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Math Notes

The document defines the definite integral and some of its key properties. It introduces the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which states that if f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then the definite integral from a to b of f(x) dx is equal to F(b) - F(a). It provides a proof of this theorem using Riemann sums and the Mean Value Theorem. Examples are also given to demonstrate how to evaluate definite integrals using this theorem.

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ChristianLegge
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16 views

Math Notes

The document defines the definite integral and some of its key properties. It introduces the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, which states that if f(x) is continuous on [a,b] and F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x), then the definite integral from a to b of f(x) dx is equal to F(b) - F(a). It provides a proof of this theorem using Riemann sums and the Mean Value Theorem. Examples are also given to demonstrate how to evaluate definite integrals using this theorem.

Uploaded by

ChristianLegge
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Section 2.

() = lim ( )

=1

= () if () is continuous and () 0 on [, ]
If () is negative on some part of [, ] we can still define the definite integral
but it may no longer represent the area of a region.

If > , we define () = ()
3

e.g., We know that 1 ( 3 1) = 18 so


1

( 3 1) = 18
3

If = then () = 0 (Width = 0 => Area = 0)


Other properties of definite integrals:

1. () = () for any constant

2. [() + ()] = () + ()
3. [() ()] = () ()
Also, observe that

1 = =

e.g., Given 0 cos() = 1, find 0 [4 7cos()] .


We can write

[4 7cos()] = 4 7 cos()
0

= 4 ( 0) 7 1
2

= 2 7

Theorem: If () is integrable on all corresponding closed intervals,

() = () + ()

e.g., Given 0 2 = and 2 =


3

5
2

2
3
Evaluate 0 () where () = {9 for < 2
4 for 2
3

() = () + ()
0

= 0 9 2 + 2 4
2

= 9 0 2 + 4 2
8

= 9 + 4 = 24 + 10 = 34

Section 2.3: The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus


Theorem: The First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If () is continuous on [, ] and () is any antiderivative of () then

() = () ()

Proof: We have () = lim =1 ( )

Where is a sample point on the th subinterval of a partition of [, ].


If we consider the th subinterval [1 , ] we can apply the Mean Value Theorem
because we have assumed that () is differentiable, and therefore continuous.
Thus there must exist on this subinterval a point at which
( ) =
( ) =

( )(1 )
1

rise
run

( ) (1 )

( ) = ( ) (1 )

Thus () = lim =1 ( ) for =

= lim [ ( ) (1 )]

=1

But =1[( ) (1 )] = [(1 ) (0 )] + [(2 ) (1 )] + +


[( ) (1 )]
= [( ) (0 )]
= () ()

Then () = lim [() ()] = () ()

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