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Ch7 1laplace Transform 1

The document discusses Laplace transforms and their use in solving differential equations. It defines the Laplace transform, lists some common Laplace transform pairs, and discusses using Laplace transforms to solve initial value problems by taking the Laplace transform of both sides of a differential equation. As an example, it uses Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation y' + 3y = 13sin2t with initial condition y(0) = 6, obtaining the solution y = 6s2 + 50/(s2 + 4).

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Meor Aiman
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
115 views15 pages

Ch7 1laplace Transform 1

The document discusses Laplace transforms and their use in solving differential equations. It defines the Laplace transform, lists some common Laplace transform pairs, and discusses using Laplace transforms to solve initial value problems by taking the Laplace transform of both sides of a differential equation. As an example, it uses Laplace transforms to solve the differential equation y' + 3y = 13sin2t with initial condition y(0) = 6, obtaining the solution y = 6s2 + 50/(s2 + 4).

Uploaded by

Meor Aiman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 7

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS:
Laplace transform is a special type of linear
integral transform and its defined as
Laplace transform has many properties that make it
very useful in solving linear initial value problems
Definition: Let f be a function defined for
L f (t )

s t

t0

then the integra

f (t ) dt

is said to be the Laplace Transform of f , provided that the


integral converges

Laplace Transform for Some basic functions:


(1)
(2)
(3)

L1

Lt n

1
s

Le at

n!
s n 1
1
sa

n 1,2,3,

(4) Lsin kt s k
s
(5) Lcos kt s k
k
(6) Lsinh kt s k
s
(7) Lcosh kt s k
2

f(t)

Q.
(a)
(b)
(c)

Evaluate
4
0

f (t)

L f (t )

0 t2
t2

2t 1 0 t 1
t 1
0

f (t )

where
(c)

c
a

f (t ) t 2e 2t

Solution
(a) L f (t ) =
(b) L f (t ) =

st

e
0

st

4 st
4 dt 0dt
e
s
2

( 2t 1) dt 0dt
1

4 2s
(e
1)
s

1
2
(1 3e s ) 2 (1 e s )
s
s

0t a

f (t ) c
0

(c)

L f (t )

(d)

at b
tb
a

0 dt e
0

L f (t )

st

c dt 0dt
b

2 2 t st
t e e dt

c sa
(e e sb )
s
e ( s 2 ) t dt

1 2 ( s 2 )t
2
2

t e

te ( s 2 ) t
e ( s 2)t
s2
( s 2) 2
( s 2) 3

Q. Find L f (t ) where
a) f (t ) (2t 1)
b) f (t ) 4t 5 sin 3t
Sol:
a) L (2t 1) L 8t 12t 6t 1 8L t
3

b)

L f (t )

12L t 6L t L 1
2

3!
2!
1 1
12 3 6 2
4
s
s
s
s

L 4t 2 5 sin 3t )

4L t 2

5 L sin 3t

SECTION 7.2:
INVERSE TRANSFORMS

2
3
5 2
3
s
s 9

2
( s 2) 3

If

represents the Laplace transform of a function f (t )


, that is, L{ f (t )} F (s) , we then say f (t ) is the inverse
Laplace transform of F (s) and we write f (t ) L {F (s)}
F (s )

F(s)

f(t)

(t )

1
s

H (t )

tn
n!

s n1

(i.e. 1 for t > 0)


(for n = 1, 2, 3)

1
sa

e at

1
( s a ) n1
s
2
s 2

2
s 2
s
2
s a2
a
2
s a2

t n e at
n!
cos( t )

s
(s a 2 )2

t
sin( t )
2

2
(s 2 2 )2

1
(sin( t ) t cos( t ))
2

sin( t )

cosh(at )
sinh(at )

Inverse Laplace Transform for Some basic


functions
(1)
(3)

1 L1

sa

e at L1

(2)
(4)

n!

t n L1

n 1,2,3,

n 1
s

k
2
s k

sin kt L1

(5)
(7)

cosh kt L1

Q.

L1

s
s k2
s
2
s k2

cos kt L1

(6)

s 1

2
s 2

2
s k
2

s 1

2
( s 2)

L1

s
1

2
s 2

L1

sinh kt L1

1
1
4 6
1
5
L 4
s 8
s
s s

Q. Evaluate
Sol;
L1

s 2
2

1 4!
5
4s

L1

L cos kt

s 8

L1

s
s k2

sin

L sin kt

cos 2t

1 4
t e 8 t
4

k
s k2
2

2t
2

Summary Partial Fraction Expansions


Denominator
containing

Expression

Form of Partial Fractions

a. Linear factor

b. Repeated linear factors

c. Quadratic term
(which cannot be
factored)

Note: In each of the above cases f(x) must be of less degree than the relevant
denominator.

s 1
A
B
Example :

( s 2) ( s 3) s 2 s 3
A (s 3) B s 2
s 1

(s 2) (s 3)
(s 2) (s 3)

A B 1

Expand into a
term for
each factor
in the
denominator

3A 2B 1

s 1
1
2

(s 2) (s 3) s 2 s 3

Recombine
RHS

Equate terms in
s and
constant

2s 13
terms.
L

Q. Evaluate (s 3)(s 2)
Solve.
Sol. Using partial fraction decomposition, Y(s) can be rewritten:
Each term is in
a form so
that inverse
Laplace
transforms
can be
applied.
1

2s 13
A
B

s 3 s 2 s 3 s 2

2s 13 A s 2 B s 3
2s 13 (A B )s (2A 3B )
A B 2, 2A 3B 13
A 7, B 9

2s 13
7
9

s 3 s 2 s 3 s 2

y (t ) 9e

2t

7e

3t

LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF DERIVATIVE


AND SOLVING DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

Note: (1) L( y) Y (s)


(2) L( y' ) sY (s) y(0)
(3) L( y' ' ) s Y (s) sy(0) y (0)
(4) L( y ) s Y (s) s y(0) sy (0) y (0)
(5) L( y ) s Y (s) s y(0) s y (0) ... y
2

(n)

n 1

n 2

( n 1)

(0)

Q. Using Laplace Transforms, solve


y 3 y 13sin 2t , y (0) 6
Sol.
L ( y ) 3L ( y ) 13L (sin 2t )
L( y ' ) sY ( s ) y (0)

and L {13sin 2t } 13

2
s2 4

2
sY y (0) 3Y 13 2
s 4
26
sY 6 3Y 2
s 4
26
Y (s 3) 6 2
s 4

26
Y (s 3) 2
6
s 4

26
6
6s 2 50
Y

2
(s 3)(s 4) s 3
(s 3)(s 2 4)

A
Bs C
6s 2 50

2
(s 3)(s 2 4) (s 3) (s 4)
6s 2 50 A (s 2 4) ( Bs C )(s 3)
6s 2 50 As 2 4A Bs 2 3Bs Cs 3C

6s 2 50 s 2 (A B ) s (3B C ) 3C 4A
A B 6
3B C 0
4A 3C 50

A 8
B 2
C 6

A
Bs C
8
2s 6
Y (s )
2

2
(s 3) (s 4) (s 3) (s 4)

8
s
1
1

2
L

3L
2
s 4
s 3

y (t ) 8L 1

s 2 4

y 8e 3t 2 cos 2t 3sin 2t
Q. Using Laplace Transforms, solve
y 9 y e t , y (0) 0, y(0) 0

Sol.

L( y 9 y ) L(e t )

L( y ) 9 L( y ) L(e t )

L( y ' ' ) s 2Y ( s ) sy (0) y (0) s 2Y ( s )

1
and L (e )
s 1
t

1
1 1
1
1
s

( 2
2
)
2
( s 1)( s 9) 10 s 1 10 s 9 s 9
1 1
1
1
s
1 t
1
1
e
sin 3t
cos 3t
L1 (
( 2
2
) y
10
30
10
10 s 1 10 s 9 s 9

Hence,
y=

s 2Y ( s ) 9Y ( s )

s 1

Y (s)

SECTION 7.3: TRANSLATION THEOREMS


First Translation Theorem

If

L{ f (t )} F ( s )

and a is any real number, then

L{e at f (t )} F ( s a )

Proof
L{e at f (t )}

st at
( s a )t
f (t ) dt F ( s a )
e e f (t )dt e

-----------------------------------------------------------------Note: For calculation we use the following symbolism

L{e at f (t )} L f (t )

ssa

F ( s a)

L1F ( s a ) e at L1{F ( s )}

Example 1 Evaluate

(a)

L{e5t t 3}

(a)

6
( s 5) 4

L{e 5t t 3}

(b)

Example 2 Evaluate
3
Le sin 3t
( s 1) 9

(b)

L{e 2t cos 4t}

s2
( s 2) 2 16
3
L sin 3t 2
s 9

L{e 2t cos 4t}

L e t sin 3t

Example 2 Evaluate

L1 (

2s 5
)
2
s 6 s 34

)=(

=
Example (3) Evaluate

2s 5
2
( s 3)

L1

2s 5
A
B
2
11

2
2
( s 3)
s 3 ( s 3)
s 3 ( s 3) 2

2s 5
1
1
1
2 L1
2e 3t 11e 3t t
11L
2
2
s 3
( s 3)
( s 3)

L1

Q. Solve :

s3
1
5

)
2
2
5 ( s 3) 2 5 2
( s 3) 5
1
2e 3t cos 5t e 3t sin 5t
5

L1 (2

y 4 y 4 y t 3 , y (0) 1, y(0) 0

Sol. Applying Laplace transform on both side, we get


L ( y ) 4 L( y ) 4 L( y ) = L(t )
[ s Y (s) - sy(0) y(0) ] -4[ sY (s) y(0) ] 4Y (s) 6 / s
[ s Y (s) - s ] -4[ sY (s) 1 ] 4Y (s) 6 / s
s 4s 6 3 1 9 1 3 2 1 3! 1 1
13
1
Y (s)

s ( s 2)
4s 8s
4s
4s
4 s 2 8 ( s 2) ,
Applying inverse Laplace transform, we get;
3

3 9
3
1
1
13
t t 2 t 3 e 2t te 2 t
4 8
4
4
4
8

The unit step function

U (t a )

is defined to be

0, 0 t a
ta
1,

U (t a )

e as
L{U (t a )}
s

and

Example: Evaluate L{ f (t )} where


Sol. L{ f (t )} 2L{1} 3L{U (t 2)} L{U (t 3)}
F ( s)

e as
U (t a )
s

L1

f (t ) 2 3U (t 2) U (t 3)

2
e 2 s e 3 s
3

s
s
s

Second Translation Theorem


If F (s) L{ f (t )} and a 0 , then
L{ f (t a )U (t a )} e as F ( s )

Note: For calculation we use the following symbolism


L{ f (t a )U (t a )} e as L{ f (t )} e as F ( s )

The Inverse form of theorem

L1{e as F ( s )} f (t a )U (t a )

Example (1) Evaluate


I.
II.

1
L{e U (t 2) e L{e } e
s4
4 (t 2)

2 s

L{cos 3(t

4t

2s

s
)U (t )} e 2
2
2
2
s 9

Alternative form of the second theorem


L{g (t )U (t a )} e as L{g (t a )}

Evaluate

L cos t U (t )

L{cos tU (t )} e s L{cos(t )} e s L{cos t}

e s

s
s 1
2

Evaluate

(1 e 2 s ) 2

s2

L1

(1 e 2 s ) 2
1
2e 2 s
e 4 s
1
2t
2(t 2)

U (t 2) e 2 ( t 4 )U (t 4)
L
e 2e
s

2
s

2
s

2
s

L1

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