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    This document discusses open channel flow and flow measurement using weirs. Weirs are vertical structures placed in open channels that force water to flow over their crest, allowing flow rate measurements. For initial analysis, the complex flow features over weirs can be simplified by assuming uniform upstream velocity, horizontal streamlines over the crest, atmospheric pressure under the nappe, neglecting secondary flows and surface tension effects. Rectangular and triangular weirs are studied as examples of sharp-crested weirs.

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    This document discusses open channel flow and flow measurement using weirs. Weirs are vertical structures placed in open channels that force water to flow over their crest, allowing flow rate measurements. For initial analysis, the complex flow features over weirs can be simplified by assuming uniform upstream velocity, horizontal streamlines over the crest, atmospheric pressure under the nappe, neglecting secondary flows and surface tension effects. Rectangular and triangular weirs are studied as examples of sharp-crested weirs.

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    This document discusses open channel flow and flow measurement using weirs. Weirs are vertical structures placed in open channels that force water to flow over their crest, allowing flow rate measurements. For initial analysis, the complex flow features over weirs can be simplified by assuming uniform upstream velocity, horizontal streamlines over the crest, atmospheric pressure under the nappe, neglecting secondary flows and surface tension effects. Rectangular and triangular weirs are studied as examples of sharp-crested weirs.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views2 pages

    6 Channels

    Uploaded by

    Praful N K
    This document discusses open channel flow and flow measurement using weirs. Weirs are vertical structures placed in open channels that force water to flow over their crest, allowing flow rate measurements. For initial analysis, the complex flow features over weirs can be simplified by assuming uniform upstream velocity, horizontal streamlines over the crest, atmospheric pressure under the nappe, neglecting secondary flows and surface tension effects. Rectangular and triangular weirs are studied as examples of sharp-crested weirs.

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    of 2

    Open Channel Flow

    I. Introduction
    Determination of the ow rate of water in open channels is signicant in many aspects of society.
    For example, urban and industrial water supplies must be measured so that demands are satised;
    the amount of water required for the dilution of pollutants being wasted into a river can be
    calculated mathematically, but metering devices are required to measure the supplied ow; and
    ood damage can be determined by correlating the depth of water passing over a dam spillway (a
    special type of weir) to the volume of water owing downstream.
    A weir is a vertical obstruction placed in an open channel, normal to the mean ow, thus forcing
    the ow over a crest designed to measure the ow rate. A well designed weir will exhibit
    subcritical ow upstream, accelerating to critical ow at the crest. For more information on
    subcritical and supercritical ow, this experiment will consider one class of weirs, known as
    sharp-crested weirs, which are smooth, vertical, at plates with a sharpened upper edge. In
    particular, rectangular and triangular weirs will be studied.
    Consider a schematic diagram of ow over a weir (Figure 12). Among the complicated features
    of the ow are:

    (1) upstream velocity prole which varies over the vertical;


    (2) curved streamlines over the crest;

    (3) potentially inadequate ventilation under the nappe, which may result in
    subatmospheric pressure there;
    (4) secondary ows and other turbulent processes;
    (5) surface tension
    For a rst analysis, the problem is greatly simplied by neglecting these complicating features. A
    diagram of the simplied ow is shown in Fig.
    Specically, simplications include:
    (1) Uniform upstream velocity prole (generally valid for H/P <0.4 );
    (2) Straight, horizontal streamlines over the crest;
    (3) Good ventilation, and therefore atmospheric pressure, under the nappe;
    (4) neglect of secondary ows and other turbulent processes;
    (5) Neglect of surface tension (generally valid for H>3cm ).
    Simplications (2) and (3) indicate that the ow over the weir may be treated as a jet. Note that
    the velocity prole over the crest is still not uniform.

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