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Laurent Series Problem

This paper gives a couple of problem and solution to the laurent series. The practice included spans over a wide range of the topic and can be used to practice and master the concept of this intricate and cunning aspect of mathematics

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Odofin Gbenga
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1K views6 pages

Laurent Series Problem

This paper gives a couple of problem and solution to the laurent series. The practice included spans over a wide range of the topic and can be used to practice and master the concept of this intricate and cunning aspect of mathematics

Uploaded by

Odofin Gbenga
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Solutions for Math 311 Assignment #9

(1) Obtain the Taylor series representation

X
z 4n+1
z cosh(z 2 ) =
(2n)!
n=0
at z = 0 and show that it holds for all z, i.e., its radius of
convergence is .
Solution. Since
ez =

X
zn

n!

n=0

for |z| < , we have


z2

X
(z 2 )n
n=0

and
2

ez =

n!

X
(z 2 )n
n=0

n!

X
z 2n
n=0

n!

X
(1)n
n=0

n!

z 2n

for |z| < . Therefore,




2
2

X
ez + ez
1 1 + (1)n
z cosh(z ) = z
=z
z 2n
2
2
n!
n=0
2

for |z| < . Note that


(
2 if n = 2k
1 + (1) =
0 if n = 2k + 1
n

Therefore,

X
X
z 4n+1
z 4k
=
z cosh(z ) = z
(2k)! n=0 (2n)!
k=0
2

for |z| < .


(2) Obtain the Taylor series

X
(z 1)n
ez = e
for |z 1| <
n!
n=0
of f (z) = ez at z = 1 by
(a) using f (n) (1);
(b) writing ez = ez1 e.
1

Solution. (a) Let f (z) = ez . Then f (n) (z) = ez and f (n) (1) =
e. Therefore,

X
X
X
f (n) (1)
e
(z 1)n
z
n
n
e =
(z 1) =
(z 1) = e
n!
n!
n!
n=0
n=0
n=0
for |z 1| < . The radius of convergence is since f (z) is
entire.
(b) Since

X
zn
ez =
n!
n=0
for |z| < , we see that
z1

X
(z 1)n
n=0

n!

for |z 1| < by substituting z 1 for z. Therefore,

X
(z 1)n
ez = eez1 = e
n!
n=0
for |z 1| < .
(3) Find the Taylor series of f (z) = sin(z 2 ) at z = 0 and use it to
show that
f (4n) (0) = f (2n+1) (0) = 0
for n = 0, 1, 2, ....
Solution. Since

X
(1)n 2n+1
sin(z) =
z
(2n + 1)!
n=0

for |z| < , we see that

X
(1)n 4n+2
2
sin(z ) =
z
(2n + 1)!
n=0
by substituting z 2 for z. Therefore,

X
f (m) (0) m X (1)n 4n+2
z =
z
m!
(2n + 1)!
m=0
n=0
It follows that f (m) (0) 6= 0 if and only if m = 4n + 2 for some
integer n 0. Therefore,
f (2n+1) (0) = f (4n) (0) = 0

for all integers n 0.


(4) Derive the Taylor series representation

X (z i)n
1
=
1z
(1 i)n+1
n=0
of
f (z) = 1/(1 z) at z = i and showthat it holds for |z i| <
2, i.e., its radius of convergence is 2.
Solution. Since

X
1
=
wn
1 w n=0
for all |w| < 1, we have
1
1
1
1
=
=
1z
(1 i) (z i)
1 i 1 (z i)/(1 i)

1 X (z i)n
=
1 i n=0 (1 i)n

X
(z i)n
=
(1 i)n+1
n=0

for all z satisfying



z i

< 1 |z i| < 2.
1 i

Another way to show that the radius of convergence is 2 is


by noticing
that |i 1| = 2. Hence 1/(1 z) is analyticin
|z i| < 2 and notanalytic in |z i| < R for all R > 2.
In other words, R = 2 is the largest R such that 1/(1 z) is
analytic in |z i| < R. So it is the radius of convergence.
(5) Find the Laurent series that represents the function
 
1
2
f (z) = z sin
z2
in the domain 0 < |z| < .
Solution. Since

X
(1)n 2n+1
sin(z) =
z
(2n
+
1)!
n=0

for |z| < , we have


 

X
1
(1)n 4n2 X (1)n 1
2
2
z sin
=z
z
=
z2
(2n + 1)!
(2n + 1)! z 4n
n=0
n=0
for 0 < |z| < by substituting z 2 for z.
(6) Derive the Laurent series representation
!

ez
1
1
1 X (z + 1)n
+
+
for 0 < |z + 1| < .
=
(z + 1)2
e n=0 (n + 2)! z + 1 (z + 1)2
Solution. Since
z

e =

X
zn
n=0

n!

for |z| < , we have


z+1

X
z + 1n
n=0

n!

for |z + 1| < by substituting z + 1 for z. Therefore,

X (z + 1)n2
ez
ez+1
=
=
(z + 1)2
e(z + 1)2
e(n!)
n=0
1
=
e
=

1
e

X (z + 1)n2
1
1
+
+
(z + 1)2 z + 1 n=2
n!
!

n
X
1
1
(z + 1)
+
+
2
(z + 1)
z + 1 n=0 (n + 2)!

for 0 < |z + 1| < .


(7) Give two Laurent Series expansions in powers of z for the function
1
f (z) = 2
z (1 z)
and specify the regions in which those expansions are valid.

Solution. We observe that f (z) is analytic in {z 6= 0, 1}. So it


is analytic in 0 < |z| < 1 and 1 < |z|. When 0 < |z| < 1,

1
1 X n X n2
= 2
z =
z
z 2 (1 z)
z n=0
n=0

1
1
1 X n2
1 X n
+
z
=
+
z
+
+
z 2 z n=2
z 2 z n=0

When 1 < |z| < ,

1
1
1
1 X n
=

z
z 2 (1 z)
z 3 1 1/z
z 3 n=0

X
X
1
1
=
=
n+3
z
zn
n=0
n=3

(8) Show that when 0 < |z 1| < 2,

X
(z 1)n
1
z
= 3

.
n+2
(z 1)(z 3)
2
2(z 1)
n=0
Solution. We first write z/((z 1)(z 3)) as a sum of partial
fractions:


1
3
1
z
=
+

(z 1)(z 3)
2
z1 z3
When 0 < |z 1| < 2, |(z 1)/2| < 1 and hence
1
1
1
1
=
=
z3
2 (z 1)
2 1 (z 1)/2

X
1 X (z 1)n
(z 1)n
=
=

2 n=0
2n
2n+1
n=0
Therefore,


1
3

+
z1 z3

3 X (z 1)n
1
=

2 n=0 2n+1
2(z 1)

1
z
=
(z 1)(z 3)
2

= 3

X
(z 1)n
n=0

2n+2

1
2(z 1)

(9) Write the two Laurent series in powers of z that represent the
function
1
f (z) =
z(4 + z 2 )
in certain domains and specify these domains.
Solution. We observe that f (z) is analytic in {z 6= 0, 2i}.
Therefore, it is analytic in 0 < |z| < 2 and 2 < |z|. When
0 < |z| < 2,
n

1
1
1
1 X
z2
=
=

z(4 + z 2 )
4z 1 (z 2 /4)
4z n=0
4

1 X (1)n 2n X (1)n 2n1


=
z =
z
4z n=0 4n
4n+1
n=0

X (1)n
1 X (1)n+1 2n+1
1
2n1
=
+
z
+
z
=
4z n=1 4n+1
z n=0 4n+2
When 2 < |z| < ,

1
1
1X
1
=
=
(4z 2 )n
z(4 + z 2 )
z 3 1 (4/z 2 )
z n=0

X
1 X
n n 2n
(1)n 4n z 2n3
(1) 4 z
=
= 3
z n=0
n=0

X
(1)n 4n
n=0

z 2n+3

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