HYDRO-STATICS AND

HYDRO-DYNAMICS
Standard Competency
Apply the concept and principle of classical mechanics of
continuum system by problem solving

Base Competency
Analyze the physical laws related to static and dynamic fluid
and their applications in daily life

Learning Objectives
1
2
3
4

Formulates the basic law of static fluid

Applies the basic law of static fluid in daily life physicss
problems
Formulates the basic law of dynamic fluid
Applies the basic law of dynamic fluid in daily life phyiscs
problems

References

[1] John D Cutnell dan Kenneth W. Johnson (2002). Physics 5th Ed

with Compliments. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. hal. 212-248
[2] Sunardi dan Etsa Indra Irawan (2007). Fisika Bilingual SMA/MA
untuk SMA/MA Kelas X. CV Yrama Widya hal. 255-298

HIDRO-STATICS
Fluids is a matter that fill up the volume and flows. Refer to
fluids are solute or gases. In this chapter, we are only deal
with solute, notably water.
Term hidro-statics stands for hidro = water, and statics =
motionless.
It concerns about the physical properties of
fluids within a container that do not flow.
Physical description of Hidrostatics as follows,

Density

m
V

m = mass (kg)
V = volume (m3)
= density (kg/m3)

Density for solids is nearly constant for any material.

Density for fluids is also nearly constant, it is very difficult to
compress water, for example.
Density for
temperature

gases

depends

both

their

pressure

and

But some other units are

SI unit of density is kg/m3.
3
sometimes used 1 g/cm = 1000 kg/m3.
Water at 4oC has density () of
1.0 g/cm3 = 1000 kg/m3 = 1.0 kg/L
so, a litre of water has a mass of 1 kg
substance
o

Water at 4 C
Ice at t < 0oC
Aluminium
Rocks
Steel
Gold
Air at STP

density
(g/cm3)

1.0
0.917
2.70
23
7.8
19.3
1.29 kg/m3

Static Fluid Pressure

Pressure is define as force per unit area

F
p=
or
A

F = pA

F = force (N)
p = pressure (N/m2)
A = surface area (m2)

The direction of the force involved is always perpendicular to

any surface on which a fluid is in contact. The pressure within
a fluid might be produced due to its own weight (gravity), or,
due to an external force on the fluid, such as a piston.

Hidrostatics Pressure (Pressure due to Gravity)

Consider a fluid in a container. Every where
inside, the fluid will push perpendicular to the
surface of the container. Even if you consider an
arbitrary object of water within the water it self,
the object will experience pressure forces.
But, the object also experiences gravity. So
balance the gravitational force with the pressure
forces, because the water is not moving
(statics).
For small part of object where it has a cube shape,
F2 F1 = mg = Vg
(p2 p1) A = Ah g
Bentuk persamaan tekanannya adalah
p2 = p1 + g h
where pressure increase with depth
in the fluid.

Example:

By how much does the pressure under the seawater for every 10 m increase in depth?

p2 p1 = sea g h
= (1025 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s2)(10 m)
= 100.45 N/m2
In this example, the pressure p1 in the air above the
water is already at 1 atmosphere = 1 atm = 101.3 kPa
So for the 10 m depth increase, the pressure in the
water increases by very close to 1 atmosphere.
Therefore,

p2 = p1 + 100.45 kPa = 202 kPa

Usually, p2 p1 would be called the gauge-pressure

(measured relative to 1 atm).
While p2 by itself is called the absolute pressure.

pabs = patm + pgauge

The SI unit of pressure is 1 pascal = 1 Pa = 1 N/m2
(a very small amount of pressure).
Also, 1 atm = 14.7 lbs/in2 = 760 mm-Hg.
(height of mercury column supported by atmospheric
pressure), so 1 mm-Hg = 133 N/m2.

Pascals Principle

an internal pressure applied to a confined fluid is instantly

transmitted to all parts of the fluid
Pascals principle is very useful for the development of
hydraulic systems. We can use piston to exert a desired
pressure increase everywhere into a fluid.

From the picture, the fluid is at the same elevation at both

pistons. So both experience the same pressure. But since
their areas are different, so are their forces

pA =

FA
F
= pB = B
A
B

or

p1 =

F
F1
= p2 = 2
A2
A1

A1
F
=
F
2
Get a force amplification: 2
A2
Suppose piston #1 has radius 1.0 cm, #2 has radius 1.0 m.
Then the force ratio will be huge (use A = r2)

F2 = F1

(1 m)2
(0.01 m)

= 104 F1

It gives a simple way to obtain very large mechanical

advantage.

Archimedes Principle: Bouyancy

"The difference of pressure with increasing depth lead to an

interisting and very practical effect bouyancy.
The pressure of greater depth is higher than at lesser depth.
If the object could be substituted by an equivalent volume of
the fluid, that fluid would remain static, under the combined
forces due to its weight (mg, down) and the Bouyant force (B,
up).
So a little thinking by
Archimedes led to the
conclusion
that
no
matter
what
the
object,
the
upward
bouyant force on it,
due to surrounding
fluid, is
B = Vg
where V is the submerged volume, or the same as the volume
of fluid that has been displaced by the object.

Another way to see Archimedes

principle is to investigate forces
that works on submerged object.
Horizontal pressure forces on the
object all cancel.
Just find
difference between F2 and F1, the
pressure forces on bottom and
top.

F1 = p1 A ;
F2 = p2 A = (p1 + gh) A
B = F2 F1 = gh A = g V

This is a specialized derivation.

Archimedes principle is much
more general.
Example: What is the bouyant force on a solid block of
concrete ( = 2300 kg/m3) of mass 500 kg
submerged under water?
Apply B = water V g
But you need to know V, the volume of the concrete
m = concrete V
V = (500 kg)/(2300 kg/m3)
= 0.217 m3
B = water V g
= (1000 kg/m3)(0,217 m3)(9.8 m/s2)
= 2130 N
If the object is complety submerged in some other fluids (i.e.,
more dense than the fluid) then just be careful

B = mg

fluid
object

Example:

Something floating on the surface.

y
FB m

An object whose density is

less than that of the fluid will
float on its surface, because
its weight, mg, can be
balanced by a bouyant force
(B or FB), where B = fluid V
g, using a volume smaller
than the total volume of the
object.

Let Vdisplace = volume that is submerged (displaced fluid)

Vobject = total volume of the object
mg = B
or

object Vobject g = fluid Vfluid g

So we see that the fraction of volume below the fluid

surface is

Vdisplace = Vobject

object
fluid

Example: If a boat itself weight 500 kg, and is to be

able to carry passangers totalling 400 kg,
how much fresh water should it displace
safely?
Answer: 900 kg of water, or a volume of 0.90 m3 below
surface. The bouyant force will be
(900 kg)(g) = weight of boat + passangers

Capillarity

Spontaneous movement of liquids up or down narrow tubes,

or capillaries.
The movement is due to unbalanced molecular attraction at
the boundary between the liquid and the tube.
- If liquid molecules near the boundary are more strongly
attracted to molecules in the material of the tube than to
other nearby liquid molecules, the liquid will rise in the
tube.
- If liquid molecules are less attracted to the material of
the tube than to other liquid molecules, the liquid will
fall.
Water particles at the water
table are subject to an upward
attraction
due
to
surface
tension
of
the
air-water
interface and the molecular
attraction of the liquid and solid
phases. This phenomenon is
known as capillarity.

In a tube of small
diameter,
the
freewater
surface
will
assume a shape with
the minimum surface
area. The attraction of
the solid for the liquid
will draw the liquid up
into the tube. The
upward force will be
balanced by the weight
of the column of the
water

Surface Tension (Y)

Surface Tension is an effect within the surface layer of a liquid
that results in a behavior analogous to an elastic sheet.

Surface tension results

from an imbalance of
molecular forces in a
liquid. At the surface of
the liquid, the liquid
molecules are attracted
to each other and exert
a net force pulling
themselves together.

High values of the surface tension means the molecules tend

to interact strongly. Lower values mean the molecules do not
interact as strongly. When this effect is found between two
liquid phases, it's referred to as interfacial tension.
The cohesive forces between liquid molecules are responsible
for the phenomenon known as surface tension. The molecules
at the surface do not have other like molecules on all sides of
them and consequently they cohere more strongly to those
directly associated with them on the surface. This forms a
surface "film" which makes it more difficult to move an object
through the surface than to move it when it is completely
submersed.
Surface tension is typically measured in dynes/cm, the force
in dynes required to break a film of length 1 cm. Equivalently,
it can be stated as surface energy in ergs per square
centimeter. Water at 20C has a surface tension of 72.8
dynes/cm compared to 22.3 for ethyl alcohol and 465 for
mercury.

(1)
For water, a simple calculation would yield
(2)

Mathematical representation of surface tension

2 cos
Y =
gr

r
y

= fluid surface tension (N/m)

= contact angle (0)
= fingers capillary pipe (m)
= increase / decrease in surface

The surface tension for water against air is summarized in the

following table (Weast 1981).
temperature surface tension
(oC)

(erg cm2)

-5

76.4

75.6

74.9

10

74.22

15

73.49

18

73.05

20

72.75

25

71.97

30

71.18

40

69.56

50

67.91

60

66.18

70

64.4

80

62.6

HIDRO-DYNAMICS
Hydrodynamics refer to the science of flowing fluids. All
flowing matter will have a speed (v). If the matter is fluid
then it has a physical properties of density (). In this study
we will deal with ideal fluid (similar to ideal gases in Kinetic
Theory of Gases).
The properties of ideal fluid are:
- Uncompressible
The fluids is unchanged in volume due to pressure.
- Viscious
During flows, the fluids will not experience friction along the
pipe.
- Stationer:
speed, mass and type of pressure on every point in fluids
does not change due to the time.

Continuity Equation
Fluids flow rate is the number of fluids that flows through a
surface cross section in a certain elapsed of time.
Q = Av

Q=

V
t

A1, v1

A2, v2
l2

l1

Bernoullis Equation
(Work-Energy Principle for Fluids)
The particles (i.e. masses) of a fluid carry Kinetic Energy (KE),
but also can change their Potential Energy (PE) due to gravity
if they are rise or fall in altitude.
Furthermore, pressure forces themselves push on the fluid as
it moves, which means, PRESSURE DOES WORK ON THE
FLUID.
(remember, work = force x displacement)

2
A2,p2

l2

low speed,
large cross-section

flow
lines in
a fluid

high speed,
small cross-section

h2

A1,p1
h1

l1
If you account for the works done on a mass m as it moves
from (1) to (2) in the fluid flow, you get (for incompressible
fluid)
Wnet = p1 V p2 V
+ (m) g (y1 y2)

(work done by the pressure)

(work done by gravity)

But this should equal the change in KE of m

Wnet = KE = m (v22 v12)

If we use m = V, then
(p1 p2) V + g(y1 y2) V = V (v22 v12)
Or
p1 + gy1 + v12 = p2 + gy2 + v22
(either side is constant and this is a typical of energy conservation)

This is Bernoullis Equation.

It shows how pressure is altered by speed and altitude.

BERNOULLI APPLICATION
Velocity effect on pressure

= 1000 kg/m3

v1 = 1.0 m/s
p1 = 4.0 atm

Pitot tube

Speed of flow of water is

v =

2 gh

= density of air (kg/m3)

= density of water (kg/m3)

v2 = 14.0 m/s
p2 = ?

Torricelli theorems
The speed spray water
out of the wall:
v =

2gh

The distance where water

falls to the ground :
B=2

h (H h)

Style lift-wing aircraft : Aerodynamic

F1 F2 = (P1 P2) A
P1 P2 = (v22 v12)