Introduction to

Communication Systems
and Networks
Dr. Farid Farahmand
Updated 8/31/2010

Telecommunications
Tele (Far) + Communications
Early telecommunications

smoke signals and drums

visual telegraphy (or semaphore in 1792)

Telegraph and telephone

Telegraph (1839)
Telephone (1876)
Radio and television
Telephony

Voice and Data

Communications and Networks

Data Communications
Transmission of signals
Encoding, interfacing, signal integrity, multiplexing etc.
Networking

Topology & architecture used to interconnect devices

Networks of communication systems

Network Trends (1980-Present)

Voice, Image, Data, Video

Microcontroller
Microcontroller

Networking

Wireless
Integrated Systems!

Communication Systems
Process describing transfer of information, data, instructions

between one or more systems through some media

Examples

people, computers, cell phones, etc.

Computer communication systems

Signals passing through the communication channel can be

Digital, or analog

Analog signals: continuous electrical waves

Digital signals: individual electrical pulses (bits)

Receivers and transmitters: desktop computers, mainframe

computers, etc.

Communication channel

Communication
media

R R
R X X
X

T
X

Amp/Adaptor

Communication Systems

Communications Components
Basic components of a

communication system

Communication technologies
Communication devices
Communication channels
Communication software

A Communications Model

Communications Tasks
Transmission system utilization

Addressing

Interfacing

Routing

Signal generation

Recovery

Synchronization

Message formatting

Exchange management

Security

Error detection and correction

Network management

Flow control

Data Communications Model

Communication Technology
Applications
voice mail

instant
messaging

e-mail

newsgroups

collaboration

Twitter

telephony

groupware

chat rooms

videoconferencing

global positioning
system (GPS)

Communication Technologies Applications

Different technologies allowing us to communicate

Voice mail: Similar to answering machine but digitized

Fax: Sending hardcopy of text or photographs between computers using fax
modem
Email: electronic mail sending text, files, images between different computer
networks - must have email software

Sends digitized audio signals over the Internet

Requires Internet telephone software

Groupware: Software application allowing a group of people to communicate

with each other (exchange data)

More than 1.3 billion people send 244 billion messages monthly!

Chat rooms: Allows communications in real time when connected to the Internet
Telephony: Talking to other people over the Internet (also called VoIP)

Examples: Voice mail, fax, email, instant message, chat rooms, news groups,
telephony, GPS, and more

Address book, appointment book, schedules, etc.

GPS: consists of receivers connected to satellite systems

Determining the geographical location of the receiver

Used for cars, advertising, hiking, tracking, etc.

Communication Devices
Any type of hardware capable of transmitting data, instructions, and

information between devices

Functioning as receiver, transmitter, adaptor, converter

Basic characteristics: How fast, how far, how much data!

Examples: Dial-up modems, ISDN, DSL modems, network interface cards

Dial-up modem: uses standard phone lines
Converts digital information into analog
Consists of a modulator and a demodulator
Can be external, internal, wireless
ISDN and DSL Modem: Allows digital communication between networks and
computers
Requires a digital modem
Digital is better than analog why?
Cable modem: a modem that transmits and receives data over the cable
television (CATV) network
Also called broadband modem (carrying multiple signals)
The incoming signal is split
Requires a cable modem
Network interface cards: Adaptor cards residing in the computer to transmit
and receiver data over the network (NIC)
Operate with different network technologies (e.g., Ethernet)

Communication Software
Examples of applications (Layer 7) take advantage of the

transport (Layer 4) services of TCP and UDP

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP): A client/server

application that uses TCP for transport to retrieve HTML pages.
Domain Name Service (DNS): A name-to-address translation
application that uses both TCP and UDP transport.
Telnet: A virtual terminal application that uses TCP for transport.
File Transport Protocol (FTP): A file transfer application that
uses TCP for transport.
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP): A file transfer application
that uses UDP for transport.
Network Time Protocol (NTP): An application that
synchronizes time with a time source and uses UDP for
transport.
Border Gateway Protocol (BGP): An exterior gateway routing
protocol that uses TCP for transport. BGP is used to exchange
routing information for the Internet and is the protocol used
between service providers.

Communication Channels
A channel is a path between two communication

devices
Channel capacity: How much data can be passed
through the channel (bit/sec)

Also called channel bandwidth

The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer!

Consists of one or more transmission media

Materials carrying the signal
Two types:
Physical: wire cable
T1
lines
destination
Wireless: Air
network
server

T1
lines
T3
lines
T1
lines

Physical Transmission Media

A tangible media

Examples: Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, Fiber-optics,

etc.
Twisted-pair cable:
One or more twisted wires bundled together (why?)
Made of copper
Coax-Cable:
Consists of single copper wire surrounded by three layers of
insulating and metal materials
Typically used for cable TV
Fiber-optics:
Strands of glass or plastic used to transmit light
Very high capacity, low noise, small size, less suitable to
natural disturbances

Physical Transmission Media

woven or
braided metal

plastic outer
coating

twisted-pair cable
copper wire

insulating
material

optical fiber
core

glass cladding

protective
coating

twisted-pair wire

Wireless Transmission Media

Broadcast Radio

Distribute signals through the air

over long distance
Uses an antenna
Typically for stationary locations
Can be short range
Cellular Radio
A form of broadcast radio used for
mobile communication
High frequency radio waves to
transmit voice or data
Utilizes frequency-reuse

Wireless Transmission Media

Microwaves
Radio waves providing high speed
transmission
They are point-to-point (cant be
obstructed)
Used for satellite communication
Infrared (IR)
Wireless transmission media that sends
signals using infrared light- waves - Such
as?

Physical Transmission Media

Wireless channel capacity:

100 Mbps is how many bits per sec?

Which is bigger:
10,000 Mbps, 0.01Tbps or 10Gbps?

Networks
Collection of computers and devices connected together
Used to transfer information or files, share resources, etc.
What is the largest network?
Characterized based on their geographical coverage, speed,
capacities
Networks are categorized based on the following
characteristics:
Network coverage: LAN, MAN, WAN
Network topologies: how the computers are connected
together
Network technologies
Network architecture

Network coverage
Local Area Networks:

Used for small networks (school, home, office)

Examples and configurations:

Wireless LAN or Switched LAN

ATM LAN, Frame Ethernet LAN
Peer-2-PEER: connecting several computers together (<10)
Client/Server: The serves shares its resources between different
clients

Metropolitan Area Network

Backbone network connecting all LANs

Can cover a city or the entire country
Wide Area Network
Typically between cities and countries
Technology:
Circuit Switch, Packet Switch, Frame Relay, ATM
Examples:

Internet P2P: Networks with the same network software can be

connected together (Napster)

LAN v.s WAN

LAN - Local Area Network a group of
computers connected within a building
or a campus (Example of LAN may
consist of computers located on a
single floor or a building or it might link
all the computers in a small company.

WAN - A network consisting

of computers of LAN's
connected across a distance
WAN can cover small to large
distances, using different
topologies such as telephone
lines, fiber optic cabling,
satellite transmissions and
microwave transmissions.

Network Topologies
Configuration or physical arrangement in which devices are

connected together
BUS networks: Single central cable connected a number of
devices
Easy and cheap
Popular for LANs
RING networks: a number of computers are connected on a
closed loop
Covers large distances
Primarily used for LANs and WANs
STAR networks: connecting all devices to a central unit
All computers are connected to a central device called hub
All data must pass through the hub
What is the problem with this?
Susceptible to failure

Network Topologies
personal
computer

personal
computer

personal
computer

personal
computer

personal
computer
personal computer

personal computer

personal computer
personal computer

host
computer

printer
file server

Network Architecture
Refers to how the computer or devices are designed in a network
Basic types:

Centralized using mainframes

Peer-2-Peer:
Each computer (peer) has equal responsibilities, capacities, sharing
hardware, data, with the other computers on the peer-to-peer network
Good for small businesses and home networks
Simple and inexpensive
Client/Server:
All clients must request service from the server
The server is also called a host
Different servers perform different tasks: File server, network server, etc.

clie
nt

laser
printer

clie
nt

clie
nt

serv
er

P2P vs Client-Server
Peers make a portion of their resources, such
as processing power, disk storage or network
bandwidth, directly available to other network
participants, without the need for central
coordination by servers or stable hosts

Peer-to-Peer
Examples

(Data) Network Technologies

Vary depending on the type of devices we use for

interconnecting computers and devices together

Ethernet:

LAN technology allowing computers to access the

network
Susceptible to collision
Can be based on BUS or STAR topologies
Operates at 10Mbps or 100Mbps, (10/100)
Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps /
Gigabit Ethernet (1998 IEEE 802.3z)
10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GE or 10GbE or 10 GigE)
10GBASE-R/LR/SR (long range short range, etc.)

Physical layer
Gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber, twisted pair cable,
or balanced copper cable

Project
Topic

(Data) Network Technologies

Token Ring
LAN technology
Only the computer with the token can transmit
No collision
Typically 72-260 devices can be connected together
TCP/IP and UDP
Uses packet transmission
802.11
Standard for wireless LAN
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) is used to describe that the
device is in 802.11 family or standards
Typically used for long range (300-1000 feet)
Variations include: .11 (1-2 Mbps); .11a (up to 54
Mbps); .11b (up to 11 Mbps); .11g (54 Mbps and higherProject
Topic

(Data) Network Technologies

802.11n
Next generation wireless LAN technology
Improving network throughput (600 Mbps compared to
450 Mbps) thus potentially supporting a user
throughput of 110 Mbit/s
WiMAX
Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
Provides wireless transmission of data from point-tomultipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet
access (up to 3 Mbit/s)
The intent is to deliver the last mile wireless broadband
access as an alternative to cable and DSL
Based on the IEEE 802.16(d/e) standard (also called
Broadband Wireless Access)

Project
Topic

http://www.broadcom.com/collateral/wp/802_11n-WP100-R.pdf

Network Technologies
Personal area network (PAN)

A low range computer network

PANs can be used for communication among the personal
devices themselves
Wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire.
Wireless personal area network (WPAN)
Uses network technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, UWB,
Z-Wave and ZigBee
Internet Mobile Protocols
Supporting multimedia Internet traffic
IGMP & MBONE for multicasting
RTP, RTCP, & RSVP (used to handle multimedia on the
Internet)
VoIP

Project
Topic
RTP: Real-time Transport Protocol

Network Technologies

Zigbee

Bluetooth

Infrared (IR) light waves

Transfers at a rate of 115 Kbps to 4 Mbps
Requires light-of-sight transmission

RFID

Uses radio frequency

Typically used for close distances (short range- 33 feet or so)
Transmits at 1Mbps
Used for handheld computers to communicate with the desktop

IrDA

High level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on
the IEEE 802.15.4
Wireless mesh networking proprietary standard

Radio frequency identification

Uses tags which are places in items
Example: merchandises, toll-tags, courtesy calls, sensors!

WAP

Wireless application protocol

Data rate of 9.6-153 kbps depending on the service type
Used for smart phones and PDAs to access the Internet (email, web, etc)

Project
Topic

Network Examples
IEEE 802.15.4

Low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs)

Bases for e ZigBee, WirelessHART, and MiWi specification
Also used for 6LoWPAN and standard Internet protocols to build a
Wireless Embedded Internet (WEI)

Intranets

Used for private networks

May implement a firewall

Hardware and software that restricts access to data and information on a

network

Home networks

Ethernet
Phone line
HomeRF (radio frequency- waves)
Intelligent home network

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (car2Car) - http://www.car-to-car.org/

A wireless LAN based communication system to guarantee Europeanwide inter-vehicle operability

Car2Car Technology: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tFUsN3ZgR4

Project
Topic

Network Examples
Interplanetary (Internet) Network

Project
Topic
http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/deepspace/

Network Example:
Telephone Networks

Called the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)

World-wide and voice oriented (handles voice and data)
Data/voice can be transferred within the PSTN using different technologies (data
transfer rate bps)
Dial-up lines:

ISDN lines:

Analog signals passing through telephone lines

Requires modems (56 kbps transfer rate)
Integrated Services Digital Network
Digital transmission over the telephone lines
Can carry (multiplex) several signals on a single line

DSL

Digital subscribe line

ADSL (asymmetric DSL)

Switching Technologies:
Technologies:
Circuit Switching
Packet Switching
Message Switching
Burst Switching

receiver operated at 8.4 Mbps, transmit at 640 kbps

T-Carrier lines: carries several signals over a single line: T1,T3

Frame Relay
ATM:

Asynchronous Transfer Mode

Fast and high capacity transmitting technology
Packet technology

Project
Topic

Network Example:
Optical Networks
Fiber-to-the-x

Broadband network architecture

that uses optical fiber to replace
copper
Used for last mile
telecommunications
Examples: Fiber-to-the-home
(FTTH); Fiber-to-the-building
(FTTB); Fiber-to-the premises
(FTTP)
Fiber Distribution Network (reaching
different customers)
Active optical networks (AONs)
Passive optical networks (PONs)

Project
Topic

Network Example
Smart Grid

Delivering electricity from suppliers to

consumers using digital technology to
save energy
Storage Area Networks
Computational Grid Networks

Project
Topic
http://rekuwait.wordpress.com/2009/06/18/smart-electric-grid/

Network Example:
Telephone Networks

Network Examples

Network Examples
Public Telephone Network

T-Carrier

ATM

Dedicated
Lines

DSL

What about Cable Internet Services?

Dail-up

ISDN

Cellular Network Examples

0G
Single, powerful base station covering a wide area, and
each telephone would effectively monopolize a channel
over that whole area while in use (developed in 40s)
No frequency use or handoff (basis of modern cell
phone technology)
1G
Fully automatic cellular networks
introduced in the early to mid 1980s
2G
Introduced in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard
Offered the first data service with person-to-person
SMS text messaging

Cellular Network Examples

3G:

Faster than PCS; Used for multimedia and

graphics
Compared to 2G and 2.5G services, 3G
allows simultaneous use of speech and
data services and higher data rates (up to
14.4 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s.
4G:
Fourth generation of cellular wireless;
providing a comprehensive and secure IP
based service to users "Anytime,
Anywhere" at high data rates

Merging Technologies
m-Cash

Pay using your cell phone

Scan-free shopping using Radio frequency identification
VeriChip
Implanted computer chip in the body!
RFID
Wearable computer technology
Implanting a cell phone is in your tooth!
Power over Ethernet (PoE)
Transferring electrical power, along with data, to remote
devices over standard category 5 cable in an Ethernet
network
PoE Plus (802.3at) provides more available power
Power over fiber?

Project
Topic

Merging Technologies
Ethernet over powerline
allowing to route data packets through the electrical
lines
Up to 200 times faster than DSL (200 Mbps)
Useful when concrete, metal, or other obstructions in
the walls and wireless cannot operate well
Energy-efficient Ethernet
IEEE P802.3az Energy Efficient Ethernet
Task Force
mechanism to reduce power consumption during
periods of low link utilization
No frames in transit shall be dropped or corrupted
during the transition to and from the lower level of
power consumption
Uses low-power idle proposal for use with 100 Mbit
and Gbit connections (causing possible latency for
10G-bit Ethernet)
Project
Topic