CLASSIFICATION OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM 1.0 SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM Refers to removal of water running the surface, the water coming as Precipitation in the form of rainwater. Its purpose is to keep the road structure in safe condition the same time to leave the traffic from hindrance. 1.2 Read Surface Drainage System >» Vertical ditches be installed drain water nonsinnaenatnanhdansoniaannaeeeedammenes » Vertical ditches should be installed at: o Where the run-off volume on the shoulder or in the, shoulder side dics equal to the allowable capacities of those facilities. co Where the longitudinal gradient of the shoulder or the shoulder side ditch is a sag point. © At the approaching point to and the leaving point bridge. from ab. Shoulder Drainage for Cut Section » To drain water running on the shoulder in the cut section, catch basins should be installed at: © Where the run-off volume on the shoulder is equal to the allowable capacities of the sioulder. © At the connection with vertical drainage system for ‘Cut slopes or longitudinal drainage pipes. © Where transverse or longitudinal underground drainage pipes change their cross sectional area. © Where the longitudinal gradient of the shoulder is a sag point. » The maximum interval between the basins connected with underground drainage pipes should be 50m for convenience of cleaning. » The diameter of diainage pipes connecting basins should be 40cm or more. 11,2 Median Strip Drainage System They are Installed to collect and remove water at the median Strip side, the water falling into the median sizip and, in cuned sections the water coming from the road surface. » For fleet type median strip, rolied gutter should be used2 Slope Drainage System be drained by vertical installed along the outside the slope in 1.2.2 Slope Toe Drainage » It is generally the shoulder drainage system of the should be installed where seepage water from the slope is where there exists a long siopeWith the maim inkerva being 100m. a i a a3 a provided as possible to realize effective and economical system. 1.3 Frontage Road and Adjacent This is installed to drain water from the roads, and from adjacent areas, side among others. Facilities already | i li a i th i aul22> >» Relation with the underground coatttine simone pertoted gigas en sce mars namical in tae subgrade or original soil strata. >» Relation with roadway surface and slope drainage system. >» Easiness of excavation by means of machine. It Should be composed of perforated drainage pipes of filter materials. If the flow of the water is small in quantity, however, filter materials may solely be used. The depth of the drainage pipe should be determined by: ~ 7 = = = (Su- S) Gog +h + Dw + hp jane innan-dinmanas-als perforated pipes should be more than 20cm. Using the centrifugal reinforced concrete pipe or the hard vinyl pipe and each perforation should have the diameter of 1.2 tiH a 2.4 Underground Drainage System for Transition Section ‘This is installed to drain seepage water entering the transition section from cut to embankment or vice versa.Catchment width (W,) Soft Shoulder Shoulder M.S. Roadway Soft Shoulder \ Shoulder | M.s. |_| b. Where the Shoulder is Bent Fig. A 3-8 Catchment Width of Cut Sectionte ae, Fig. A 3-2 Catchment Width cf Embankment Section Snoulder Marginal strip A Type Shoulder ~~ és B Type ShoulderFig. A 3-14 Catchment Width of Median Strip Flow Median\ PERPORATED ‘ COLLECTOR PIPE SCALE LEGEND jouners Sg CROSS SLOPE ‘Pipes [nears - BOERSEP Sq LONGITUDINAL GRADE ORAM, IF REQUIRCO PAVEMENT ; ORANAGE LAYER Sq SUPERELEVATION Gar | oMRApOINAL ofINASE SYSTEM ~ WATER FLOW PATHSWater Flow Slope of Embankment Vertical Ditch (Dv-Pu) Inlet (Di-L) Connector of Vertical Ditch and Transverse Pipe (F) Slope Toe Side Ditch (Ds-Pu) Shoulder Drainage System for Embankment: Section1 Meter wide Catchment Wiath Median Strip Concrete Curb & Inlet Concrete Curb Planting & Gurdcable Concrete Curb & Inlet (Cross Section) Precast Concrete Cover Asphaltic Seal with Cover Ynderground Drainage(@) With Rolled Gutter (b) With Circular Type Side Ditch Flat Type Median Strip Drainage Systemi 1 i {2 1 Water Table ¥ Underground Drainage PipePavewent su un = 1.500 r SSHOULDER(VAR. WIDTH) —— 400m) worn (Sem wont SIDES AND BOTTOM OF 2 T) 8 BEE |. (HIGHLY TRENCH UNED W/ FASE MLTER Lomi (BEDONG MATERIAL SHOULDER SEALANT NOT TuinmuM=750em) uhm 2740042" Coy sem) | 2" (30cm) \ meio merr | (uchey PeRUeAsce) 4° <6" ux. PERFORATED OR slorieg Fire TRENCH SHALL af PLACED ADU To ie Foor OF PAMeMLNT EDGE DRAIN DETAIL TO SCALE COMPACT SUBBRADE IN ACCORDANCE. WH SPECIFICATIONS 47-0" Ne PPE RAN NOTE: For low embankment areas affectes by capillarity/seepage forces, a ae oe, fie eer 7 ae FoR_ =~ Pervious layer Impervious layer Underground ‘drainage pipe New water table / .____/ nie after construction Fig. 2-1 Subgrade ©). - [Rr ee Formation of Cu Variable —> -Min. 60cm,Pervious == layer Impervious layer = ates Underground arainage pipe New water table after construction Fig. 2-2 Natural ground a Original water table aDesign inftation rate indie w 20 20 50 50 Pivot tine Corrugated % = 0.024 xamsle iW = 2 anes, 1 +110 inde, g 001, Fint wiahuse 6" smoot bore ine @Dexend tne om g = 91 tough 6 smooth beet He Geert tine Wom F= 1.0 inl Bowen W = 2 lanes to por Kine 1 @eonnet oir en pie inet to pei: on ino Hine 2 @ hres aieance between outer: b= £0 seven tor eriows ioe Gareters a IAG, 5.12 Nomograph for selection of perforated pipe dismeters and outlet spacings (FHWA, 1973)BASIC DATA REQUIRED FOR DRAINAGE DESIGN 1. Design discharge Q, in cubic metres per second 2. Approximate length L of culvert in metres 3. Slope of culvert. S in percent 4. Allowable headwater depth in metres, which is the vertical * distance from the culvert invert elevation (flow line ) at the ehtrance to the surface elevation permissible in the headwater pool or approach channel upstream from the culvert 5. Mean and maximum flood velocities in natural stream and allowable outlet velocities if scour is a problem 6. Type of culvert selected, including barrel material, ross séctional shape and entrance typePROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF PIPE CULVERT SIZE 1, Determine the first trial size culvert Since the procedure given is one of trial and error, the initial tial size can be determined in several ways: - By arbitrary selection = By using an approximating equation such as Q/10=A. from which the trial culvert dimensions are determined - By using inlet control nomographs. find a trial size culvert by adopting a HW/D ratio of approximately 1.5 and the scale for the entrance to be used. If reasons for lesser or. greater relative depth of headwater in a particular case should exist, another value for HW/D may be used for this trial section. Raising the embankment height or the use of pipe arch and box culverts with width greater than height should be : considered. Final selection should be based on an economic analysis. NOTE : @) Normally if HW/D ratio is equal t6 or less than 1.20, the culvert entrance will not be submerge and no protection works are needed at the inlet of the culvert. If in mountainous terrain. it is ‘considered economical to design a culvert with HIW/D greater than 1.50. It will be necessary to protect the inlet and to study the upstream area to ensure that no property will be damaged. A HIW/D greater than 2.0 should only be used inexceptional circumstances. : b) If the trial size for the culvert is obviously too large because of limited height of embankment or availability of size, try a different HW/D Value or multiple culverts by dividing the discharge equally for the number of culverts used. 2. Find headwater depth for trial size culvert 2.1 Assuming inlet control - Using the trial size from step i. find the headwater depth HW by use of the appropriate inlet control nomographs. Tailwater conditions are to be neglected in this determination. HW in this case is found by multying HW/D obtained from the nomographs by the height of culvert. D. - If HW is greater than allowable. try another trial size until HW is acceptable for the inlet control before computing HW for outlet control. 2.2 Assuming outlet control - Approximate the depth of Tailwater, TW jn metres. above the invert at the outlet for the design flood condition in the outlet channel. - For Tailwater,T'W elevation equal to or greater than thetop of the culvert at the outlet, set hoe equal to TW by the following equation HW =H +ho~LSo Where: HW= vertical distance in metres from culvert Invert (flow line) at entrance to the pool Surface H_ = head loss in metres as determined from the Appropriate nomographs ho = vertical distance in metres from culvert invert at outlet to control point or hydraulic gradeline( in this case ho=TW) - So= slope of barrel L = culvert length in metres where: M= 2 & = gravitational acceleration, 9.80 m/secat the site. If headwater is greater than allowable repeat the procedures using a larger culvert. If headwater is less than allowable repeat the procedure to investigate the possibility of using smaller size. 3. Compute outlet velocities for size selected 3.1 If outlet control governs in step 2.3, outlet velocity equals Q/A where A is the cross-sectional area of flow at the outlet. If de or TW is less than the height of the culvert barrel, use an area A corresponding to de or TW. : depth, whichever gives the greater value of flow. 3.2. If inlet control governs in step 2.3, outlet velocity can be assumed to equal normal yelocity in open channel flow as computed by Manning's equation for the rate of flow, barrel size, roughness and slope of culvert selected. 4. Try a culvert of another type or shape and determine the size and HW by the above cited procedures. 5. Record final selection of culvert with size, type. headwater, outlet velocity and economic justification.PROCEDURE FOR SELECTION OF BOX CULVERT SIZE 1. To determine headwater HW, given Q, and size of box culvert a 1.2 13 Connect with a straightedge the given height of box culvert (D ) and the discharge Q, or Q/B for box culverts; mark intersection of straightedge on HW/D scale marked (1) If HW/D scale marked (1) represents entrance type used, read HW/D on scale (1). If another of three entrance type listed on the nomographs is used, extend the point Of intersection in horizontal seale (2) or (3) and Read HW/D Compute HW by multiplying H'W/D by D. 2. To determine discharge Q per barrel, given HW and size of box culvert 24 2.2 ‘Compute HW/D for given conditions Locate HW/D on seale for appropriate entrance type. If scale (2) or (3) is used, extend HW/D point horizontally to seale (1).23) 2.4 Connect point HW/D seale (1) as found herein and the size of culvert on the left scale. Read Q or Q/B on the discharge scale. If Q/B is read in (C ) multiply by B ( span of box culvert) to find Q 3. To determine culvert size, given @ allowable HW and type of culvert 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Using a trial size, compute HW/D Locate HW/D on scale for appropriate entrance type. If scale (2) or (3) is used, extend Hw/D point horizontally to scale (1) Connect point on HW/D scale (1) as found in step 2 to given discharge and read height of box culvert required for HW/D value If D is not originally assumed, repeat procedure with a new D .RAINPALL TerENSEEY (1) {8 ye8. mente a8 Yoh DISCHARGE @ (m3/s = B lovee maze Aw, ea m372 “Eez < : z z gee g I EF ) exawece —s = BES3 . 2 (2) amoove Eno wie meaowace, MEADWATER DEPTH FoR comcRETE PIPE CULVERTS WITH ENTRANCE CONTROLUSORGE () Wns HEAD_FOR CONCRETE Box CULVERTS FUSWING PULL, a = SateHET OF BOK (0) METERS NEADWATER DEPTH, [OR CONCRETE Box CULVERTS WITHDesign inftation rate indie w 20 20 50 50 Pivot tine Corrugated % = 0.024 xamsle iW = 2 anes, 1 +110 inde, g 001, Fint wiahuse 6" smoot bore ine @Dexend tne om g = 91 tough 6 smooth beet He Geert tine Wom F= 1.0 inl Bowen W = 2 lanes to por Kine 1 @eonnet oir en pie inet to pei: on ino Hine 2 @ hres aieance between outer: b= £0 seven tor eriows ioe Gareters a IAG, 5.12 Nomograph for selection of perforated pipe dismeters and outlet spacings (FHWA, 1973)TYPICAL FLOODED SECTION x T =