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Appendix A Mathematical Formulas

This appendix summarizes commonly used mathematical formulas including: - Infinite series formulas like geometric series and Taylor series expansions - Trigonometric identities - Complex number formulas - Convolution formulas for continuous and discrete functions - Fourier transform tables for standard functions like Dirac delta, unit step, and sinusoidal functions.

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38 views4 pages

Appendix A Mathematical Formulas

This appendix summarizes commonly used mathematical formulas including: - Infinite series formulas like geometric series and Taylor series expansions - Trigonometric identities - Complex number formulas - Convolution formulas for continuous and discrete functions - Fourier transform tables for standard functions like Dirac delta, unit step, and sinusoidal functions.

Uploaded by

kricks92
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Appendix A

Mathematical Formulas
For easy reference,this appendixsummarizessomecommonlyused mathematical
formulas.

A.I

SUDlS

00

c:

I-r

~rn=__

n=O

r<I

A.2 Power Series


x - Xo !'(xo) + (x - XO)2 f(2)(xO)
I!
2!
2
3
x
x
eX = I + x + - + - + ...
2!
3!
x5
x7
x3
sin x = x - - + - - - + ...
3!
5!
7!
2
4
x
x
x6
cos X = I - - + - - - + ...
2!
4!
6!
f(x)

= f(xo) +

I
2
3
=
1 + x + x + x +...
I-x

+ ...

Ixl < 1

367

368

A.3

Appendix A

Complex Numbers
eO = cos fJ

i sin fJ

a + ib = re i O,

A.4

Mathematical Formulas

where r = Ja 2

+ b2 and fJ =

Trigonometric Identities
cos x = ~ (e ix
sin x

+ e- ix )

=! (ei x -

cos(x~) =

sin x cos x =

e- i x )

=fsinx

! sin 2x

sin 2 x

+ cos2 X = 1

cos2 X

sin 2 x = cos 2x

cos2 X = !(l

+ cos 2x)

sin x = !(l - cos2x)


sin(x y) = sin x cosy cos x sin y

cos(x y) = cos x cos Y =f sin x sin y


tan x tany
tan(x y)= - - - - 1 ~ tanxtany
sinxsiny = ~[cos(x - y) - cos(x + y)J
cos x cos y

= ~[cos(x -

y)

sinxcosy = ~[sin(x - y)

+ cos(x + y)]

+ sin(x + y)]

acosx + bsinb = rcos(x + fJ)


where r = Ja 2

+ b2 and fJ =

tan- 1(b/a)

tan- 1 (b/a)

Section A.5

369

Short Tables of Convolutions

A.5 Short Tables of Convolutions


Tables A.5a and A.5b list several pairs of functions (g and h) and their resulting
convolution 9 * h.

Table A.Sa Continuous Convolution

g(t)

h(t)

g(t) * h(t)

g(t)

6(t - to)

g(t - to)

eQtu(t)

u(t)

!(e

u(t)

u(t)

tu(t)

eQ1tu(t)

eQ2tu(t)

eQtu(t)

eQtu(t)

teQtu(t)

teQtu(t)

eQtu(t)

!t 2e

Qt

- l)u(t)

(eQ1t _ eQ2t)u(t)

1.
01 -

02

Qtu(t)

Table A.Sb Discrete Convolution

g[n]

h[n]

g[n] * h[n]

g[n]

6(n - no)

g[n - no]

onu[n]

urn]

1~

urn]

urn]

(n + l)u[n]

oiu[n]

02 u[n]

anu[n]

anu[n]

(1 -

01 - 02

(n

on+!

(0~+1

+ l)on u[n]

)u[n]

a;+l)u[n]

370

Appendix A

A.6

Mathematical Formulas

A Short Table of Fourier Transforms

<5(t)

<5(f)

u(t)

~b(f) + i2~f

sgn(t)

1
itt]
1

a + i21rf

a>O

2a

a2

+ 41r 2 f2

(a

1
+ i21rf)2 a>O

(a

n!
+ i21r f)n+l a>O

o(t - to)
1

cos(21rfot)

2[8(f + fo} + 8(f - fo)]

cos(21r/ot)u(t)

1
i21r/
4[b(f + fa) + b(f - fa)] + (21fJoF - (21ffF

sin(21rfot)

~[<5(f

sin(21rfot)u(t)

4[b(f + fa) - b(f - fa)]

e- at cos(21r fot)u(t)

e- at sin(21rfot)u(t)

+ fo) -

<5(f - fo)]

+ i21rf
+ (a + i21r f)2

>0

(21r fO)2

+ (a + i21r f)2

211"/0

>0

A(t)

E
00

n=-oo

<5(t - n~t)

(21ffo)2 - (21ffF

(21r fO)2

sinc(1r f)

II(t)

21r~

~t

00

"'"'" <5

LJ

n=-oo

1 )
f - n~t
-

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