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Heating Effects (13th)

1) Many carbonate salts decompose upon heating to produce carbon dioxide gas. Bicarbonate salts decompose to produce carbonate salts and carbon dioxide gas. 2) Heating of ammonium salts often produces nitrogen gas, water, and oxidized forms of the anion. Heating of nitrate salts produces oxygen gas, nitrogen oxides, and oxidized forms of the cation. 3) Heating hydrated salts causes dehydration, producing the anhydrous salt and water or acid gases. Heating can also cause decomposition reactions of the salt.

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2K views4 pages

Heating Effects (13th)

1) Many carbonate salts decompose upon heating to produce carbon dioxide gas. Bicarbonate salts decompose to produce carbonate salts and carbon dioxide gas. 2) Heating of ammonium salts often produces nitrogen gas, water, and oxidized forms of the anion. Heating of nitrate salts produces oxygen gas, nitrogen oxides, and oxidized forms of the cation. 3) Heating hydrated salts causes dehydration, producing the anhydrous salt and water or acid gases. Heating can also cause decomposition reactions of the salt.

Uploaded by

Sankar Kumarasamy
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INORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Target IIT JEE 2010


XIII (X)

HEATING EFFECTS
Heating effect of carbonate & bicarbonate salts
All carbonates except (Na, K, Rb, Cs) decompose on heating giving CO2
Li2CO3 Li2O + CO2
MCO3 MO + CO2 [M = Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba]
1
Ag 2CO 3 2Ag + CO2 + O2
2
Black
Yellow

Cu (OH) 2 .CuCO 3

2CuO + CO2 + H2O


Basic Cu ( II ) carbonate

ZnCO 3 ZnO
white

Yellow( hot )
white( cold )

+ CO2

C
PbO + CO 2PbCO 3 .Pb(OH) 2 350

Pb3O 4 CO 2 H 2 O
PbCO3 Yellow
2
Lead

White

1
O + CO2
2 2
(NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2O + CO2
All bicarbonates decompose to give carbonates and CO2. eg.

HgCO3 Hg +

2NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

[General reaction 2HCO 3 CO 32 +H2O + CO2]


Heating effect of ammonium salts
(NH4)2Cr2O7 N2 + Cr2O3 + 4H2O
NH4NO2 N2 + 2H2O
NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O
2NH4 ClO4 N2 + Cl2 + 2O2 + 4H2O
2NH4 IO3 N2 + I2 + O2 + 4H2O
[If anionic part is oxdising in nature, then N2 will be the product (some times N2O).]
(NH4)2HPO4 HPO3 + H2O + 2NH3
(NH4)2SO4 NH3 + H2SO4
2(NH3)3PO4 2NH3 + P2O5 + 3H2O
(NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + H2O + CO2
[If anionic part weakly oxidising or non oxidising in nature then NH3 will be the product.]
Heating effect of nitrate salts
1
MNO3 KNO2 + O2
2
[M = Na, K, Rb, Cs]
1
2LiNO3 Li2O + 2NO2 + O2
2

Heating Effects

[1]

2M(NO3)2 2MO + 4NO2 + O2


[M = all bivalent metals eg. Zn+2, Mg+2, Sr+2, Ca+2, Ba+2, Cu+2, Pb+2]
Hg(NO3)2 Hg + 2NO2 + O2
;
2AgNO3 2Ag + 2NO2 + O2
Heating effect of Halides salts
2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + Cl2
;
AuCl3AuCl + Cl2
Hg2Cl2 HgCl2 + Hg
;
NH4Cl NH3 + HCl
Pb(SCN)4 Pb(SCN)2 + (SCN)2
PbCl4 PbCl2 + Cl2 [PbBr4 PbBr2 + Br2 & PbI4 does not exists]
Heating effect of hydrated chloride salts

MgCl2 . 6H2O
MgO + 2HCl + 5H2O

2FeCl3 . 6H2O
Fe2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O

2AlCl3 . 6H2O
Al2O3 + 6HCl + 9H2O
C
58C
C
.2H 2O 140

CoCl 2
2
CoCl 2 .6H 2 O 50

CoCl2 .4H 2 O CoCl


2H O
Blue
Re d violet
Pink

Pink

2 H 2O

2 H 2O

Hydrated Co2+ salt - Pink


Anhydrous Co2+ salt - Blue
Heating effect of hydrated Sulphate salts
C
C
1
800C
CuSO4 .5H 2O 100

CuSO 4 .H 2O 220

CuSO 4

CuO
+
SO
+
O
2
Blue vitriol
4H2O
H 2O
White
Bluish White
2 2
CuO + SO3
Black

300C

Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3 (very important)


FeSO 4 .7 H 2O FeSO4
7 H O
Green Vitriol

from 2 moles

Fe2(SO4)3
Fe2O3 + 3SO3

1
1
C
CaSO4 .2H 2O 120
(CaSO4. 2 H2O) +1 2 H2O
gypsum

Plaster of pairs
1
CaSO 4 + 2 H2O
Dead burnt

CaSO4 .2H 2O
gypsum

70200C
200C
C
800C
ZnSO4.7H2O70
ZnSO4.H2
O

ZnSO

ZnSO4.6H2O
4 ZnO + SO2 +

H 2O

5H 2 O

H2O

Heating Effects

1
O
2 2

[2]


MgSO 4 .7 H 2 O

MgSO4 [Same as ZnSO4 ]


epsom salt

7 H 2O

2NaHSO3

2NaHSO4
Na2SO4 + H2O + SO3
220C

Na2S2O3.5H2O Na2S2O3 + 5H2O


3Na2SO4 + Na2S5.
Heating effect of Oxide salts

2Ag2O 4Ag + O2

300C

1
O
2 2

PbO2 PbO +

ZnO

white

yellow

PbO
yellow

(Massicot)

C
3MnO2 900

Mn3O4 + O2

7
2CrO5 Cr2O3 + O2
2

I2O5 I2 +

ZnO

Pb 3O 4
Red lead

PbO
Red
(Litharge)

6PbO + O2
Litharge

5
O
2 2

400C

Hg +
HgO HgO strong
yellow

3
C
2CrO3 420

Cr2O3 + 2 O2

red

heating

HgI2
Scarlet Red

1
O
2 2

HgI2
Yellow sublimate

Heating effect of dichromate & chromate salts


3

2K2Cr2O7
2K2CrO4 + Cr2O3 + O2
2
yellow

green

Heating effect of phosphate salts

NaH2PO4
H2O + NaPO3
1 phosphate salt

Na2HPO4
H2O + Na2P2O7

2 phosphate salt

Na3PO4
No effect

3 phosphate salt

temp .
Na(NH4)HPO4.4H2O NaNH4HPO4 High

NaPO3 + NH3 + H2O


4H O
2

2Mg(NH4)PO4
Mg2P2O7 + 2NH3 + H2O

Heating Effects

[3]

Heating effect of Acids


1

2HNO3 H2O + 2NO2 + O2


2
conc.
444C
H2SO4 H2O + SO3
800C
H2SO4

H2O + SO2 +

1
O
2 2

3H2SO3 2H2SO4 + S + H2O


3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
HClO3HClO4 + ClO2 + H2O
3HOCl 2HCl +HClO3

4H3PO3
3H3PO4 + PH3
200C

2H3PO2 H3PO4 + PH3


2NaH2PO2 Na2HPO4 + PH3
C
C
320C
H3PO4 220

H4P2O7 320

4HPO3

2P2O5 + 2H2O

Re d
C
C
2B O + H O
H3BO3 100

4HBO2 140

H2B4O7
2 3
2
hot

H2C2O4
H2O + CO + CO2

Heating effects of acetate salts

CH3CO2K
K2CO3 + CH3COCH3

Pb(OAc)2
PbO + CO2 + CH3COCH3
Mg(OAc)2 MgO + CO2 + CH3COCH3
Be(OAc)2 BeO + CO2 + CH3COCH3
Ca(OAc)2 CaCO3 + CH3COCH3
Ba(OAc)2 BaCO3 + CH3COCH3

Heating effects of oxalate salts


7Na2C2O4 7Na2CO3 + 2CO2 + 3CO + 2C

SnC2O4
SnO + CO2 + CO
FeC2O4 FeO + CO + CO2

Ag2C2O4
2Ag + 2CO2
HgC2O4 Hg + 2CO2

Heating effects of formate salts


C
HCO2Na 350

Na2C2O4 + H2

2HCOOAg
HCOOH + 2Ag + CO2

(HCOO)2Hg HCOOH + Hg + CO2

Heating Effects

[4]

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