-

     

"

" "








.
"
"


.



.





.




-

T - S



Reversed Carnot Refrigeration Cycle

:
.
.
. .
. % .

) (-
) (Heat Source at TL )(Heat Sink at TH

:
. .
.
.

 . .

Fig. 1-1 Reversed Carnot Cycle.

Input = Output

W.D + QL = QH
W.D = QH - QL
T-S :

QH = Area ab23a = S. TH
QL =Area ab14a = S. TL
) W.D =Area 12341 = S ( TH - TL

) ( ) (
COP
:

)Coefficient of Performance or Performance Index (COP

)(1-1

QL
QL
=
W .D Q H Q L

= COPR

S TL
) S (TH TL

= COPR

TL
T H TL

= COPR

QH
COPHP .

)(1-2

QH
QH
=
W .D Q H Q L

= COPH

S TH
) S (TH TL

= COPH

TH
TH TL

= COPH

) (-) , (- :

QH
Q QL + QL
= H
QH QL
QH QL
)(1-3

QH QL
QL
+
QH QL QH QL

= COPH

COPH = 1 + COPR
) (-
.
)(1-4

0 COPR
1 COPH

 -
43 oC
-20 oC
. 10 kW

TH = 43+273 = 316 K

Data:

TL = -20+273 = 253 K
WD = 10 kW
Required: COPR , COPHP , QL , QH
Solution:

TL
253
=
= 4.02
TH TL 316 253
TH
316
=
= 5.02
TH TL 316 253

= COPR

= COPHP

kW

QH = COPH W .D = 5.02 10 = 50.2

kW

QL = QH W .D = 50.2 10 = 40.2

)(T.R
Ton of
Refrigeration
.

BTU
Ib = 12000 BTU
= T .R
24hr
hr
kJ
T .R = 210
= 3.5 kW
min
2000 Ib 144

)(1-5

.
) (-

) (
) ( ) (-
) ( ) ( ) (-





.

Fig. 1-2 Effect of TH and TL on COPR

TL = - 23 oC + 273 = 250 K

Data:

TH = 47 oC + 273 = 320 K
o

Required: COPR at the last temperature and with 5, 10, 15 C

change in TL and TH .

Solution:

TL
250
=
TH TL 320 250
250
= 3.571
70

= C .O.PR

If TH = C, With 5, 10 and 15 oC increasing in TL:

255
= 3.923
320 255
260
=
= 4.333
320 260

265
= 4.818
320 265

C .O.PR

= C .O .PR

If TL = C, With 5, 10 and 15 oC decreasing in TH:

250
= 3.846
315 250
250
=
= 4.167
310 250
250
=
= 4.545
305 250

= C .O.PR

250 K 320 K
0.352 0.762 1.247 250 K
5 oC 320 K
0.275 0.596 0.975


:
.

.
.

.
.

-
C

-40

1.2 kW .

TL= -40+273=233 K

Data:

W.D = 1.2 kW/T.R

QL
1 3.5
=
= 2.916
W .D
1.2

= C.O.PR

TL
TH T L

K
kW

= C.O.PR

233
, TH = 312.9
TH 233

= 2.916

QH = W .D + QL = 1.2 + 3.5 = 4.7

= C .O .PH

T-S ).(-

T-S x = 0 x =1


1-2-3-4-1

1

 4
1 .

Fig. 1-3 T-S diagram for reversed carnot cycle

T-S

T-S ) ( - :
Isentropic Compression, s = c.

)w1-2 = (i2 - i1

Process 1-2,

q1-2 = 0,

Isothermal Condensation, P = c, T = c.

Process 2-3,

w2-3 = 0,
Process 3-4,

q2-3 = TH(s2 - s3)

Isentropic Expansion, s = c.

q3-4 = 0,
Process 4-1,

w3-4 = (i3 - i4 )

Isothermal Evaporation, P = c, T = c.

w4-1 = 0,

q4-1 = TL(s1 - s4)

) (
. ( )

work

net = cyclic w
wnet = w12 w34
= (i2 i1 ) (i3 i4 )
= (i2 i3 ) (i1 i4 )
= TH ( s2 s3 ) TL ( s1 s4 )

C.O.PR =
=

q41
wnet
i1 i4
(i2 i3 ) (i1 i4 )

) T1 ( s1 s4
) T2 ( s2 s3 ) T1 ( s1 s4

s2 s3 = s1 s4 = s
T1
TL
=
T2 T1 TH TL

= C.O.PR

1 - 2
.

Fig. 1-4-a Flow diagram for reversed carnot cycle out of wet region.

Fig. 1-4-b T-S diagram for reversed carnot cycle out of wet region.

.
) .( x=1
4 -1 .
.-
1

.
TH \ 2-2 2\-3
. :

w12 = i2 i1
w34 = i3 i4
) \w22\ = T2 ( s2 s 2\ ) ( i2 i2
wnet = w12 + w22\ w34
) wnet = Area122\ 341 = ( T2 T1 )( s2 s3
q4 1 = i1 i4 = Area4 ab14
) q4 1 = T1 ( s1 s4
q 4 1
T1
=
wnet T2 T1

= C .O.PR

-
-

-
-

) ( ) ( -
T- S )-
(
) ( -
:

Fig. 1-5 T-S diagram for actual refrigeration cycle.

q1 2 = 0

w1 2 = (i2 i1),

.
Process 2-3, Heat rejected at constant pressure, P = c.

w2 - 3 = 0

q2 - 3 = (i2 - i3),

) (


) .( Dryness fraction, x
Process 3-4, Throttling process at constant enthalpy, i = c.

w3 4 = 0

q3 4 = 0,

.
Process 4-1, Heat added at constant temperature and constant pressure,
P = c, T = c.

)q4 - 1 = (i1 - i4

,
:
)(1-6

f ( p, t, v, i, u, s ) = 0

) t = f ( p, v
1-6

- - ) ( T - S ).(-

- - ) ( P - i ).(-

Fig. 1-6 Pressure - enthalpy ( p - i ) chart for refrigerants.


.
.


0 %
100 %
.

.

.
).(P - i
P - i ) (kJ/kg
) ( bar or Mpa .
) (K

. )) (kJ/(kg. K
. ) (m3/kg
) (kg/m3
.

-
NH3
1 bar 15
bar

0.1 kg/s

100

.%

Data: NH3, P1 = 1 bar, x = 1, compression isentropic, s = c, P2 = 15 bar.

Required: W.D and Power of compressor by kW, if m = 0.1 kg/s.

Solution

1 bar
.
From ammonia chart, we can deduce the followings,
Point 2

Point 1

900

480

i, kJ/kg

10.8

10.8

)s, kJ/(kg. k

7.00

0.90

, kg/m3

177

-35

t, oC

Parameter

W .D = i2 i1 = 900 480 = 420

-
10 bar
bar

. 1 kg
Data: R-12, P1 = 10 bar, throttling process 12, i = c, P2 = 1 bar.

Required: condition after throttling and dryness fraction, x.

10 bar
.
From chart of R-12,
Point 1, at x = 0, P1 = 10 bar.
we can locate, i1 = 460 kJ/kg.

Point 2, at i1 = i2 = 460 kJ/kg, P2 = 1 bar.

-
6
15 kW

.
Data: Carnot cycle, C.O.PR = 6, W.D = 15 kW.
Required: TH/TL, QL, C.O.PH, QH.
Solution

C .O .PR =

TL
=6
T H TL

6 ( TH TL ) = TL
6 TH = 7 T L
TH 7
=
TL 6
QL
W .D
Q
6= L
15
QL = 90

C .O .PR =

kW

For Heat Pump,

7
TL
6

TH
1.167
=
=
=7
TH TL 7
0.167
T L TL
6
Q
C .O .PH = H
W .D
Q
7= H
15
QH = 105 kW
C .O .PH =


- :

- ).(kW, kJ/min, BTU/hr

- T-S

.
- :
- .

- .

- 258 ,303 K
. 35 kW
.

- 9 kW 50 kW
.22 oC
.

- .
. .
.

 - .
- .
- 35 oC -20

-10,

oC 5
.
- -20 oC 15, 25, 45,
35 oC
.
- .
-
-12, 32 oC . 7.5 Hp
.

- T-S
.
.
- .