The

Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

Category
General Approach

Reference Lists
Citing Books

General book
format

MLA
The Modern Language Association
(MLA) provides a method for source
documentation that is used in most
humanities courses. The humanities
place emphasis on authorship, so most
MLA citation involves recording the
authors name in the physical text. The
authors name is also the first to appear
in the Works Cited page at the end of
an essay. The most recent MLA
formatting can be found in the seventh
edition of the MLA manual.

CMS
The Chicago Manual of Style (CMS) includes
two systems for citation: a notes and
bibliography (NB) system and an author-date
(AD) system. The NB system is used in most
history courses. History places much emphasis
on source origins, so footnotes and endnotes
are used to demonstrate on-page where a
particular piece of information came from. In
CMS, a number is assigned to a particular fact
in the text, and the correlating footnote or
endnote will link the source to the text and to
the bibliography. The most recent CMS
formatting can be found in the sixteenth
edition of the CMS manual.
Occasionally truncated entries are given simply to focus on the differences between citations for each type of material. Ellipses
indicate which entries would normally continue according to the basic principles of each style. Please see the OWL Research and
Citation sections for more details.
Book citations in MLA generally require Book citations in APA generally require
Book citations in CMS style generally require
the author name, work title,
author name, publication year, work
the author name, work title, publication city,
publication city, publisher, year
title, publication city, and publisher.
publisher, and publication year.
published, and an indication of the
publication medium, such as print.
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivores
Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivores
Pollan, Michael. The Omnivores Dilemma.
Dilemma. New York: Penguin Group,
dilemma. New York, NY: Penguin
New York: Penguin Group, 2006.
2006. Print.
Group.
Pollan, Michael. . . .
Pollan, M. (2006). . . .
Pollan, Michael. . . .
Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. . . .
Bell, J. K., & Cohn A. (1968). . . .
Bell, James K., and Adrian A. Cohn. . . .

Single author
Two or three
authors
More than
Kernis, Michael., et al. . . .
three authors Optionally, give all author names in
the order they appear on the title
page.

updated October 2014

APA
The American Psychological Association
(APA) provides a method for source
documentation that is used in most
social sciences courses. The social
sciences place emphasis on the date a
work was created, so most APA citation
involves recording the date of a
particular work in the physical text. The
date is usually placed immediately after
the authors name in the References
page at the end of an essay. The most
recent APA formatting can be found in
the sixth edition of the APA manual.

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R.,

Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S.
(1993). . . .

Kernis, Michael, D. P. Cornell, C. R. Sun, A.

Berry, T. Harlow, and J. S. Bach. . . .
For 4 to 10 authors, include all names in
bibliography, but only the first in notes.

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

Eight or more
authors

Corporate/
Organization
author
Unknown
author
Two or more
works by the
same author
Two or more
works by the
same author,
same year.
Author with
an editor

Kernis, Michael., et al.

Optionally, give all author names in
the order they appear on the title
page.
American Psychiatric Association. . . .

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R.,

Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S . . .
Last Authors Name (1993). . . .
American Psychiatric Association.
(2005). . . .

American Psychiatric Association. . . .

Oxford Essential World Atlas. . . .

Oxford essential world atlas. (2001). . . .

Oxford Essential World Atlas. . . .

No change to name format; change

noted by title.

Slechty, P. C. (1997). . . .

Slechty, P. C. (2001). . . .
Slechty, P. C. (1997a). . . .

Slechty, P. C. (1997b). . . .

No change to name format.

No change to name format; change

noted by title.

Poston, Ted. A First Draft of History. Ed. Poston, T. (2000). A draft of history. In K.
Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens, U of
A. Hauke (Ed.). Athens: University of
Georgia P: 2000.
Georgia Press.
Author with a Laplace, P. S. A Philosophical Essay on
Laplace, P. S. (1902). A philosophical
translator
Probabilities. Trans. F. W. Truscott
essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott
and F. L. Emory. London, John Wiley
& F. L. Emory, Trans.). London: John
and Sons: 1902.
Wiley & Sons.
Editor with no Consequences of Growing Up Poor. Eds. Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.).
author
G. J. Duncan and J. Brooks-Gunn. New
(1997). Consequences of growing up
York, Russell Sage Foundation: 1997
poor. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.
Work in an
Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging
Harris, Muriel. (2000). Talk to me:
anthology
Reluctant Writers." A Tutor's Guide:
Engaging reluctant writers. In Ben
Helping Writers One to One. Ed. Ben
Rafoth (Ed.), A tutors guide: Helping
Rafoth. Portsmouth: Heinemann,
writers one to one (pp. 2434).
2000. 24-34. Print.
Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann.
Edition other Helfer, M. S., R. S. Keme, and R. D.
Helfer, M. S., Keme, R. S., & Drugman, R.
than first
Drugman. The Battered Child. 5th ed.
D. (1997). The battered child (5th ed.).

updated October 2014

List first seven names (as above) followed by

et al.

No change to name format.

Poston, Ted. A Draft of History. Edited by

Kathleen A. Hauke. Athens: University of
Georgia Press, 2000.
Laplace, P. S. A Philosophical Essay on
Probabilities. Translated by F. W. Truscott
and F. L. Emory. London: John Wiley and
Sons, 1902.
Duncan, G. J. and J. Brooks-Gunn, eds. New
York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1997.

Harris, Muriel. "Talk to Me: Engaging

Reluctant Writers." In A Tutor's Guide:
Helping Writers One to One, edited by Ben
Rafoth, 2434. Portsmouth, NH:
Heinemann, 2000.
Helfer, M.S., R.S. Keme, and R.D. Drugman.
The Battered Child. 5th ed. Chicago:

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

Chicago, U of Chicago P: 1997.
Multivolume
work
Encyclopedia/
Dictionary
Foreword,
introduction,
preface, or
afterword
Articles in Periodicals

Magazine

Scholarly
Journal
(paginated by
issue)
Daily
newspaper

Dictionary of the History of Ideas. Ed. P.

Wiener. 4 vols. New York, Charles
Scribner's Sons: 1968-73.
Posner, Rebecca. Romance
Languages. The Encyclopedia
Britannica: Macropedia. 15th ed.
1987. Print.
Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction.
Permanence and Change: An
Anatomy of Purpose. By Kenneth
Burke. Berkeley: U of California P,
1984. xiii-xliv. Print.
Although periodicals are cited similarly
to most book sources, MLAs seventh
edition makes some distinctions
specific to periodicals.

3
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of
the history of ideas (Vols. 14). New
York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Posner, R. (1987). Romance Languages.
In The encyclopedia Britannica:
macropedia (15th ed.).

Duncan, H. D. (1984). Introduction. In

K. Burke, Permanence and Change:
An Anatomy of Purpose (xiiixliv).
Berkeley, CA: University of
California Press.
In APA periodical citation, authors are
named by their last name followed by
initials; the publication year goes
between parentheses and is followed by
a period. Only the first word and proper
nouns are capitalized for article titles.
Periodical titles are written in title case
and followed by the volume number,
which, with the title, is also italicized.
Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-
Poniewozik, J. (2000, November 20). TV
Close Call." Time 20 Nov. 2000: 70-71.
makes a too-close call. Time, 156(21),
Print.
7071.
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting
Bagchi, A. (1996). Conflicting
Nationalisms: The Voice of the
nationalisms: The voice of the
Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai
subaltern in Mahasweta Devis Bashai
Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women's
Tudu. Tulsa Studies in Womens
Literature 15.1 (1996): 41-50. Print.
Literature, 15(1), 4150.
Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating."
Krugman, A. (2007, May 21). Fear of
New York Times 21 May 2007. A1.
eating. New York Times, p. A1.
Print.

updated October 2014

University of Chicago Press, 1997.

Weiner, P., ed. Dictionary of the History of
Ideas. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's
Sons, 196873.
Cited in endnotes only.
1. The Encyclopedia Britannica: Macropedia,
15th ed., s.v. Romance Languages.
Duncan, Hugh Dalziel. Introduction to
Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of
Purpose, by Kenneth Burke, (xiiixliv).
Berkeley: University of California Press,
1984.
CMS periodical citations include author name,
article title, publication title, publication date,
and issue information. CMS also requires
citation of a URL if the journal was accessed
online.

Poniewozik, James. "TV Makes a Too-Close

Call." Time, November 20, 2000.
Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms:
The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta
Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in
Womens Literature 15.1 (1996): 4150.
Krugman, Andrew. "Fear of Eating." New York
Times, May 2007.

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

Editorial in
newspaper
Letter to the
editor

Book or film
review

Online Sources

General
format

Entire
Website

Page from
Website

"Of Mines and Men." Editorial. Wall

Of mines and men (2003, Oct 24).
Street Journal. 24 Oct. 2003: A14.
[Editorial] The Wall Street Journal, p.
Print.
A14.
Hamer, John. Letter. American
Hamer, J. (2006/2007,
Journalism Review Dec. 2006/Jan.
December/January). [Letter to the
2007: 7. Print.
editor]. American Journalism Review,

7.
Seitz, Matt Zoller. "Life in the Sprawling Seitz, M. Z. (2007, May 30). Life in the
Suburbs, If You Can Really Call It
sprawling suburbs, if you can really call
Living." Rev. of Radiant City, dir. Gary
it living [Review of the film Radiant
Burns and Jim Brown. New York Times
City, directed by Gary Burns and Jim
30 May 2007 late ed.: E1. Print.
Brown, 2006]. New York Times, late
ed.: E1.
MLA guidelines for most online sources In APA citation, online sources often
were developed under the assumption include what are known as DOIs, or
that content can be found online as
digital object identifiers. If a DOI is
long as information, such as author and available, it is used in place of a URL. The
title, were included. Therefore, MLA
DOI is a serial number that identifies the
does not require a URL listing. MLA
source regardless of URL changes, and it
citation of online sources does,
can often be found on the first page of
however, ask for a publisher or sponsor an online source. APA generally cites
of the webpage. Authors for websites
author, date, page title, site title,
are often corporations, or
available page numbers, and a URL or
governments.
DOI.
Author. Title of Site. Sponsor, Date
Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]).
created (use n.d. if not given).
Article or page title. Larger Publication
Medium. Date accessed.
Title, volume or issue number.
Retrieved from http://url address
United States Environmental Protection United States Environmental Protection
Agency. Drinking Water Standards.
Agency. (2004, July). Drinking water
EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006
standards. Retrieved from US EPA
website http://water.epa.gov/drink
Shiva, Vandana. Bioethics: A Third
Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: A
World Issue. Nativeweb. Nativeweb,
third world issue. Nativeweb.

updated October 2014

4
Cited in notes only, without headline.
1. Editorial, Wall Street Journal, October 24,
2003.
Cited in notes only, without headline.
1. John Hamer, letter to the editor,
American Journalism Review, December
2006/January 2007.
Sietz, Matt Zoller. Review of Radiant City,
Directed by Gary Burns and Jim Brown.
New York Times, May 30, 2007, Late
edition.

CMS citation requires the URL or DOI to be

listed at the end of the citation but not the
date the contented was accessed. If the
internet source is time sensitive, include the
date of access after the URL listing in
parenthesis.

Author (and/or owner, sponsor). Document

Title. URL or DOI.

United States Environmental Protection

Agency. Drinking Water Standards.
http://water.epa.gov/drink.
Shiva, Vandana. Bioethics: A Third World
Issue. Nativeweb.

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006.

5
Retrieved from
http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/lega
l/shiva.html

Page from
Media Giants. Frontline: The
Media giants. (2001). Frontline: The
Website with
Merchants of Cool. PBS Online, 2001.
Merchants of Cool. Retrieved from PBS
unknown
Web. 7 Feb. 2006.
Online
author
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/fron
tline/shows/cool/giants/
Image from a Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles
Goya, F. (1800). The family of Charles IV.
Website
IV. 1800. Museo Nacional del Prado,
Museo National del Prado. Retrieved
Madrid. Museo National del Prado.
from
Web. 22 May 2006.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd

/goya/hd_goya.htm
Online book
Milton, John. Paradise Lost: Book I.
Milton, J. (1667). Paradise lost: Book I.
Poetryfoundation.org. Poetry
Poetry Foundation. Retrieved from
Foundation, 2008. Web. 14 Dec.
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/arc
2008.
hive/poem.html?id=174002
Portion of an Adams, Henry. Diplomacy. The
Adams, H. (1918). Diplomacy. The
online book
Education of Henry Adams. By Adams.
education of Henry Adams.
Boston: Houghton, 1918. N. pag.
Bartleby.com: Great Books Online.
Bartleby.com: Great Books Online.
Retrieved from
Web. 8 Jan 2007.
http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Article in an
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of
Bent, H. (1959). Professionalization of
online journal
the Ph.D. Degree. The Journal of
the Ph.D. degree. The Journal of Higher
Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-45. Education, 30.3, 140145.
Web. 5 Dec. 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286.
Article in an
online
magazine/
newspaper

Bernstein, Mark. "10 Tips on Writing

the Living Web." A List Apart: For
People Who Make Websites, 16 Aug.
2002. Web. 4 May 2009.

Entire blog

Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout.

updated October 2014

Bernstein, M. (2002). 10 tips on writing

the living web. A List Apart: For People
Who Make Websites. Retrieved from
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/wr
iteliving
Mayer, C. (2007, January 10). The

http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shi
va.html.

Media Giants. Frontline: The Merchants of

Cool.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/
shows/cool/giants.
Goya, Francisco. The Family of Charles IV.
Museo Nacional del Prado, Madrid, 1800.
Painting.
http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/goy
a/hd_goya.htm
Milton, John. Paradise Lost. City and Date of
Original Publication.
http://www.poetryfoundation.org/archive/
poem.html?id=174002
Adams, Henry. Diplomacy. The Education of
Henry Adams. Reprint of the 1918 edition,
Bartleby.com: Great Books Online.
http://www.bartleby.com/159/8.html
Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the
Ph.D. Degree. The Journal of Higher
Education 30, no. 3 (1959): 14045.
Accessed December 5, 2008.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/1978286.
Bernstein, M. 10 Tips on Writing the Living
Web. A List Apart. August 16, 2002.
http://www.alistapart.com/articles/writeliv
ing
Mayer, Caroline. The Checkout (blog).

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

Washington Post, 10 Jan. 2007. Web.
19 Jan. 2007.
Single Blog
Entry

Mayer, Caroline. Stamps to Become a

Marketing Vehicle. The Checkout.
Washington Post, 10 Jan. 2007. Web.
19 Jan. 2007.

Comment or
Editor, user, author, or compiler (if
response on a
available). Posting Title. Name of
blog post
Site. Version number (if available).
Name of site, sponsor or publisher.
Medium of publication. Access Date.
CD-ROM
Pimpernel. The American Heritage
Dictionary of the English Language.
4th ed. Boston: Houghton, 2000. CD-
ROM.
E-mail
Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist
Literature." Message to the author.
15 Nov. 2000. E-mail.
Multimedia Sources
MLA format for multimedia sources
requires a medium description at the
end of the citation. Film, DVD, radio,
Web, a performance, and other
descriptions should be used to indicate
the type of multimedia referenced.
Video or film An Inconvenient Truth. Dir. David
Guggenheim. Narr. Al Gore.
Paramount, 2006. DVD.
Podcast/
YouTube

Murphy, Beth. Tips for a Good Profile

Piece. Project: Report. YouTube, 27
Sept. 2008. Web. 29 Sept. 2008.

updated October 2014

6
checkout. [Web log]. Retrieved from
http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thec
heckout/
Mayer, C. (2007, January 10). Stamps to
become marketing vehicle. [Web log
post] The checkout. Retrieved from
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-
dyn/content/article/2006/05/23/AR20
06052301593.html
Writers name. (Date of comment).
Subject of post. [Web log comment].
Retrieved from: URL or DOI

Pimpernel. (2000). [CD-ROM].The

American Heritage Dictionary of the
English Language. 4th ed.
Not included in references.

http://blog.washingtonpost.com/thechecko
ut/
Mayer, Caroline. Stamps to Become a
Marketing Vehicle. The Checkout (blog).

Author username (Real Name), date, comment

on Blog Author Name. Entry Title, Blog
Title, Date of post.

Pimpernel. The American Heritage

Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed.
Boston: Houghton, 2000. CD-ROM.

Cited in notes only.

1. Andrew Kunka, e-mail message to
author, November 15, 2000.
Electronic sources in APA format may
When citing media sources in CMS format,
include a digital object identifier (DOI)
include as much information as is available
number. When a DOI is evident, it may
regarding author, producer, sponsor,
be used in place of a URL address. An
publication, medium, dates, site title, and any
online source should include either a
available URL. An access date is not always
DOI or a URL.
needed in CMS formatting.
Guggenheim, D. (Director), & Bender, L. An Inconvenient Truth. Directed by David
(Producer). (2006). An inconvenient
Guggenheim. United States: Paramount
truth [DVD]. United States: Paramount
Home Entertainment, 2006. DVD, 94 min.
Home Entertainment.
Murphy, B. (2008, September 27). Tips
Murphy, Beth. Tips for a Good Profile Piece.
for a good profile piece. [YouTube].
Project: Report. YouTube. Sept. 27, 2008.
Project: Report. Retrieved from
2:32.

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K
PZFYBvRWwA
Lecture/
Teplin, Linda A., et al. Early Violent
Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., Abram,
Public address
Death in Delinquent Youth: A
K. M., & Washburn, J. J. (2005). Early
Prospective Longitudinal Study.
violent death in delinquent youth: a
Annual Meeting of the American
prospective longitudinal study.
Psychology-Law-Society. La Jolla,
[Presentation]. Paper presented at the
California. March, 2005. Presentation.
Annual Meeting of the American
Psychology-Law-Society. La Jolla, CA.
Other Sources


The Purdue
Brizee, Allen, and Elyssa Tardiff. Four Brizee, A., & Tardiff, E. (2010, April 7).
OWL
Main Components for Effective
Four main components for effective
Outlines. Purdue Online Writing Lab.
outlines. Purdue Online Writing Lab.
Purdue University, 7 April, 2010. Web. Retrieved from
20 Dec. 2010.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/res
ource/544/01/
Government
Continental Congress. Journals of the
Continental Congress. (1774-1789).
publication
Continental Congress, 1774-1789.
Journals of the continental congress.
Washington DC. 1904-1937.
Washington, DC. 1904-1937.
Dissertation

Choi, Mihwa. Contesting Imaginaries

in Death Rituals during the Northern
Song Dynasty. Diss. University of
Chicago, 2008. Web. Contesting
Imaginaries in Death Rituals during
the Northern Song Dynasty.

Choi, M. (2008). Contesting imaginaries

in death rituals during the northern
song dynasty (Doctoral dissertation).
Available from ProQuest database.
(AAT 3300426).

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPZFY
BvRWwA
Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M.
Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. Early
Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A
Prospective Longitudinal Study. Paper
presented at the Annual Meeting of the
American Psychology-Law-Society, La Jolla,
CA, March 2005.

Brizee, Allen, and Elyssa Tardiff. Four Main
Components for Effective Outlines. Purdue
Online Writing Lab. Purdue University.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resourc
e/544/01/
Continental Congress, Journals of the
Continental Congress, 1774-1789, Edited by
Worthington C. Ford et al. 34 vols.
Washington, DC, 1904-37.
Choi, Mihwa. Contesting Imaginaires in Death
Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.
PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008.
ProQuest (A AT 3300426).

In-Text Citations

Citing Books

Like most source documentation

systems, MLA uses in-text citations to
give readers information and directs
readers to the more specific Works
Cited page should a reader want to
pursue a source further. Generally, MLA

APA adds to MLA style by including

page number(s), and date. The date is
generally provided parenthetically next
to author(s) names, while page
numbers always appear parenthetically
at the ends of sentences. The date is

Footnotes or endnotes are used when citing

within the text of a CMS formatted document.
These notes do not take the place of the final
bibliography page; instead, endnotes and
footnotes strengthen a documents credibility
by providing specific source information for

updated October 2014

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

in-text citation requires an author name
and a page number where the
information being cited can be found.
Author named Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to
in a signal
this phenomenon as a cumulative
phrase
collaboration of evidence (49).

8
important in social science because it
helps demonstrate the relevance
(newness) of the work being cited.
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper (1961)
refers to this phenomenon as a
cumulative collaboration of evidence
(p. 49).

Author not
named in a
signal phrase

This phenomenon is best referred to as

a cumulative collaboration of
evidence (Pepper 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as

a cumulative collaboration of
evidence (Pepper, 1961, p. 49).

Unknown
author

This phenomenon is best referred to as

a cumulative collaboration of
evidence (World Hypotheses 49).

This phenomenon is best referred to as

a cumulative collaboration of
evidence (World Hypotheses, 1961, p.
49).

Unknown
This phenomenon is best referred to as
page number a cumulative collaboration of
evidence (Pepper).

This phenomenon is best referred to as

a cumulative collaboration of
evidence (Pepper, Evidence and
Corroboration section, para. 22).

More than
one work by
the same
author

Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to

this phenomenon as a cumulative
collaboration of evidence (World
Hypotheses 49), which he hints toward
in earlier work as well (Emergence

updated October 2014

readers. Footnotes in CMS style generally

include the author name, the publication title,
publication date, publisher information with
the very first citation, and a page number.
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this
phenomenon as a cumulative collaboration
of evidence.12

Match number 12 to endnote 12 at the

bottom of the page or in notes section
12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses
(Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1961), 49.
This phenomenon is best referred to as a
cumulative collaboration of evidence.12

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses

(Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1961), 49.
This phenomenon is best referred to as a
cumulative collaboration of evidence.12

12. World Hypotheses, (Los Angeles:
University of California Press, 1961), 49.
This phenomenon is best referred to as a
cumulative collaboration of evidence.12

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses,

(Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1961).
Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to Philosopher Stephen C. Pepper refers to this
this phenomenon as a cumulative
phenomenon as a cumulative collaboration
collaboration of evidence (World
of evidence,12 which he hints toward in
Hypotheses, 1961, p. 49), which he hints earlier work as well.13

toward in earlier work as well

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

241).

Two or three
authors

Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser note in

Going Public the importance of
redefining expectations for faculty work
(3).

Four or more
authors

Some studies that focus specifically on

undergraduate perspectives of
academic writing found a variety of
approaches (Anderson et al. 11).

Corporate
author

The American Psychological

Associations study demonstrated the
significant role of prayer as a coping
mechanism for health (67).

Authors with
the same last
name
Encyclopedia

Use the first initial to differentiate (A.

Smith 19).

12. Stephen C. Pepper, World Hypotheses,

(Los Angeles: University of California Press,
1961), 49.
13. Stephen C. Pepper, Emergence, The
Journal of Philosophy 23, no. 9 (1926).
Rose and Weiser (2010) note the
Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser note in Going
importance of redefining expectations
Public the importance of redefining
for faculty work (p. 3).
expectations for faculty work.6
6. Shirley K. Rose and Irwin Weiser, Going
Public (Logan, UT: Utah State University Press,
2010), 3.
In 1990, Anderson, Best, Black, Hurst,
Some studies that focus specifically on
Miller, and Miller produced a study that undergraduate perspectives of academic
focused specifically on undergraduate
writing found a variety of approaches.2
perspectives of academic writing, and

they found a variety of approaches in
2. Worth Anderson et al., Cross-Curricular
place (p. 11).
Underlife: A Collaborative Report on Ways
with Academic Words, College Composition
and Communication 41, no. 1.
This study demonstrated the significant This study demonstrated the significant role of
role of prayer as a coping mechanism
prayer as a coping mechanism for health.9
for health (American Psychological

Association, 2011, p. 67).
9. American Psychological Association,
National Trends in Prayer Use as a Coping
Mechanism for Health Concerns: Changes
from 2002 to 2007, Psychology of Religion
and Spirituality.
Use the first initial to differentiate (A.
Does not apply; endnotes will differentiate.
Smith, 2009, p. 19).

Romance languages have a curious

history (Romance Languages).

Romance languages have a curious

history (Posner, 1987).

updated October 2014

(Emergence, 1926, p. 241).

Use endnote only, does not appear in

bibliography.

1. The Encyclopedia Britannica:

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

Multivolume
work
Two or more
works in the
same
parentheses

Use the volume number followed by the

page number in the citation, e.g., (2:
119).
Many 19th century American authors
noted the importance of religion in
conceiving nature (Emerson 1123;
Thoreau 1994).

An entire
work

Thoreaus Walking demonstrates a

fascination with sauntering.

Work in an
anthology

Use the selections name and page

number, not the editor.

The life of poverty in the south is
captured by Hurstons candid
autobiography, From Dust Tracks on a
Road (336).

Multimedia Sources
Video or film

Podcast/
YouTube

Cite as in-text document using the first
text element in the works cited entry.

The role of Irish folklore is depicted in
contemporary films such as John
Sayless The Secret of Roan Inish.

Use video author/podcast name and
given title.

updated October 2014

10
Macropedia, 15th ed., s.v. Romance
Languages.
Use the page number and date; indicate
10. Phillip P. Weiner, Dictionary of the
the volume in the reference section
History of Ideas, 6 vols, (Charles Scribner and
only.
Sons, 2004).
Many 19th century American authors
Many 19th century American authors noted
noted the importance of religion in
the importance of religion in conceiving
conceiving nature (Emerson, 1836;
nature.22
Thoreau, 1862).

22. Henry David Thoreau, Walking, 1862;
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nature, 1836.
Thoreaus Walking (1862)
Thoreaus Walking demonstrates a
demonstrates a fascination with
fascination with sauntering.22
sauntering.

22. Henry David Thoreau, Walking, 1862.
Cite the specific work only, not the
The life of poverty in the south is captured by
anthology or its editor.
Hurstons candid autobiography, From Dust

Tracks on a Road.19
The life of poverty in the south is

captured by Hurstons candid
19. Zora Neale Hurston, From Dust Tracks
autobiography, From Dust Tracks on a on a Road. In The Norton Book of American
Road (1942).
Autobiography, edited by Jay Parini (New
York: Norton, 1999), 336.


Cite as in-text document using release
The role of Irish folklore is depicted in
date.
contemporary films such as John Sayless, The

Secret of Roan Inish.45
The role of Irish folklore is depicted in

contemporary films such as John
45. The Secret of Roan Inish, DVD, directed
Sayless The Secret of Roan Inish (1993). by John Sayles (1993; Culver City, CA:
Columbia Tristar Home Video, 2000).
Use video/podcast author name, if
Include in notes as a document from a
known, title, and posting date.
website.

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

The quirks of spending become obvious
when listening to productions such as
David Kesetenbaums podcast, A Big
Bridge in the Wrong Place, on Planet
Money.
Lecture/
The problem of violent death among
Public address delinquent youths was carefully
documented by Teplin et al. in an
address delivered in 2005 at the Annual
Meeting of the American Psychology-
Law-Society.

Other Sources
The Purdue
OWL

Government
publication

11
The quirks of spending become obvious
when listening to productions such as
David Kesetenbaums podcast, A Big
Bridge in the Wrong Place, on Planet
Money (2011).
The problem of violent death among
delinquent youths was carefully
documented by Teplin et al. in an
address delivered at the Annual
Meeting of the American Psychology-
Law-Society (2005).

Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee write in the
Online Writing Lab at Purdue University,
Research-based writing in American
institutions, both educational and
corporate, is filled with rules that
writers, particularly beginners, aren't
aware of or don't know how to follow
(Avoiding Plagiarism).

Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee (2011)
write in the Online Writing Lab at
Purdue University, Research-based
writing in American institutions, both
educational and corporate, is filled with
rules that writers, particularly
beginners, aren't aware of or don't
know how to follow.

According to the Pennsylvania

Department of Conservation and
Natural Resources, the Emerald Ash
Borer invasion in Pennsylvania has led
to dozens of county quarantines in
recent years.

The Emerald Ash Borer invasion in

Pennsylvania has led to dozens of
county quarantines in recent years
(Pennsylvania DCNR, 2011).

updated October 2014

31. David Kestenbaum, A Big Bridge in the

Wrong Place, Planet Money Podcast,
National Public Radio,
http://www.npr.org/blogs/money
If using an unpublished lecture or address,
cite in main text only. If a published lecture
or address, reference in text and notes
following this example:

41. Linda A. Teplin et al, Early Violent
Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective
Longitudinal Study, Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-
Law-Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005.

Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee note,
Research-based writing in American
institutions, both educational and corporate,
is filled with rules that writers, particularly
beginners, aren't aware of or don't know how
to follow.23

23. Karl Stolley and Allen Brizee, Avoiding

Plagiarism, Purdue Online Writing Lab,
Purdue University,
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/
589/01/
According to the Pennsylvania Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources . . . etc.27

27. Pennsylvania Department of
Conservation and Natural Resources, Bureau
of Forestry Publications: Coleoptera:

The Purdue OWL: Citation Chart

12
Buprestidae: Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire,
2011.

updated October 2014