than one dimension. An example of such a problem would be to find the work done when
moving an object with variable force along a curve.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 420 - 431
Problems Available Online: Pages 428 - 431 { 15, 20, 23, 31, 47 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 428 - 431 { 26, 28 }

Page 38

Lesson 13
Logarithms and Exponential Functions
Section 6.7

In 1614, John Napier published an article, Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio (A

Description of the Wonderful Law of Logarithms.) Due to this article, John Napier has
rightly been credited with the invention of logarithms. Napier spent over twenty years
developing his theory before he published his results. His original purpose for this
invention was to simplify the difficult multiplication and division problems associated
with the development and use of trigonometry tables.
In modern terms, Napier essentially defined the logarithm to be a function whose
derivative is a constant times the reciprocal of the variable. Napier did this by use of a
geometric argument. A year later Napier and Henry Briggs collaborated to develop the
common logarithm from the Napierian logarithm. For details, please see the sixth edition
of the textbook, An Introduction to the History of Mathematics by Howard Eves.
As a point of local interest, the first Ph.D. in mathematics that was granted by Oregon
State College (which became Oregon State University in 1961,) was to Howard Eves in
1948.
In this section, the natural logarithm will be defined as that function whose derivative is
1
f (x) = . The properties of the logarithm are then developed from this definition. The
x
exponential function is defined as the inverse function to the logarithm.
View this section as an opportunity to review and gain a deeper understanding of the
properties of logarithms and exponentials.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 431 - 440
Problems Available Online: Pages 439 - 440 { 5, 7, 12, 14, 17, 19, 25, 50 }

Page 39

Lesson 14
Integration by Parts
Section 7.1

With this lesson, we continue with our study of techniques of integration. The techniques
of integration already covered are:
Stock Formulas
Algebraic Manipulation
Substitution
The general principle in developing our techniques of integration is that every
differentiation formula has a corresponding integration formula. From the product rule
we see that
d
( f (x)g(x)) = f (x)g(x) + f (x)g(x)
dx
d

dx ( f (x)g(x))

dx =

f (x)g(x) dx + f (x)g(x) dx

f (x)g(x) =

f (x)g(x) dx + f (x)g(x) dx.

Then

f (x)g(x)

dx = f (x)g(x) f (x)g(x) dx.

This is the integration by parts formula. It is usually seen and used in Leibniz notation.
u = f (x)

du = f (x) dx

v = g(x)

dv = g(x) dx

After substitution this gives

dv = uv v du .

The basic idea is to convert a given difficult integral into a hopefully simpler integral.
Remember that once you make your choice for u then dv is everything else. As a
general rule, your choice for dv should be something that you can easily integrate or
your choice for u should be something that simplifies with differentiation. Your choice
for u and dv is based on experience, practice, and trial and error.

Page 40

We will do one example so you can see how to document your choices for u and dv.
The textbook has many examples of integration by parts covering the major twists and
turns.

1 5 x
e5 x
1
1
x e dx = xe
dx = xe5 x + e5 x dx
5
5
5
5
1
1 5 x
u = xdv = e5 x dx= xe5 x
e +C
5
25
e5 x

du = dxv =
5
5 x

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 453 460
Part 1
Problems Available Online: Pages 458 - 460 { 1, 8, 10, 16, 19, 24, 27, 30, 31, 36, 40 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 458 - 460 { 37 }
Part 2
Problems Available Online: Pages 458 - 460 { 46, 48, 55 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 458 - 460 { 42, 44, 59, 68 }

Page 41

Lesson 15
Trigonometric Integrals
Section 7.2

Special techniques are shown for handing integrals of the form

sin

x cos n x dxand

tan

x sec n x dx.

The techniques developed in this section can also be used for integrals of the form

cot

x csc m x dx.

The following trigonometric identities are used in these techniques. You should learn
these identities.
cos 2 x + sin 2 x = 1
1
(1 + cos(2x))
2
1
sin 2 x = (1 cos(2x))
2
1
sin x cos x = sin(2x)
2
2
1 + tan x = sec 2 x
cos 2 x =

cot 2 x + 1 = csc 2 x

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 460 - 467
Problems Available Online: Pages 466 - 467 { 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 21, 26, 29, 53, 55}
Problems from textbook: Pages 466 - 467 { 52, 54 }

Page 42

Lesson 16
Trigonometric Substitution
Section 7.3

The technique of integration covered in this section is informally called trig substitution.
It is useful for integrals that contain terms of the forms:
a2 + x 2
a2 x 2
x 2 a2
Before you utilize a trig substitution, you should always carefully examine the integral to
make sure that a simpler technique of integration cannot be used.
By convention, trig substitution is done by making use of either the sine, tangent, or
secant functions. You should generally avoid using the cosine, cotangent, and cosecant
functions as the functions of your substitution.
The following trig identities are often useful when converting back to your original
variable after a trig substitution.

sin(2x) = 2 sin x cos x

cos(2x) = 2 cos 2 x 1

You often need to complete the square to put an integral into proper form before doing a
trig substitution. As a quick review, recall that completing the square is based on the
algebraic identity

( x + b )2 = x 2 + 2bx + b 2 .
Perhaps the following example of completing the square will spark some memories from
your basic algebra course.

Page 43

3x 2 + 8x + 7 = 3 x 2 + x + 7

3
2
2
2 8
4 4
= 3 x + x + + 7
3 3
3

= 3 x +

4
4
3 + 7
3
3

8
4
take 2b = b =
3
3
add b 2 b 2
2

8
4

factorx + x + = x +
3

3
2

4
5

= 3 x + +

3
3

simplify

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 468 - 476
Problems Available Online: Pages 473 476 { 1, 2, 3, 5, 11, 15, 18, 22, 25, 27, 30, 38,
52, 53, 61 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 473 476 { 4, 6, 47 }

Page 44

Lesson 17
Partial Fractions
Section 7.4

A polynomial is a function that can be written in the form

P(x) = an x n + an 1 x n 1 + an 1 x n 2 + + a1 x + a0 ,
where n is a nonnegative integer and an ,an 1 ,an 2 ,,a0 are constants. If an 0 ,
then n is the degree of the polynomial. As examples:
P1 (x) = 3x 2 + 7 is a polynomial of degree 2.
P2 (x) = 3x 2 5x 4 + 3x 19 is a polynomial of degree 4.

P3 (x) = ( x + 1) ( 3x + 2 ) x 2 + x + 1 is a polynomial of degree 4.

P4 (x) = 8 is a polynomial of degree 0.
A rational function is a function that can be written as the quotient of two polynomials.
The following functions are all examples of rational functions.
3x 2 + 7
f (x) =
(2x + 3)(x 7) x 2 + 4

1
x
h(x) = x 3
g(x) =

Partial fractions decomposition is an algebraic technique of writing a rational function as

a sum of simpler rational functions that can generally be more easily integrated.
The first step of a partial fractions decomposition is to make sure that the power of the
numerator is strictly less than the power of the denominator. If needed, this is
accomplished by long division. Hopefully, the following example will remind you of how
to do long division with polynomials.

3x 4 + 2x 3 + 8
. Since the power of the numerator
x 2 + 2x + 1
is 4 and the power of the denominator is 2, the first step of a partial fractions
decomposition will be a long division.

Consider the rational function, f (x) =

Page 45

3x 2 4x + 5
x + 2x + 1 3x 4 + 2x 3 + 0x 2 + 0x + 8
2

3x 4 + 6x 3 + 3x 2
4x 3 3x 2 + 0x
4x 3 8x 2 4x
5x 2 +4x + 8
5x 2 + 10x + 5
6x + 3

Then

3x 4 + 2x 3 + 8
3 6x
= 3x 2 4x + 5 + 2
.
2
x + 2x + 1
x + 2x + 1
With partial fractions decomposition you will learn how to further decompose this to see
that
3x 4 + 2x 3 + 8
9
6
.
= 3x 2 4x + 5 +
2
2
x + 2x + 1
( x + 1) x + 1

Then

3x 4 + 2x 3 + 8
9
6
2
x 2 + 2x + 1 dx = 3x 4x + 5 + ( x + 1)2 x + 1 dx .
This second integral can now be handled quite easily.
It is often useful to complete the square to rewrite an irreducible quadratic, ax 2 + bx + c ,
2
in the form a ( x + ) + . For example,

(
= 2(x
= 2(x

2x 2 + 12x + 27 = 2 x 2 + 6x + 27

+ 6x + 9 9 + 27

+ 6x + 9 18 + 27

= 2 ( x + 3) + 9.
2

As a historical note, the first known use of integration by partial fractions was the
following derivation of the integral of the secant by Isaac Barrow. Isaac Barrow (1630
1677) is best known as Isaac Newtons teacher.

Page 46

 sec x

dx =

cos x dx

cos x
dx
2
x
cos x
u = sin x
=
dx
2
1 sin x
du = cos x dx
=

cos

1
1
1


=
dx
=
= 2 + 2
2
2
1 u
1 u
(1 + u)(1 u) 1 + u 1 u
1

2

1

2

1+ u + 1 u

1
1
ln 1 + u ln 1 u + C
2
2

1+ u
1
ln
+C
1 u
2

1 + sin x
1
ln
+ C
1 sin x
2

dx

The above derivation is a very loose translation of Isaac Barrows derivation. The integral
notation and the modern concept of an indefinite integral did not yet exist in his time.
As a challenge, show that

1
1 + sin x
ln
= ln sec x + tan x .
2
1 sin x

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 476 - 485
Problems Available Online: Pages 483 485 { 9, 11, 13, 17, 21, 32, 51, 52, 55, 60, 69 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 483 485 { 37, 63 }

Page 47

Lesson 18
Integration Strategies
Section 7.5

The following steps may be useful in helping to determine which techniques of

integration to use to evaluate a particular integral.
1.

Is your integral one of the stock formulas?

2.

Can the integrand be simplified or manipulated into a stock formula by algebraic

manipulation?

3.

Are there any obvious substitutions?

4.

Can you classify the integral as to type?

Integration by Parts
Trigonometric Substitution
Partial Fractions

5.

The last step is trial and error.

Try various algebraic manipulations.
Try various substitutions.
Try different choices for integration by parts.

At the end of this lesson are fifty integrals for practice. Following the problems are hints
in case you are stuck. The solutions are included; dont peek.
Other available strategies are to utilize tables of integrals, computer algebra systems, and
numerical methods. Some numerical methods will be discussed in the next lesson.
There is a short table of integrals in the endpapers of your textbook. Larger tables of
integrals are available. Often you will need to use your techniques of integration to
convert your integral into one that matches one of the table entries.
Computer algebra systems are sophisticated software packages that can solve
mathematical problems in symbolic form. There are many computer algebra systems
available. The three that you are most likely to find available in a computer lab on
campus are Mathcad, Maple, and Mathematica. Any of these three can do symbolic
integration. Several handheld calculators contain computer algebra systems. Currently the
most popular and available is the TI-89 Titanium made by Texas Instruments.

Page 48

Some of the features of Mathematica are available at the Wolfram Alpha website,
http://www.wolframalpha.com/. To give a test drive, enter integrate. You will then be
presented with a box in which you can enter your function.
Be aware, that quite often an integral is best done by hand rather than machine. There still
is no substitute for human intelligence. As an example, consider the following integration
solution,

1+ x
dx =
1 x

1+ x 1+ x

dx
1 x 1+ x
1+ x
1 x

1
1 x

dx
dx +

x
1 x

dx

= sin x 1 x + C.
2

The TI-89 is unable to evaluate the integral in the given form. Wolfram Alpha evaluates
this integral as

1+ x
dx =
1 x

x +1
x +1
x + 1(x 1) + 2 1 x sin 1

1 x
2

x +1

+C.

The two answers are equal.

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 486 491
Your instructor may assign a selection of integrals from the following problems.

Page 49

Practice Integrals

Math 252, Oregon State University

The first 30 integrals do not require the use of either trigonometric substitution or
partial fractions.

1.

5 4 x

dx

2.

sin( z)

4.

xe

6.

dz

3.

cos (3 )
2

2 x

dx

5.

ln t dt

4x
9 4x 2

dx

7.

dx

8.

et et
et + et dt

10.

1+ x

12.

sin

14.

9 4x 2

9.

cos

1 + sin

x tan

x dx

dx

11.

13.

sec

t dt

tan

( z ) dz
z

15.

2x

dx

16.

Page 50

3x

( )

sec e 3x dx

18.

y ( 2 y ) 2 dy

3x
e sin(2x) dx

20.

t 2 + 4t + 3
t + 1 dt

x e

dx

22.

tan (3 )

d
sec(2 )

24.

( x 1)
dx
(x 1)e

25.

tan

sec 2 d

26.

(w

27.

ln 7

dx

28.

sec(2 )

30.

tan

17.

1+

dx

19.

21.

2 5x

23.

+ 2w + 1

w + 1 dw

29.

ln(5x)

dx

sec 3 d

The next 20 integrals may require either trigonometric substitution or partial
fractions.

31.

x+3
x 2 + 2x + 5 dx

32.

t3
t 2 + 1 dt

1+ x
dx
1 x

34.

z+

33.

Page 51

dz

35.

d
1 + sin

36.

4 x2
dx
x2

38.

9 x 2 dx

37.

x2

dx

x 1
2

x 2 + 5x
dx
40.
(x 1)2 (x + 1)

x3
dx
39. 2
x 2x + 8

41.

dt

t 2 6t + 13

dt

cos
d
+ 2 sin + 2

42.

sin

44.

46.

48.

4x

50.

x 3 + 3x 2 4x + 20
dx
43.
x 4 16

dw
w +1 w

45.

x 2 2x + 2
dx
x 1

sin + tan
d
cos

47.

x sin x cos x

dx

dx

49.

dx
3

Page 52

dx

x2 + 1

Hints for Practice Integrals

Math 252, Oregon State University

1.

u = 5 4x

2.

u = z

4.

Parts

6.

u = 9 4x 2

8.

u = et + et

3.

cos 2 x =

1 1
+ cos(2x)
2 2

5.

Parts

7.

dx
1 x2

dx = sin 1 x + C

9.

( )

10. x 4 = x 2 ,u = x 2

u = sin

12. sin 3 = sin 2 sin

11. Parts

13.

d
tan t = sec 2 t
dt

14. u = z

15.

u
a du =

au
+ C,a > 0,a 1
ln a

16. u = e 3x

17. u 2 = x

18. u = 2 y or parts

19. Parts

20. t 2 + 4t + 3 = (t + 1)(t + 3)

21. Parts

22. 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x

Page 53


23. sec x =

1

cos x

24. u = (x 1)2

25.

d
tan x = sec 2 x
dx

26. x 2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2

28. u = 2

27. ln 7 is a number

29. ln(5x) = ln x + ln 5

30.

d
sec x = sec x tan x
dx

31. x 2 + 2x + 5 = x 2 + 2x + 1 + 4

32. Long division

33.

1+ x 1+ x 1+ x

=
1 x 1 x 1 + x

34. u 2 = z

35.

1
1 1 sin

1 + sin 1 + sin 1 sin

36. x = sin
2

x
38. x = sin
3

37. x = sec

39. Long division

40. Partial fractions

41. t 2 6t + 13 = t 2 6t + 9 + 4

42. u = sin

Page 54

43. x 4 16 = x 2 + 4 ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )

44. Multiply by 1

45. x 2 2x + 2 = x 2 2x + 1 + 1

46. tan =

sin

cos

47. Parts

48. u 2 = x

u = xdv = sin x cos x dx

49. x 3 x 2 = x 2 (x 1)

50. x = tan

Page 55

Practice Integrals Solutions

Math 252, Oregon State University

The first 30 integrals do not require the use of either trigonometric substitution or
partial fractions.

1.

5 4 x

1
dx = e5 4 x + C
4

2.

sin( z)

dz =

1
cos( z) + C

3.

cos (3 )
2

d =

1
+ sin(6 ) + C
2 12

4.

xe

2 x

x 1
dx = e2 x + C
2 4

5.

ln t dt =

1 4
1
1
1
t ln t t 3 dt = t 4 ln t t 4 + C
4
4
4
16

6.

4x
9 4x 2

dx = 9 4x 2 + C

7.

dx
9 4x 2

1 1 2x
sin + C
3
2

8.

et et
t
t
et + et dt = ln e + e + C

Page 56

9.

cos

1 + sin

d = tan 1 (sin ) + C

10.

1+ x

dx =

u = x 2
du = 2xdx

du
1
1
1
x
= tan 1 u + C = tan 1 + C
2

2
2 1+ u
2
2

11.

x tan

x dx

x2
1 2 1
1
1
1
1
x tan x 2
dx = x 2 tan 1 x 1 2
dx
2
2 x +1
2
2
x +1

1 2
1
= x + 1 tan 1 x x + C
2
2
=

12.

sin

d =

(1 cos ) sin d = 3 cos

1

cos + C

13.

sec

t dt =

( tan

x + 1 sec 2 x dx =

1 3
tan x + tan(x) + C
3

14.

tan

( z ) dz = 2 ln
z

sec

( z)

+ C

52 x
+ C
15. 5 dx =
2 ln 5
2x

16.

3x

( )

sec e 3x dx =

( )

( )

1
ln sec e 3x + tan e3x
3

Page 57

+ C

17

1+

u 2 = x
dx 2udu = dx

1
x

2u

1+ u

u = x

du = 2 1

1
du = 2u 2 ln 1 + u + C = 2 x 2 ln 1 + x + C
1+ u

18.

5
5
5
7
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2 dy =
y
2

y
y(2

y)
+
(2

y)
dy
=

y(2

y)

(2

y)
+ C
(
)

5
5
5
35

19.

3x

sin(2x) dx =

3 3x
2
e sin(2x) e3x cos(2x) + C
13
13

t 2 + 4t + 3
1
dt = t 2 + 3t + C
20.
t +1
2

21.

x e

2 5x

2
2 5x
1
x+
dx = x 2
e + C
5
25
125

22.

tan (3 )
2

d =

1
tan(3 ) + C
3

23.

sec(2 ) = cos(2 )

d =

1
sin(2 ) + C
2

24.

(x 1)e

( x 1)2

2
1
dx = e( x 1) + C
2

Page 58

25.

tan

sec 2 d =

1 3
tan + C
3

26.

w 2 + 2w + 1

w + 1 dw =

2
7

2
( w + 1) ( w + 1) 2 dw = ( w + 1) 2 dw = ( w + 1) 2 + C

27.

ln 7

dx = x ln 7 + C

28.

sec(2 )

d =

1
ln sec(2 ) + tan(2 ) + C
2

29.

ln(5x)

dx = x ln(5x) x + C

30

tan

sec 3 d
= tan 4 x sec 2 x sec x tan x dx =

(sec

1 7
2
1
sec x sec 5 x + sec 3 x + C
7
5
3

Page 59

x 1 sec 2 x sec x tan x dx

x 2 sec 4 x + sec 2 x sec x tan x dx

(sec

The next 20 integrals may require either trigonometric substitution or partial

fractions.

31.

x+3
dx =
+ 2x + 5

x +1+ 2

( x + 1)

+4

dx =

1
x + 1
ln x 2 + 2x + 5 + tan 1
+ C
2
2

t
1
1
t3
dt = t 2 ln t 2 + 1 + C
dt = t 2
32. 2
t +1
2
2
t +1

33.

1+ x 1+ x
1+ x
dx =

dx =
1 x
1 x 1+ x

1+ x
1 x2

dx = sin 1 x 1 x 2 + C

34.

dz

z+

2u
2
du =
du = 2 ln u + 1 + C = 2 ln 1 + z + C
+u
u +1

u 2 = z

2udu = dz

35.

1 + sin

1 sin

1 sin
1 sin
d =
d
2

cos 2

1 + sin 1 sin d = 1 sin

= sec 2 sec tan d = tan sec + C

Page 60

36

4 x2
dx x = 2 sin
x2

4 cos 2
2
2
4 sin 2 d = cot d = csc 1 d = cot + C

4 x2
x
=
sin 1 + C
2
x

37.

x2
x 1
2

dx x = sec

1
1
sec tan + ln sec + tan + C
2
2


1
1
2
2
= x x 1 + ln x + x 1 + C
2
2
= sec 3 d =

38.

9
9
9
x 1
= 9 cos 2 d = + sin cos + C = sin 1 + x 9 x 2 + C
3 2
2
2
2

9 x 2 dx x = 3sin

39.

x3
x 2 2x + 8 dx

= x+2

4x + 16
1
x 1+ 5
dx = x 2 + 2x 4
dx
x 2x + 8
2
( x 1)2 + 7
2

1
= x 2 + 2x 2 ln
2

x 1
tan 1
( x 1) + 7
+C
7
7
2

Page 61

20

40.

x 2 + 5x
(x 1)2 (x + 1) dx

(x 1)

2
1
3

dx =
+ 2 ln x 1 ln x + 1 + C
x 1 x +1
x 1

41.

dt

(t

6t + 13

dt t = 2 tan(t 3)

dt

((t 3)

+4

3
2

2 sec 2
1
1
t3
+ C
8 sec 3 d = 4 cos d = 4 sin + C = 2
4 t 6t + 13

sin

43

x 3 + 3x 2 4x + 20
dx

x 4 16

u = sin

cos
d
+ 2 sin + 2

42.

du = cos d

du
du
=
= tan 1 (u + 1) + C = tan 1 (1 + cos ) + C
2
+ 2u + 2
(u + 1) + 1

x 1
1
1
1
1
x
= 2

+
dx = ln x 2 + 4 tan 1 ln x + 2 + ln x 2 + C
2
x +4 x+2 x2
2
2

Page 62

44.

dw

w +1 w

w +1 + w
1
=
dw =

w +1 w w +1 + w

w + 1 + w dw =

3
2
2 3
( w + 1) 2 + w 2 + C
3
3

45.

x 2 2x + 2
dx x 1 = tan
x 1

(x 1)2 + 1
sec 3
dx =
d =
x 1
tan

( tan + 1) sec d =
2

tan

sec

sec tan + tan

= sec + csc d = sec ln csc + cot + C

= x 2 2x + 2 ln

x 2 2x + 2 + 1
+C
x 1

46.

sin + tan
d
cos
sin
sin +
cos d = tan + sec tan d = ln sec + sec + C
=

cos

47.

x sin x cos x

dx =

1
1
1
1
1
x sin 2 x sin 2 x dx = x sin 2 x x + sin x cos x + C
2
2
2
4
4

48.

4x

2u 2
2
2
=
du = 2 +

du = 2u + 2 ln u + 2 2 ln u 2 + C
2
4u
u+2 u2


= 2 x + 2 ln x + 2 2 ln x 2 + C

dx u 2 = x

Page 63


49.

dx
3

x 1 x

1
1
dx = ln x 1 + ln x + C
x
x

50.

dx

(x

+1

x = tan
dx = sec 2

sec 2
1
1
1 1
x
2
sec 4 d = cos d = 2 + 2 sin cos + C = 2 tan x + 2 x 2 + 1 + C

Page 64

Lesson 19
Numerical Integration
Section 7.6

Many elementary functions do not have an antiderivative that can be expressed in terms
of elementary functions. Nevertheless, it is often necessary to be able to compute definite
integrals involving these functions.
Examples of functions known to not have an antiderivative that can be expressed in terms
of elementary functions are
f (x) = e x

sin x
x

g(x) =

h(x) = 1 + x 3 .

In this section, three numerical methods for finding approximations of definite integrals
will be covered. The Midpoint Rule is a Riemann sum where the midpoint of the interval
is used. The Trapezoid Rule uses trapezoids instead of rectangles to approximate the
integral. Simpsons Rule uses the areas under parabolas.
A numerical approximation is worthless if you cannot say anything about the error of the
approximation. For both the Midpoint Rule and the Trapezoid Rule the approximation is
exact if you are integrating a linear function. The error comes from the convexity of the
curve for these two methods. As the absolute value of the second derivative gets larger,
you can expect the error of the approximation to increase. Simpsons Rule gives an exact
value if you are approximating the area under a parabola. For Simpsons Rule, the larger
the value of the absolute value of the fourth derivative, the larger you can expect the error
of your approximation. For all methods, you can generally increase your accuracy by
increasing the number of sampling points. However, you need to be careful here. By
increasing the number of sampling points, you are also increasing the number of needed
calculations. This increases the error due to the round-off errors in your calculations.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 491 - 501
Problems Available Online: Pages 499 501 { 1, 7, 26, 35, 38 }

Page 65

Lesson 20
Improper Integrals
Section 7.7

An integral is improper if
one or both of the limits of integration involve plus or minus infinity, or
the integral is over or up to a vertical asymptote in the integrand.
Examples of improper integrals are

e3x dx

dx
1 + x 2
10 dx
4 4 x
2 dx
2 3 x .

Improper integrals are defined and evaluated by using limits.

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 502 - 513
Problems Available Online: Pages 510 - 513 { 5, 7, 13, 16, 24, 27, 28, 50, 61, 67 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 510 - 513 { 4, 43, 48 }

Page 66

Lesson 21
Exponential Models
Section 6.8
Many mathematical models begin with the assumption that the rate of
change of the quantity of the substance you are modeling is proportional to
the amount of substance present. In mathematical terms this says that if y(t)
is the amount of substance present at time t, then
dy
= ky ,
dt

where k is a proportionality constant. This leads to the equation

y(t) = Cekt

where C is a constant.
If k > 0 , this is called an exponential growth model. For k < 0 , we have an
exponential decay model.
In this section, we will see many examples where these models can be
applied. We will also explore the concepts of doubling time and half-life.
Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 441 - 449
Problems Available Online: Pages 447 - 449 { 11, 19, 21, 23, 26 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 447 - 449 { 22 }

Page 67

Lesson 22
Introduction to Differential Equations
Section 7.8

A differential equation is an equation that involves an unknown function y and this

functions derivative or derivatives. Examples of differential equations are
dy
= x2
dx
dy
= 0.2y
dx
dy
= 0.2xy
dx
d2y
+ 4y = sin(2x)
dx 2
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest-order derivative. The last
example in the above is an example of a second order differential equation.
Many mathematical models are based on statements or laws regarding the rates at which
certain quantities change. Youve already seen some examples of this in the section on
exponential growth and decay. The mathematical equations used to describe these models
generally will involve differential equations. A good argument can be made that one of
the primary reason for studying calculus is to facilitate the study of differential equations.
A first order differential equation of the form,

dy
= f (x, y) , is separable if you can
dx

h(x)
. The first three examples in the list above are separable differential
g(y)
equations. To solve a separable differential equation you separate and integrate.

factor f (x, y) =

dy
= f (x, y)
dx
dy h(x)
=
dx g(y)
dy
g(y) = h(x)
dx
dy
g(y) dx dx = h(x) dx

g(y)

dy = h(x) dx

Page 68

In this section, you will have the opportunity to practice solving separable differential
equations. A first order differential equation with an initial condition is a problem of the
form
dy
= f (x, y),y ( t 0 ) = y0 ,
dx

where t 0 and y0 are fixed values. The initial condition is used to determine the value
of the constant of integration. Each initial condition will give a solution curve.
dy
= f (x, y) is a graph where
dx
the slope of a solution curve is shown at a selection of points. A direction field is useful
in giving a visual representation of the solution curves.

The direction field of a first order differential equation

dy
= 0.2xy . Below that is the
dx
same direction field with the solution curve plotted that corresponds to the initial
condition y(0) = 6.

Below is a direction field for the differential equation

10

-10

-5

-5

-10

Page 69

10

This differential equation is separable.

dy
= 0.2xy
dx
1 dy
= 0.2x
y dx
dy
y = 0.2x dx
ln y = 0.1x 2 + C
y = e0.1x

+C

y = eC e0.1x

From the direction field you can see that if y is ever positive, then it is always positive.
Similarly if y is ever negative, then it is always negative. This can be verified without
the use of the direction field.
When we apply the initial condition , y(0) = 6 , the solution y = 6e0.1x is obtained.
2

Page 70

Suggested Homework:
Note: The assignment given by your instructor may be different.
Read Pages 513 - 523
Problems Available Online: Pages 520 - 523 { 9, 13, 17, 23 }
Problems from textbook: Pages 520 - 523 { 35, 36, 37 }

Page 71

Oregon State University

Laboratory Manual for
Mth 252 Integral Calculus
A selection of laboratory activities are found in this section. Your instructor will inform
you which activities have been assigned for your particular section of the course.
Overview of Laboratory Activities:
For each assigned laboratory activity, your graduate teaching assistant will have you
work in small groups. You will need to write up a laboratory report following the
format given for each lab. The reports are due the week following the laboratory
activity. Your instructor and your graduate teaching assistant will provide more
information about what is expected and about the grading policy for the laboratory
activities.
Procedure:
Work on the problems during the laboratory with your group. For most of the labs do
your work during class on separate paper, not on the actual pages describing the
activity. Finish the work on these pages during the next week. Write a legible report
with full justification for your work and conclusions. Hand in your report to your
teaching assistant. Your work will not be graded if it is written illegibly and is not
organized.
Acknowledgments:
Some of these labs were created by the author of this study guide and by Dianne
Hart. Other labs have been taken from previous Mth 25 study guides.

Page 72

Laboratory: Differentiation Review and Antiderivatives

This lab is designed to be done as a group project with each group consisting of 3 to 5
students.
Part 1: Differentiation Review
1.

Read Part 2: Antiderivatives for instruction on how to make flash cards.

Use the table on the next three pages to create flash cards for the basic formulas for
differentiation. Fill any spaces left with basic derivatives that you should be able to
do without the use of pen and paper.

2.

The following problems should be done independently and not as a group.

Afterwards compare your answers with your group. Discuss and correct
discrepancies. The groups write-up should consist of a separate set of solutions
from each member of the group.

Evaluate and simplify the following derivatives:

1.

d
5x 3 + 8x + 7
dx

3.

d
4t 3 cos ( 5t )
dt

5.

d 3z 2 + 4
dz z 3 + z

7.

d
dt

9.

d
x5 x
dx

11.

d 2
x e
dx

13.

d 2 x
x e sin ( x )
dx

15.

d cos( x )
x
dx

( ))

t ln 5t 2

( )

x3 + 5

)
)

2.

d
3x x 3 + 5
dx

4.

d x
e tan(x)
dx

6.

d sin ( 3 )
d 4 + cos ( 3 )

8.

d
sin 1 x 2
dx

10.

d tan 1 s
ds s

12.

d
ln sec 2 ( 3w )
dw

14.

d y3 + 4 3

dy y + 1

)
Page 73

( ))

( (

))

Page 74

Page 75

Page 76

Page 77

Part 2: Antiderivatives
The following 9 pages can be printed and used as flash cards. Cut along the solid lines
and fold on the dotted line. You can also cut on the dotted line and tape to 3 by 5 index
cards.
Make the flash cards and use them with your group to study and learn these formulas.
There are 51 formulas on these cards. It would be nice to have an even 60 formulas.
Make up 9 more antiderivative problems that you should be able to solve without the use
of pen and paper. Use the following table for your write-up.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

58.

59.

60.

Page 78

1. x p dx, p 1

2.

1
dx
x

1. =

x p +1
+C
p +1

2. = ln x + C

1 kx
e +C
k

3. ekx dx

3. =

4. ln(x) dx

4. = x ln(x) x + C

5. sin(kx) dx

1
5. = cos(kx) + C
k

6. cos(kx) dx

6. =

Page 79

1
sin(kx) + C
k

1
ln sec(kx) + C
k

7. tan(kx) dx

7. =

8. cot(kx) dx

1
8. = ln csc(kx) + C
k

9. sec(kx) dx

9. =

10. csc(kx) dx

1
10. = ln csc(kx) + cot(kx) + C
k

11. sec 2 ( kx ) dx

11. =

12. csc 2 (kx) dx

1
12. = cot(kx) + C
k

Page 80

1
ln sec(kx) + tan(kx) + C
k

1
tan(kx) + C
k

13. =

14. csc(kx)cot(kx) dx

1
14. = csc(kx) + C
k

15.

16.

17.

dx
,k > 0
x + k2
2

dx

dx,k > 0

k 2 x2

dx
x x k
2

18. e x dx

1
sec(kx) + C
k

13. sec(kx) tan(kx) dx

dx,k > 0

15. =

1 1 x
tan + C
k
k

x
16. = sin 1 + C
k

17. =

1 1 x
sec
+C
k
k

18. = e x + C

Page 81

19. sin(x) dx

19. = cos(x) + C

20. cos(x) dx

20. = sin(x) + C

21. tan(x) dx

21. = ln sec(x) + C

22. cot(x) dx

22. = ln csc(x) + C

23. sec(x) dx

23. = ln sec(x) + tan(x) + C

24. csc(x) dx

24. = ln csc(x) + cot(x) + C

Page 82

25. sec 2 ( x ) dx

25. = tan(x) + C

26. csc 2 (x) dx

26. = cot(x) + C

27. sec(x) tan(x) dx

27. = sec(x) + C

28. csc(x)cot(x) dx

28. = csc(x) + C

29.

dx
x +1

29. = tan 1 ( x ) + C

30.

dx

1 x

dx

30. = sin 1 ( x ) + C

Page 83

31.

dx
x x 1
2

32. ( 3t + 5) dt

33.

dz
z3

34. 5x 1 dx

dx

31. = sec 1 x + C

32. =

3 2
t + 5t + C
2

1
33. = z 3 dz = z 2 + C
2

34. = 5 ln x + C

1
2

+1

35. x dx

x2
2 3
35. = x dx = 1
+ C = x2 + C
3
+1
2

36. t 7 dt

36. =

Page 84

t8
+C
8

37. e x dx

37. = e x + C

38. e 3 d

38. =

39. sin(5 ) d

1
39. = cos(5 ) + C
5

40. cos(4 ) d

40. =

1
sin(4 ) + C
4

41. tan(6x) dx

41. =

1
ln sec(6x) + C
6

42. cot( x) dx

42. =

Page 85

1 3
e +C
3

1
ln csc( x) + C

1
ln sec( ) + tan( ) + C

43. sec( ) d

43. =

44. csc(3x) dx

1
44. = ln csc(3x) + cot(3x) + C
3

45. sec 2 ( x ) dx

45. =

46. csc 2 (3t) dt

1
46. = cot(3t) + C
3

47. sec(5 ) tan(5 ) d

47. =

48. csc(2x)cot(2x) dx

1
48. = csc(2x) + C
2

Page 86

1
tan( x) + C

1
sec(5 ) + C
5

49.

50.

51.

dx
x + 25

49. =

dx
4 x2

dx
x x2 9

dx

dx,k > 0

1 1 x
tan + C
5
5

x
50. = sin 1 + C
2

x
1
51. = sec 1 + C
3
3

Page 87

Mth 252 Lab: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The purpose of this lab is to deepen your understanding of antiderivatives presented in
integral form as area functions. This will require that you recall how to glean information
about a function based on the graph of its derivative, i.e., you will need to recall some
basic Mth 251 concepts.
The graph of f illustrated below is made up of line segments and two semicircles (of
radius 1).

Let A(x) =

f (t)dt and F(x) =

f (t)dt

be two area functions for f. (Before you start,

you need to discuss the relationship between the function f and the functions A and F.)
Do all work on another sheet of paper.
1. Determine the intervals over which A and F are increasing and those over which A
and F are decreasing. Discuss how you are using the graph of f to determine this,
referring to concepts from Mth 251.
2. Determine the intervals over which the graphs of A and F are concave up and those
over which the graphs of A and F are concave down. Discuss how you are using the
graph of f to determine this, referring to concepts from Mth 251.
3. State the x coordinates of any local maxima and local minima for A and F. Discuss
how you are using the graph of f to determine this, referring to concepts from Mth
251.
4. State the x coordinates of any inflection points for A and F. Discuss how you are
using the graph of f to determine this, referring to concepts from Mth 251.
5. Use the formula given for A and the graph of f to complete the table below. As you
find each value, write down the appropriate integral expression for A and then
show/explain how you are finding each value. Use geometric formulas to evaluate
any definite integrals. First, find the exact value and then round to one decimal place.
x

-4

-3

-2

-1

A(x)

Page 88

6. Use the formula given for F and the graph of f to complete the table below. As you
find each value, write down the appropriate integral expression for F and then
show/explain how you are finding each value. Use geometric formulas to evaluate
any definite integrals. First, find the exact value and then round to one decimal place.
x

-4

-3

-2

-1

F(x)
7. Plot all the points found in #5. Sketch the graph of A carefully noting the
increasing/decreasing behavior and the concavity. Label any local maxima as M, any
local minima as m, and any inflection points as ip.
8. On the same axes, plot all the points found in #6. Sketch the graph of F carefully
noting the increasing/decreasing behavior and the concavity. Label any local maxima
as M, any local minima as m, and any inflection points as ip.
9. Describe what you notice about the graphs of A and F. Does this support what you
think you should happen with regard to the graphs of the functions A and F? Why or
why not?
x

10. Lastly, symbolically, find

A(x) =

d
f (t)dt = __________ and
dx 4
x

d
F (x) =
f (t)dt = __________.
dx 1
Be careful that your answer is written with the appropriate variable.
11. Extra thought. We see that A(4) = 0 . Can you think of a way to easily write
another antiderivative of f where A(4) = 5 ? This should require no work only
some thought.

Page 89

Mth 252 Lab: The Substitution Rule (Change of Variables)

The purpose of this lab is to practice using The Substitution Rule. It will probably be
most helpful to you to work each of these by yourself and then discuss them in your
groups.
Evaluate the following indefinite integrals. Show the change of variables used for each
problem. Check your work by differentiation.
1.

2x ( x

2.

8x cos ( 4x

3.

sin

4.

+ 3 dx

x cos x dx

6x + 1
3x 2 + x

+ 1 dx

x +1

dx

13.

(x

14.

3x 1 dx

15.

sin(5x)

16.

17.

(6x 1)

18.

16x

+ 8)5 x dx

3/2

6 x

dx

dx

5.

6.

sec (5x) dx

2 x

dx

1
2

dx

+1

dx
1
2
+ 6x dx
x

7.

e2 x
e2 x + 1 dx

19.

( ln x + 2x

8.

sin x
cos4 x dx

20.

(sin + 6 ) e

9.

2 x
x e

21.

tan

22.

sin ( tan z ) sec

10.

+1

dx

4
1 9x

dx

1
dx
11.
x(ln x + 3)5
12.

sec 2 x
tan x + 5 dx

10

cos 6

sec 2 d
6

( arctan x )4

23.

24.

6x 2
2x 3 + 5 dx

Page 90

1 + x2

dx

z dz

Mth 252 Lab

Regions Between Curves
From the textbook: Section 6.2, problems 55, 65, and 67.

Page 91

Math 252 Lab

Volume of a Solid of Revolution
1.
In class we developed the formula for the volume of a solid that is obtained when
the region under the graph of y = f (x) and above the graph of y = g(x) from a to b
with f (x) g(x) and 0 a x < b is revolved about the y-axis. Using this formula is
called the Shell Method.
V=

2 x ( f (x) g(x)) dx

Reproduce your class notes showing the Riemann sum development of this formula.
Clearly explain each step.
2.

3.

Take the region enclosed by the graphs y = 1 x , y = 0 and x = 0 .

(a)

Sketch the graph of this region.

(b)

Use the shell method to find the volume of the solid of revolution when
this region is revolved about the y-axis.

(c)

Use the disk method to find the volume of the solid of revolution when
this region is revolved about the y-axis. You should get the same answer
as in part ( b ).

Take the region under the graph y = cos x and above the graph y = sin x for

0x .
4
(a)

Sketch the graph of this region.

(b)

Find the volume of the solid of revolution that is generated when this
region is rotated about the x-axis.

(c)

Find the volume of the solid of revolution that is generated when this
region is rotated about the line y = 2 .

(d)

Set up the integral you will need to evaluate to find the volume of the solid
revolution that is generated when this region is rotated about the y-axis.

(e)

Set up the integral you will need to evaluate to find the volume of the solid
revolution that is generated when this region is rotated about the line
x = 3.
NOTE: Once we cover integration by parts you will be able to evaluate the
integrals from parts ( d ) and ( e ).

Page 92

Math 252 Lab

Integration by Parts
From the textbook: Section 7.1, problems 57, 60, 65, and 66.

Page 93

Math 252 Lab

Trigonometric Substitution, Partial Fractions, and Miscellaneous

Often integrals can be evaluated by more than one technique of integration.

1.

23

x + 4 dx

( a )

Evaluate this integral by the substitution u = x + 4

( b )

Evaluate this integral by the rationalizing substitution u 3 = x + 4

( c )

Evaluate this integral by doing integration by parts twice.

1

For the first integration by parts use u = x 2 dv = ( x + 4 ) 3 dx

( d )

Which method did you prefer for this problem? Note: This is truly a
matter of opinion, so your answer may be different than my answer,
and still be reasonable.

2.

(x

dx

( a )

Evaluate this integral by the substitution u = x 2 + 9 .

( b )

Evaluate this integral by the appropriate trig substitution.

( c )

Which is the better method for this integral? Note: Unlike in

problem number 1, there is only one right answer to this question.

3.

+9

3
2

dx

4

( a )

Evaluate this integral by a partial fractions decomposition.

( b )

Evaluate this integral by the appropriate trig substitution.

( c )

Which method do you prefer for this method? Why?

Page 94

x
dx ?
x 9

4.

Which method of integration should you use for

Evaluate this integral.

5.

( a )

Evaluate this integral by an appropriate trig substitution.

( b )

Now evaluate this integral by first using integration by parts

1
2x
dv =
with u =
2 dx , followed by a partial fractions.
2x
x2 + 1

dx

x2 + 1

(x

dx
2

+1

2x
dx
2
+ 1)2

2x(x

6.

( c ) Which method do you prefer? Why?

cos

x dx
1 1
+ cos(2x)
2 2

( a )

Use the trig identity cos 2 x =

( b )

Use integration by parts with u = cos xdv = cos x dx ,

then use the trig identity sin 2 x = 1 cos 2 x ,
followed with a flip around.

( c )

Show that these answers are equivalent.

7.

dx . Let u 2 = x .

Page 95

Mth 252 Lab

Techniques of Integration
Your instructor may assign a selection of problems from the practice integrals starting on
the next page.
Following the problems is a list of hints. Only look after you have given a serious attempt
at the integral. The solutions to these integrals are given after the hints. Dont peek until
after you are sure you have properly evaluated the integral.
Some of these integrals are quite challenging.
This is the same list of integral problems as found in Lesson 18. They are repeated here
for your convenience.

Page 96

Practice Integrals

Math 252, Oregon State University

The first 30 integrals do not require the use of either trigonometric substitution or
partial fractions.

1.

5 4 x

dx

2.

sin( z)

4.

xe

6.

dz

3.

cos (3 )
2

2 x

dx

5.

ln t dt

4x
9 4x 2

dx

7.

dx

8.

et et
et + et dt

10.

1+ x

12.

sin

14.

9 4x 2

9.

cos

1 + sin

x tan

x dx

dx

11.

13.

sec

t dt

tan

( z ) dz
z

15.

2x

dx

16.

Page 97

3x

( )

sec e 3x dx

18.

y ( 2 y ) 2 dy

3x
e sin(2x) dx

20.

t 2 + 4t + 3
t + 1 dt

x e

dx

22.

tan (3 )

d
sec(2 )

24.

( x 1)
dx
(x 1)e

25.

tan

sec 2 d

26.

(w

27.

ln 7

dx

28.

sec(2 )

30.

tan

17.

1+

dx

19.

21.

2 5x

23.

+ 2w + 1

w + 1 dw

29.

ln(5x)

dx

sec 3 d

The next 20 integrals may require either trigonometric substitution or partial
fractions.

31.

x+3
x 2 + 2x + 5 dx

32.

t3
t 2 + 1 dt

1+ x
dx
1 x

34.

z+

33.

Page 98

dz

35.

d
1 + sin

36.

4 x2
dx
x2

38.

9 x 2 dx

37.

x2

dx

x 1
2

x 2 + 5x
dx
40.
(x 1)2 (x + 1)

x3
dx
39. 2
x 2x + 8

41.

dt

t 2 6t + 13

dt

cos
d
+ 2 sin + 2

42.

sin

44.

46.

48.

4x

50.

x 3 + 3x 2 4x + 20
dx
43.
x 4 16

dw
w +1 w

45.

x 2 2x + 2
dx
x 1

sin + tan
d
cos

47.

x sin x cos x

dx

dx

49.

dx
3

Page 99

dx

x2 + 1

Hints for Practice Integrals

Math 252, Oregon State University

1.

u = 5 4x

2.

u = z

4.

Parts

6.

u = 9 4x 2

8.

u = et + et

3.

cos 2 x =

1 1
+ cos(2x)
2 2

5.

Parts

7.

dx
1 x2

dx = sin 1 x + C

9.

( )

10. x 4 = x 2 ,u = x 2

u = sin

12. sin 3 = sin 2 sin

11. Parts

13.

d
tan t = sec 2 t
dt

14. u = z

15.

u
a du =

au
+ C,a > 0,a 1
ln a

16. u = e 3x

17. u 2 = x

18. u = 2 y or parts

19. Parts

20. t 2 + 4t + 3 = (t + 1)(t + 3)

21. Parts

22. 1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x

Page 100


23. sec x =

1

cos x

24. u = (x 1)2

25.

d
tan x = sec 2 x
dx

26. x 2 + 2x + 1 = (x + 1)2

28. u = 2

27. ln 7 is a number

29. ln(5x) = ln x + ln 5

30.

d
sec x = sec x tan x
dx

31. x 2 + 2x + 5 = x 2 + 2x + 1 + 4

32. Long division

33.

1+ x 1+ x 1+ x

=
1 x 1 x 1 + x

34. u 2 = z

35.

1
1 1 sin

1 + sin 1 + sin 1 sin

36. x = sin
2

x
38. x = sin
3

37. x = sec

39. Long division

40. Partial fractions

41. t 2 6t + 13 = t 2 6t + 9 + 4

42. u = sin

Page 101

43. x 4 16 = x 2 + 4 ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )

44. Multiply by 1

45. x 2 2x + 2 = x 2 2x + 1 + 1

46. tan =

sin

cos

47. Parts

48. u 2 = x

u = xdv = sin x cos x dx

49. x 3 x 2 = x 2 (x 1)

50. x = tan

Page 102

Practice Integrals Solutions

Math 252, Oregon State University

The first 30 integrals do not require the use of either trigonometric substitution or
partial fractions.

1.

5 4 x

1
dx = e5 4 x + C
4

2.

sin( z)

dz =

1
cos( z) + C

3.

cos (3 )
2

d =

1
+ sin(6 ) + C
2 12

4.

xe

2 x

x 1
dx = e2 x + C
2 4

5.

ln t dt =

1 4
1
1
1
t ln t t 3 dt = t 4 ln t t 4 + C
4
4
4
16

6.

4x
9 4x 2

dx = 9 4x 2 + C

7.

dx
9 4x 2

1 1 2x
sin + C
3
2

8.

et et
t
t
et + et dt = ln e + e + C

Page 103

9.

cos

1 + sin

d = tan 1 (sin ) + C

10.

1+ x

dx =

u = x 2
du = 2xdx

du
1
1
1
x
= tan 1 u + C = tan 1 + C
2

2
2 1+ u
2
2

11.

x tan

x dx

x2
1 2 1
1
1
1
1
x tan x 2
dx = x 2 tan 1 x 1 2
dx
2
2 x +1
2
2
x +1

1 2
1
= x + 1 tan 1 x x + C
2
2
=

12.

sin

d =

(1 cos ) sin d = 3 cos

1

cos + C

13.

sec

t dt =

( tan

x + 1 sec 2 x dx =

1 3
tan x + tan(x) + C
3

14.

tan

( z ) dz = 2 ln
z

sec

( z)

+ C

52 x
+ C
15. 5 dx =
2 ln 5
2x

16.

3x

( )

sec e 3x dx =

( )

( )

1
ln sec e 3x + tan e3x
3

Page 104

+ C

17

1+

u 2 = x
dx 2udu = dx

1
x

2u

1+ u

u = x

du = 2 1

1
du = 2u 2 ln 1 + u + C = 2 x 2 ln 1 + x + C
1+ u

18.

5
5
5
7
3
2
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2 dy =
y
2

y
y(2

y)
+
(2

y)
dy
=

y(2

y)

(2

y)
+ C
(
)

5
5
5
35

19.

3x

sin(2x) dx =

3 3x
2
e sin(2x) e3x cos(2x) + C
13
13

t 2 + 4t + 3
1
dt = t 2 + 3t + C
20.
t +1
2

21.

x e

2 5x

2
2 5x
1
x+
dx = x 2
e + C
5
25
125

22.

tan (3 )
2

d =

1
tan(3 ) + C
3

23.

sec(2 ) = cos(2 )

d =

1
sin(2 ) + C
2

24.

(x 1)e

( x 1)2

2
1
dx = e( x 1) + C
2

Page 105

25.

tan

sec 2 d =

1 3
tan + C
3

26.

w 2 + 2w + 1

w + 1 dw =

2
7

2
( w + 1) ( w + 1) 2 dw = ( w + 1) 2 dw = ( w + 1) 2 + C

27.

ln 7

dx = x ln 7 + C

28.

sec(2 )

d =

1
ln sec(2 ) + tan(2 ) + C
2

29.

ln(5x)

dx = x ln(5x) x + C

30

tan

sec 3 d
= tan 4 x sec 2 x sec x tan x dx =

(sec

1 7
2
1
sec x sec 5 x + sec 3 x + C
7
5
3

Page 106

x 1 sec 2 x sec x tan x dx

x 2 sec 4 x + sec 2 x sec x tan x dx

(sec

The next 20 integrals may require either trigonometric substitution or partial

fractions.

31.

x+3
dx =
+ 2x + 5

x +1+ 2

( x + 1)

+4

dx =

1
x + 1
ln x 2 + 2x + 5 + tan 1
+ C
2
2

t
1
1
t3
dt = t 2 ln t 2 + 1 + C
dt = t 2
32. 2
t +1
2
2
t +1

33.

1+ x 1+ x
1+ x
dx =

dx =
1 x
1 x 1+ x

1+ x
1 x2

dx = sin 1 x 1 x 2 + C

34.

dz

z+

2u
2
du =
du = 2 ln u + 1 + C = 2 ln 1 + z + C
+u
u +1

u 2 = z

2udu = dz

35.

1 + sin

1 sin

1 sin
1 sin
d =
d
2

cos 2

1 + sin 1 sin d = 1 sin

= sec 2 sec tan d = tan sec + C

Page 107

36

4 x2
dx x = 2 sin
x2

4 cos 2
2
2
4 sin 2 d = cot d = csc 1 d = cot + C

4 x2
x
=
sin 1 + C
2
x

37.

x2
x 1
2

dx x = sec

1
1
sec tan + ln sec + tan + C
2
2


1
1
2
2
= x x 1 + ln x + x 1 + C
2
2
= sec 3 d =

38.

9
9
9
x 1
= 9 cos 2 d = + sin cos + C = sin 1 + x 9 x 2 + C
3 2
2
2
2

9 x 2 dx x = 3sin

39.

x3
x 2 2x + 8 dx

= x+2

4x + 16
1
x 1+ 5
dx = x 2 + 2x 4
dx
x 2x + 8
2
( x 1)2 + 7
2

1
= x 2 + 2x 2 ln
2

x 1
tan 1
( x 1) + 7
+C
7
7
2

Page 108

20

40.

x 2 + 5x
(x 1)2 (x + 1) dx

(x 1)

2
1
3

dx =
+ 2 ln x 1 ln x + 1 + C
x 1 x +1
x 1

41.

dt

(t

6t + 13

dt t = 2 tan(t 3)

dt

((t 3)

+4

3
2

2 sec 2
1
1
t3
+ C
8 sec 3 d = 4 cos d = 4 sin + C = 2
4 t 6t + 13

sin

43

x 3 + 3x 2 4x + 20
dx

x 4 16

u = sin

cos
d
+ 2 sin + 2

42.

du = cos d

du
du
=
= tan 1 (u + 1) + C = tan 1 (1 + cos ) + C
2
+ 2u + 2
(u + 1) + 1

x 1
1
1
1
1
x
= 2

+
dx = ln x 2 + 4 tan 1 ln x + 2 + ln x 2 + C
2
x +4 x+2 x2
2
2

Page 109

44.

dw

w +1 w

w +1 + w
1
=
dw =

w +1 w w +1 + w

w + 1 + w dw =

3
2
2 3
( w + 1) 2 + w 2 + C
3
3

45.

x 2 2x + 2
dx x 1 = tan
x 1

(x 1)2 + 1
sec 3
dx =
d =
x 1
tan

( tan + 1) sec d =
2

tan

sec

sec tan + tan

= sec + csc d = sec ln csc + cot + C

= x 2 2x + 2 ln

x 2 2x + 2 + 1
+C
x 1

46.

sin + tan
d
cos
sin
sin +
cos d = tan + sec tan d = ln sec + sec + C
=

cos

47.

x sin x cos x

dx =

1
1
1
1
1
x sin 2 x sin 2 x dx = x sin 2 x x + sin x cos x + C
2
2
2
4
4

48.

4x

2u 2
2
2
=
du = 2 +

du = 2u + 2 ln u + 2 2 ln u 2 + C
2
4u
u+2 u2


= 2 x + 2 ln x + 2 2 ln x 2 + C

dx u 2 = x

Page 110


49.

dx
3

x 1 x

1
1
dx = ln x 1 + ln x + C
x
x

50.

dx

(x

+1

x = tan
dx = sec 2

sec 2
1
1
1 1
x
2
sec 4 d = cos d = 2 + 2 sin cos + C = 2 tan x + 2 x 2 + 1 + C

Page 111

Mth 252 Lab

Improper Integrals
From the textbook: Section 7.7, problems 43, 60, 61, and 62
For help with problems 60, 61, and 62, carefully reread Example 2 on page 504 in your
textbook.

Page 112

Mth 252 Lab

Exponential Growth and Decay
Remember to show all your work and to label your graphs! Just giving an answer
without explanation will not receive any credit. No unlabeled graphs will be graded.
1.

2.

A sky-diver jumps out of an airplane at a height of 2000 meters with initial velocity
0 m/s (meters per second). The sky-divers acceleration is a(t) = 10e0.1t in the
vertical direction. Here the positive direction is up.
(a)

Compute the velocity function and draw a graph of the function.

(b)

What happens to the velocity as t increases? What is the terminal velocity?

( the velocity as t )? Show this on the graph and algebraically.

(c)

Explain why this is a plausible model for the velocity function of a sky-diver.

Newtons Law of Cooling states that the rate at which an object cools is proportional
to the difference in temperature between the object and the surrounding medium.
When a murder is committed, the body, originally at 36 o C, cools according to
Newtons Law of Cooling. Suppose that after two hours the temperature is 34 o C,
and that the temperature of the surrounding air is a constant 18 o C.

(a)

Find the temperature, H, of the body as a function of t, the time in hours

since the murder was committed.

(b)

Draw a graph of the temperature against time.

(c)

What happens to the temperature as the time t increases?

Show this on the graph and algebraically.

(d)

Toe coroner measures the temperature of the body at 5:35 pm and finds it to
be 29 0 C. What is her prediction for the time of the murder?

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Math 252 Lab

First Order Linear Differential Equations

A first order linear differential equation is a differential equation that has the form
dy
+ p(t)y = g(t)
dt
This type differential equations often appear in applications from many fields
including engineering, physics, chemistry, economics and biology.

In this lab we will walk through a process that can be used to find the solution to
these differential equations. The reason that this process works is explained in the
appendix to this lab.

Step 1: Find an antiderivative to p(t). Call this antiderivative a(t).

Step 2: Let (t) = ea(t ) . If needed simplify this expression.

Step 3: Evaluate the definite integral (t)g(t) dt . Be sure to include the constant
of integration.

Step 4: Divide the result from step 3 by (t) and set this equal to y. This is the
solution to the differential equation.

Step 5: Check your answer.

Here's an example:

dy 3
+ y = t 2 ,t > 0
dt t

3
Step 1: dt = 3ln t + K . Take a(t) = 3ln t
t

3
Step 2: (t) = e 3 ln t = eln t = t 3

t6
3
2
5
Step 3: t t dt = t dt = + C
6

1 t6
t3
Step 4: y = 3 + C Then y = + Ct 3
6
t 6

Step 5: Check

( )( )

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 3 t3

dy 3
d t3
+ y = + Ct 3 + + Ct 3
dt t
dt 6
t6

t2
t2
3Ct 4 + + Ct 4
2
2
2
=t
as needed

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1. Solve the differential equations:

Step 1:








Step 2:








Step 3:








Step 3:








Step 5:

dy 3
y = ln t,t > 0
dt t

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2. Solve the differential equations:

Step 1:








Step 2:








Step 3:








Step 3:








Step 5:

dy
+ x y = x
dx

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3. Solve the differential equations:

Step 1:








Step 2:








Step 3:








Step 3:








Step 5:

dy

+ tan( ) y = cos 2 ( ) , < <

d
2
2

Page 118

Appendix to lab on First Order Linear Differential equations:

In the following discussion please keep in mind that y, p,gand are all functions
of t.

Consider the first order linear differential equation, y + py = g . The secret is to
make the observation that the left hand side of this equation almost looks like the
result of a product rule differentiation.

What we will do is multiply the equation by a currently unknown function, with
the idea that we will determine which function will give us a product rule. The
function , , is called an integrating factor.

Our differential equation now has the form:

y + py = g

d
By the product rule: ( y ) = y + y
dt

So we want y + y = y + py

In order for this equation to be satisfied we must have that = p .

This is a differential equation for we can solve:
= p

=p

(t)

(t) dt = p(t)dt
ln (t) =

p(t)dt + K

(t) = e

p(t )dt + K

= eK e

p(t )dt

= Ce

p(t )dt

,where e K = C

By taking C to be plus or minus 1 as needed we se that the needed integrating factor is

(t) = e

p(t )dt

Now we have:

d p(t )dt
p(t )dt
ye
= ge

dt

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Integrating gives:

p(t )dt
p(t )dt
ye
= ge
dt + C

Then:

p(t )dt
p(t )dt
ye
= ge
dt + C

ge

y=
e

p(t )dt

p(t )dt

dt

C
e

p(t )dt

Which is usually written as:

p(t )dt
p(t )dt
p(t )dt
y=e
ge
dt + Ce

Page 120