Cursul de programare orientata

pe obiecte
Seria 14
Saptamana 3, 5 martie 2013
Andrei Paun

Cuprinsul cursului: 5 martie 2013

Struct, Union si clase

functii prieten
Constructori/destructori
supraincarcarea functiilor in C++
supraincarcarea operatorilor in C++

Clasele in C++

cu class
obiectele instantiaza clase
similare cu struct-uri si union-uri
au functii
specificatorii de acces: public, private, protected
default: private
protected: pentru mostenire, vorbim mai tarziu

class class-name {
private data and functions
access-specifier:
data and functions
access-specifier:
data and functions
// ...
access-specifier:
data and functions
} object-list;

putem trece de la public la private si iar la public, etc.

class employee {
char name[80]; // private by default
public:
void putname(char *n); // these are public
void getname(char *n);
private:
double wage; // now, private again
public:
void putwage(double w); // back to public
double getwage();
};

class employee {
char name[80];
double wage;
public:
void putname(char *n);
void getname(char *n);
void putwage(double w);
double getwage();
};

se foloseste mai mult a doua varianta

un membru (ne-static) al clasei nu poate
avea initializare
nu putem avea ca membri obiecte de tipul
clasei (putem avea pointeri la tipul clasei)
nu auto, extern, register

 variabilele de instanta (instance variabiles)

membri de tip date ai clasei
in general private
pentru viteza se pot folosi public

Exemplu
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class myclass {
public:
int i, j, k; // accessible to entire program
};
int main()
{
myclass a, b;
a.i = 100; // access to i, j, and k is OK
a.j = 4;
a.k = a.i * a.j;
b.k = 12; // remember, a.k and b.k are different
cout << a.k << " " << b.k;
return 0;
}

Struct si class
singura diferenta: struct are default membri
ca public iar class ca private
struct defineste o clasa (tip de date)
putem avea in struct si functii

pentru compatibilitate cu cod vechi

extensibilitate
a nu se folosi struct pentru clase

// Using a structure to define a class.

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
struct mystr {
void buildstr(char *s); // public
void showstr();
private: // now go private
char str[255];
};
void mystr::buildstr(char *s){
if(!*s) *str = '\0'; // initialize string
else strcat(str, s);}
void mystr::showstr() {cout << str << "\n"; }

int main() {
mystr s;
s.buildstr(""); // init
s.buildstr("Hello ");
s.buildstr("there!");
s.showstr();
return 0;
}

class mystr {
char str[255];
public:
void buildstr(char *s); // public
void showstr();
};

union si class
la fel ca struct
toate elementele de tip data folosesc aceeasi
locatie de memorie
membrii sunt publici (by default)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
union swap_byte {
void swap();
void set_byte(unsigned short i);
void show_word();
unsigned short u;
unsigned char c[2];
};
void swap_byte::swap()
{
unsigned char t;
t = c[0];
c[0] = c[1];
c[1] = t;
}

void swap_byte::show_word()
{
cout << u;
}
void swap_byte::set_byte(unsigned short i)
{
u = i;
}

int main()
{
swap_byte b;
b.set_byte(49034);
b.swap();
b.show_word();
return 0;
}

35519

union ca si class

union nu poate mosteni

nu se poate mosteni din union
nu poate avea functii virtuale (nu avem mostenire)
nu avem variabile de instanta statice
nu avem referinte in union
nu avem obiecte care fac overload pe =
obiecte cu (con/de)structor definiti nu pot fi
membri in union

union anonime
nu au nume pentru tip
nu se pot declara obiecte de tipul respectiv
folosite pentru a spune compilatorului cum
se tin variabilele respective in memorie
folosesc aceeasi locatie de memorie

variabilele din union sunt accesibile ca si

cum ar fi declarate in blocul respectiv

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
// define anonymous union
union {
long l;
double d;
char s[4];
};

// now, reference union elements directly

l = 100000;
cout << l << " ";
d = 123.2342;
cout << d << " ";
strcpy(s, "hi");
cout << s;
return 0;
}

union anonime
nu poate avea functii
nu poate avea private sau protected (fara
functii nu avem acces la altceva)
union-uri anonime globale trebuie precizate
ca static

functii prieten
cuvantul: friend
pentru accesarea campurilor protected,
private din alta clasa
folositoare la overload-area operatorilor,
pentru unele functii de I/O, si portiuni
interconectate (exemplu urmeaza)
in rest nu se prea folosesc

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
friend int sum(myclass x);
void set_ab(int i, int j);
};
void myclass::set_ab(int i, int j) { a = i; b = j; }

// Note: sum() is not a member function of any class.

int sum(myclass x)
{
/* Because sum() is a friend of myclass, it can directly access a and b. */
return x.a + x.b;
}
int main()
{
myclass n;
n.set_ab(3, 4);
cout << sum(n);
return 0;
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int IDLE = 0;
const int INUSE = 1;
class C2; // forward declaration

class C1 {
int status; // IDLE if off, INUSE if on screen
// ...
public:
void set_status(int state);
friend int idle(C1 a, C2 b);
};
class C2 {
int status; // IDLE if off, INUSE if on screen
// ...
public:
void set_status(int state);
friend int idle(C1 a, C2 b);
};

void C1::set_status(int state)

{ status = state; }
void C2::set_status(int state)
{ status = state; }
int idle(C1 a, C2 b)
{
if(a.status || b.status) return 0;
else return 1;
}
int main()
{
C1 x;
C2 y;
x.set_status(IDLE);
y.set_status(IDLE);
if(idle(x, y)) cout << "Screen can be used.\n";
else cout << "In use.\n";
x.set_status(INUSE);
if(idle(x, y)) cout << "Screen can be used.\n";
else cout << "In use.\n";
return 0;
}

 functii prieten din alte obiecte

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
const int IDLE = 0;
const int INUSE = 1;
class C2; // forward declaration

class C1 {
int status; // IDLE if off, INUSE if on screen
// ...
public:
void set_status(int state);
int idle(C2 b); // now a member of C1
};
class C2 {
int status; // IDLE if off, INUSE if on screen
// ...
public:
void set_status(int state);
friend int C1::idle(C2 b);
};
void C1::set_status(int state)
{
status = state;
}

void C2::set_status(int state)

{ status = state; }
// idle() is member of C1, but friend of C2
int C1::idle(C2 b)
{
if(THIS->status || b.status) return 0;
else return 1;
}
int main()
{
C1 x;
C2 y;
x.set_status(IDLE);
y.set_status(IDLE);
if(x.idle(y)) cout << "Screen can be used.\n";
else cout << "In use.\n";
x.set_status(INUSE);
if(x.idle(y)) cout << "Screen can be used.\n";
else cout << "In use.\n";
return 0;
}

clase prieten
daca avem o clasa prieten, toate functiile
membre ale clasei prieten au acces la
membrii privati ai clasei

// Using a friend class.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class TwoValues {
int a;
int b;
public:
TwoValues(int i, int j) { a = i; b = j; }
friend class Min;
};
class Min {
public:
int min(TwoValues x);
};
int Min::min(TwoValues x)
{ return x.a < x.b ? x.a : x.b; }
int main()
{
TwoValues ob(10, 20);
Min m;
cout << m.min(ob);
return 0;
}

functii inline
foarte comune in clase
doua tipuri: explicit (inline) si implicit

Explicit
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

inline int max(int a, int b)

{
return a>b ? a : b;
}

int main()
{
cout << (10>20 ? 10 : 20);
cout << " " << (99>88 ? 99 : 88);
return 0;
}

int main()
{
cout << max(10, 20);
cout << " " << max(99, 88);
return 0;
}

functii inline

executie rapida
este o sugestie/cerere pentru compilator
pentru functii foarte mici
pot fi si membri ai unei clase

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
void init(int i, int j);
void show();
};
// Create an inline function.
inline void myclass::init(int i, int j)
{ a = i; b = j; }
// Create another inline function.
inline void myclass::show()
{ cout << a << " " << b << "\n"; }
int main()
{
myclass x;
x.init(10, 20);
x.show();
return 0;
}

Definirea functiilor inline implicit

(in clase)
#include <iostream>

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

using namespace std;

class myclass {
class myclass {
int a, b;
int a, b;
public:
public:
// automatic inline
// automatic inline
void init(int i, int j)
void init(int i, int j) { a=i; b=j; }
{
void show() { cout << a << " " << b << "\n"; } a = i;
};
b = j;
int main()
{
myclass x;
x.init(10, 20);
x.show();
return 0;
}

}
void show()
{
cout << a << " " << b << "\n";
}

};

Constructori parametrizati
trimitem argumente la constructori
putem defini mai multe variante cu mai
multe numere si tipuri de parametrii
overload de constructori

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class myclass {
int a, b;
public:
myclass(int i, int j) {a=i; b=j;}
void show() {cout << a << " " << b;}
};
int main()
{
myclass ob(3, 5);
ob.show();
return 0;
}

myclass ob = myclass(3, 4);

a doua forma implica copy constructors

discutat mai tarziu

#include <iostream>
#include <cstring>
using namespace std;
const int IN = 1;
const int CHECKED_OUT = 0;
class book {
char author[40];
char title[40];
int status;
public:
book(char *n, char *t, int s);
int get_status() {return status;}
void set_status(int s) {status = s;}
void show();
};

book::book(char *n, char *t, int s)

{
strcpy(author, n);
strcpy(title, t);
status = s;
}

void book::show()
{
cout << title << " by " << author;
cout << " is ";
if(status==IN) cout << "in.\n";
else cout << "out.\n";
}
int main()
{
book b1("Twain", "Tom Sawyer", IN);
book b2("Melville", "Moby Dick", CHECKED_OUT);
b1.show();
b2.show();
return 0;
}

constructori cu un paramentru
se creeaza o conversie implicita de date
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class X {
int a;
public:
X(int j) { a = j; }
int geta() { return a; }
};
int main()
{
X ob = 99; // passes 99 to j
cout << ob.geta(); // outputs 99
return 0;
}

Membrii statici ai claselor

elemente statice: date, functii

Membrii statici: de tip date

variabila precedata de static
o singura copie din acea variabila va exista
pentru toata clasa
deci fiecare obiect din clasa poate accesa
campul respectiv, dar in memorie nu avem
decat o singura variabila definita astfel
variabilele initializate cu 0 inainte de crearea
primului obiect

 o variabila statica declarata in clasa nu este

definita (nu s-a alocat inca spatiu pentru ea)
deci trebuie definita in mod global in afara
clasei
aceasta definitie din afara clasei ii aloca spatiu
in memorie

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class shared {
static int a;
int b;
public:
void set(int i, int j) {a=i; b=j;}
void show();} ;
int shared::a; // define a

This is static a: 1
This is non-static b: 1
This is static a: 2
This is non-static b: 2
This is static a: 2
This is non-static b: 1

void shared::show(){
cout << "This is static a: " << a;
cout << "\nThis is non-static b: " << b;
cout << "\n";}
int main(){
shared x, y;
x.set(1, 1); // set a to 1
x.show();
y.set(2, 2); // change a to 2
y.show();
x.show(); /* Here, a has been changed for both x and y
because a is shared by both objects. */
return 0;}

 C++ vechi NU cerea redeclararea lui a

prin operatorul de rezolutie de scop ::
daca intalniti cod C++ vechi de acest tip
este RECOMANDABIL sa se redefineasca
variabilele statice folosind sintaxa C++
modern
DE CE? creeaza inconsitente

Variabile statice de instanta

pot fi folosite inainte de a avea un obiect din
clasa respectiva
in continuare: variabila de instanta definita
static si public
ca sa folosim o asemenea variabila de
instanta folosim operatorul de rezolutie de
scop cu numele clasei

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class shared {
public:
static int a;
};
int shared::a; // define a
int main()
{
// initialize a before creating any objects
shared::a = 99;
cout << "This is initial value of a: " << shared::a;
cout << "\n";
shared x;
cout << "This is x.a: " << x.a;
return 0;
}

Folosirea variabilelor statice de

instanta
semafoare: controlul asupra unei resurse pe
care pot lucra mai multe obiecte

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class cl {
static int resource;
public:
int get_resource();
void free_resource() {resource = 0;}
};
int cl::resource; // define resource

int main()
{
cl ob1, ob2;
if(ob1.get_resource()) cout << "ob1 has resource\n";
if(!ob2.get_resource()) cout << "ob2 denied resource\n";
ob1.free_resource(); // let someone else use it
if(ob2.get_resource())
cout << "ob2 can now use resource\n";
return 0;
}

int cl::get_resource()
{
if(resource) return 0; // resource already in use
else {
resource = 1;
return 1; // resource allocated to this object
}
}

Alte exemplu
Numararea obiectelor dintr-o clasa

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class Counter {
public:
static int count;
Counter() { count++; }
~Counter() { count--; }
};

void f()
{
Counter temp;
cout << "Objects in existence: ";
cout << Counter::count << "\n";
// temp is destroyed when f() returns
}

int Counter::count;
void f();
int main(void)
{
Counter o1;
cout << "Objects in existence: ";
cout << Counter::count << "\n";
Counter o2;
cout << "Objects in existence: ";
cout << Counter::count << "\n";
f();
cout << "Objects in existence: ";
cout << Counter::count << "\n";
return 0;
}

Objects in existence: 1
Objects in existence: 2
Objects in existence: 3
Objects in existence: 2

 Folosirea variabilor statice de instanta

elimina necesitatea variabilelor globale
folosirea variabilelor globale aproape
intotdeauna violeaza principiul encapsularii
datelor, si deci nu este in concordanta cu
OOP

functii statice pentru clase

au dreptul sa foloseasca doar elemente
statice din clasa (sau accesibile global)
nu au pointerul this
nu putem avea varianta statica si non-statica
pentru o functie
nu pot fi declarate ca virtual (legat de
mostenire)
folosire limitata (initializare de date statice)

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class cl {
static int resource;
public:
static int get_resource();
void free_resource() { resource = 0; }
};
int cl::resource; // define resource

int main()
{
cl ob1, ob2;
/* get_resource() is static so may be called
independent of any object. */
if(cl::get_resource()) cout << "ob1 has resource\n";
if(!cl::get_resource()) cout << "ob2 denied resource\n";
ob1.free_resource();
if(ob2.get_resource()) // can still call using object syntax
cout << "ob2 can now use resource\n";
return 0;

int cl::get_resource()
}
{
if(resource) return 0; // resource already in use
else {
resource = 1;
return 1; // resource allocated to this object
}
}

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class static_type {
static int i;
public:
static void init(int x) {i = x;}
void show() {cout << i;}
};
int static_type::i; // define i

int main()
{
// init static data before object creation
static_type::init(100);
static_type x;
x.show(); // displays 100
return 0;
}

folosirea uzuala a
functiilor statice

Chestiuni despre constructori si

desctructori
constructor: executat la crearea obiectului
destructor : executat la distrugerea
obiectului
obiecte globale: constructorii executati in
ordinea in care sunt definite obiectele
destructorii: dupa ce main s-a terminat in
ordinea inversa a constructorilor

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class myclass {
int who;
public:
myclass(int id);
~myclass();
} glob_ob1(1), glob_ob2(2);
myclass::myclass(int id)
{
cout << "Initializing " << id << "\n";
who = id;}

Initializing 1
Initializing 2
Initializing 3
This will not be first line displayed.
Initializing 4
Destructing 4
Destructing 3
Destructing 2
Destructing 1

myclass::~myclass()
{ cout << "Destructing " << who << "\n";}

int main()
{
myclass local_ob1(3);
cout << "This will not be first line displayed.\n";
myclass local_ob2(4);
return 0;
}

Operatorul de rezolutie de scop ::

int i; // global i
void f()
{
int i; // local i
i = 10; // uses local i
.
.
.
}

int i; // global i
void f()
{
int i; // local i
::i = 10; // now refers to global i
.
.
.
}

Clase locale
putem defini clase in clase sau functii
class este o declaratie, deci defineste un
scop
operatorul de rezolutie de scop ajuta in
aceste cazuri
rar utilizate clase in clase

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
void f();
int main()
{
f();
// myclass not known here
return 0;
}
void f()
{
class myclass {
int i;
public:
void put_i(int n) { i=n; }
int get_i() { return i; }
} ob;
ob.put_i(10);
cout << ob.get_i();
}

exemplu de clasa in functia f()

restrictii: functii definite in clasa
nu acceseaza variabilele locale ale
functiei
acceseaza variabilele definite
static
fara variabile static definite in
clasa

transmitere de obiecte catre functii

similar cu tipurile predefinite
call-by-value
constructori-destructori!

// Passing an object to a function.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class myclass {
int i;
public:
myclass(int n);
~myclass();
void set_i(int n) { i=n; }
int get_i() { return i; }
};
myclass::myclass(int n)
{
i = n;
cout << "Constructing " << i << "\n";
}
myclass::~myclass()
{
cout << "Destroying " << i << "\n";
}

void f(myclass ob);

int main()
{
myclass o(1);
f(o);
cout << "This is i in main: ";
cout << o.get_i() << "\n";
return 0;
}
void f(myclass ob)
{
ob.set_i(2);
cout << "This is local i: " << ob.get_i();
cout << "\n";
}

Constructing 1
This is local i: 2
Destroying 2
This is i in main: 1
Destroying 1

Discutie
apelam constructorul cand creem obiectul o
apelam de DOUA ori destructorul
la apel de functie: apel prin valoare, o copie
a obiectului e creata
apelam constructorul?
la finalizare apelam destructorul?

 La apel de functie constructorul normal

NU ESTE APELAT
se apeleaza asa-numitul constructorul de
copiere
un asemenea constructor defineste cum se
copiaza un obiect
se poate defini explicit de catre programator
daca nu e definit C++ il creeaza automat

Constructor de copiere
C++ il defineste pentru a face o copie
identica pe date
constructorul e folosit pentru initializare
constr. de copiere e folosit pentru obiect
deja initializat, doar copiaza
vrem sa folosim starea curenta a obiectului,
nu starea initiala a unui obiect din clasa
respectiva

destructori pentru obiecte transmise

catre functii
trebuie sa distrugem obiectul respectiv
chemam destructorul
putem avea probleme cu obiecte care folosesc
memoria dinamic: la distrugere copia elibereaza
memoria, obiectul din main este defect (nu mai are
memorie alocata)
in aceste cazuri trebuie sa redefinim operatorul de
copiere (copy constructor)

Functii care intorc obiecte

o functie poate intoarce obiecte
un obiect temporar este creat automat pentru a tine
informatiile din obiectul de intors
acesta este obiectul care este intors
dupa ce valoarea a fost intoarsa, acest obiect este
distrus
probleme cu memoria dinamica: solutie
polimorfism pe = si pe constructorul de copiere

// Returning objects from a function.

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

class myclass {
int i;
public:
void set_i(int n) { i=n; }
int get_i() { return i; }
};
myclass f(); // return object of type myclass
int main()
{
myclass o;
o = f();
cout << o.get_i() << "\n";
return 0;
}

myclass f()
{
myclass x;
x.set_i(1);
return x;
}

copierea prin operatorul =

este posibil sa dam valoarea unui obiect
altui obiect
trebuie sa fie de acelasi tip (aceeasi clasa)

// Assigning objects.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
class myclass {
int i;
public:
void set_i(int n) { i=n; }
int get_i() { return i; }
};
int main()
{
myclass ob1, ob2;
ob1.set_i(99);
ob2 = ob1; // assign data from ob1 to ob2
cout << "This is ob2's i: " << ob2.get_i();
return 0;
}

#include<iostream.h>
class B
{ int i;
public: B() { i=1; }
virtual int get_i() { return i; }
};
class D: public B
{ int j;
public: D() { j=2; }
int get_i() {return B::get_i()+j; }
};
int main()
{ const int i = cin.get();
if (i%3) { D o;}
else {B o;}
cout<<o.get_i();
return 0;
}

#include <iostream.h>
class A
{ static int x;
public: A(int i=0) {x=i; }
int get_x() { return x; }
int& set_x(int i) { x=i;}
A operator=(A a1) { set_x(a1.get_x()); return a1;}
};
int main()
{ A a(212), b;
cout<<(b=a).get_x();
return 0;
}

#include<iostream.h>
class B
{ int i;
public: B() { i=1; }
virtual int get_i() { return i; } };
class D: virtual public B
{ int j;
public: D() { j=2; }
int get_i() {return B::get_i()+j; } };
class D2: virtual public B
{ int j2;
public: D2() { j2=3; }
int get_i() {return B::get_i()+j2; } };
class MM: public D, public D2
{ int x;
public: MM() { x=D::get_i()+D2::get_i(); }
int get_i() {return x; } };
int main()
{ B *o= new MM();
cout<<o->get_i()<<"\n";
MM *p= dynamic_cast<MM*>(o);
if (p) cout<<p->get_i()<<"\n";
D *p2= dynamic_cast<D*>(o);
if (p2) cout<<p2->get_i()<<"\n";
return 0;
}

#include<iostream.h>
class B
{ protected: int x;
public: B(int i=28) { x=i; }
virtual B f(B ob) { return x+ob.x+1; }
void afisare(){ cout<<x; } };
class D: public B
{ public: D(int i=-32):B(i) {}
B f(B ob) { return x+ob.x-1; } };
int main()
{ B *p1=new D, *p2=new B, *p3=new B(p1->f(*p2));
p3->afisare();
return 0;
}