PRE-U STPM CHEMISTRY

SEMESTER 1
CHAPTER 2
ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

Past Year Questions Analysis

2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4

CHAPTER 2 : ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF ATOMS

Electronic Energy Levels of Atomic Hydrogen
Atomic orbitals
Electronic configuration
Classification of elements into s, p, d and f
blocks in the Periodic Table

Topic

CHAPTER
2:

2013
2014
Sem 1 Sem 1
B
B,
P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 P1 P2 A
A
C
C
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

5a

1a

5a

1a

18

18

2.1

Electronic Energy Levels of Atomic Hydrogen

According to Maxwells theory, an electromagnetic wave has an

electric field component and a magnetic field component.
Electromagnetic radiation is the emission and transmission of energy
in the form of electromagnetic waves, which travel 3.00 x 108
meters per second (This constant is more well-known as speed of
light, c).,
Electromagnetic radiation is characterized by a frequency (f), and
wavelength () where

speed of light (3.00 10 8 m s 1 )

c
Frequency =
; f=
wavelength ( m )

White light consists of continuous distribution of all possible

wavelengths spanning the entire visible region of the
electromagnetic spectrum. When a narrow beam of white light is
passed through a glass prism, different wavelengths travel
through the glass at different rates. As a result, the white light
dispersed into component colours, ranging from red at the longwavelength end of the spectrum (700 nm) to violet at the shortwavelength end (400 nm)

When radiation from a particular source is passed through a

spectrometer, it will be separated into its components of
different frequencies, producing a spectrum.
i. A continuous spectrum is one where light is emitted over
a broad range of wavelengths (or frequencies); showing
emission of a wide range of energies. The spectrum is
smooth and continuous.
ii. A line spectrum is one where exact frequencies or
wavelengths appear as lines (indicating that only certain
amounts of energy are emitted and none in between those
energies). A line spectrum is normally produced by atoms
that have been excited and is also called atomic emission
spectrum

 When a sample of hydrogen gas (H2) is subjected to an electrical

discharge, the hydrogen molecules dissociate forming hydrogen
atoms. Equation : H2 (g)
H (g)
The hydrogen atoms formed, then absorb different amounts of
energy and the electron in each of the atoms will be raised to higher
energy level. Spectroscopists studying the spectrum of atomic
hydrogen had identified several series of spectral lines in different
regions of electromagnetic spectrum

a) These spectra line formed from spectroscopy are specific and

can be quantisised according to the radiation source by using
Rydbergs Equation

1
1
= R H 2 2

n2
n1
1

= wavelength (in m)
n1 = ground state energy level
n2 = energy level where electron fall from
compared to ground state
RH = Rydberg constant = 1.097 x 107 m-1

b) Hydrogen spectrum produced under different sources produce

different series with different characteristics. Table 2.2 below
compared the hydrogen spectrum produced under ultraviolet
and visible ray

Ultraviolet rays

Visible rays

Produced Lyman series

Produced Balmer series

Usually use to calculate

ionisation energy of
hydrogen gaseous atom

Can be used to determine

wavelength produced by each
spectra given by dispersion of
light

Under emission spectrum, Under emission spectrum,

electrons from higher
electrons from higher energy
energy level settled at n = 1
level settled at n = 2
Series of convergence lines Series of convergence lines
produced have higher
produced have lower
frequency
frequency

2.1.1 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom

1. Neil Bohr suggested a model for the hydrogen atom that predicted the
existence of line spectra. He then outline 3 postulates about hydrogen
atom where :
The H atom has only certain allowable energy levels, which Bohr
called stationary states. Each of these states is associated with a fixed
circular orbit of the electron around the nucleus.
The atom does not radiate energy while in one of its stationary states
(atom does not change energy while the electron moves within an
orbit).
The atom changes to another stationary state (the electron moves to
another orbit) only by absorbing or emitting a photon whose energy
equals the difference in energy between the two states:
Estate A Estate B @ E =hf or E =hc /
(where the energy of state A is higher than that of state B, and h is the
constant proposed by Plancks theory where h = 6.63 x 10-34 J s.)

 A spectral line results when a photon of specific energy (and thus

specific frequency) is emitted as the electron moves from a higher
energy state to a lower one.
Therefore, Bohrs model explains that an atomic spectrum is not
continuous because the atoms energy has only certain discrete
levels, or states

2. The quantum number, n (1, 2, 3, . . .) is associated with the shell

of an electron orbit, which is directly related to the electrons
energy: the lower the n value, the closer the orbit to the nucleus,
and the lower the energy level.
When the electron is in the first orbit (n = 1), the orbit closest to
the nucleus, the hydrogen atom is in its lowest energy level,
called the ground state.
If the hydrogen atom absorbs a photon whose energy equals
the difference between the first and second energy levels, the
electron moves to the second orbit (n = 2), the next orbit further
from the nucleus. When the electron is in the second or any
higher orbit (energy level),the atom is said to be in an excited
state. The process where electron moved from ground state to
higher energy level is called as absorption

 If the H atom in the first excited state emits a photon of that same
energy, it returns to the ground state. The process where electron
dropped from higher energy level (excited state) back to ground
state is called as emission

When a sample of gaseous Hydrogen atoms is excited, different

atoms absorb different quantities of energy. Each atom has one
electron, but so many atoms are present that all the energy levels
(orbits) are populated by electrons. When the electrons drop from
outer orbits to the n = 3 orbit (second excited state), the emitted
photons create the infrared series of lines. The visible series arises
when electrons drop to the n = 2 orbit (first excited state).

Ultraviolet
Lyman Series

Infrared
Passchen
Series

Visible light
Balmer Series

 When an electron drops from an outer orbit to an inner one, the

atom emits a photon of specific energy that gives rise to a spectral
line. In a given series, each electron drop, and thus each emission,
has the same inner orbit, that is, the same value of n1 in the
Rydberg equation, where the orbit radius is proportional to n2
value.
An energy diagram shows how the ultraviolet series arises. Within
each series the greater the difference in orbit radii, the greater the
difference in energy levels, and the higher the energy of the photon
emitted. For example, in the ultraviolet series, in which n = 1, a
drop from n2 = 5 to n1 = 1 emits a photon with more energy
(shorter wavelength, higher frequency) than a drop from n2 = 2 to
n1 = 1. [The axis shows negative values because n = is defined as
the atom with zero energy.]
Since Bohrs model is a one-electron model. It works beautifully for
the H atom and for other one-electron species, such as He+ (Z = 2),
Li2+ (Z = 3) and Be3+ (Z = 4),

 One of the usefulness of Bohrs theory, applied when calculating

the energy levels of an atom, which he derived from the classical
principles of electrostatic attraction and circular motion, where the
equation is describe as

E = 2.18 10 18

Z2
J 2
n

For hydrogen atom, since the atomic number, Z = 1. Therefore :

E = 2.18 10

18

1
J 2
n

If the ground level (under Lyman series) n = 1, the energy at ground

state is

E = 2.18 10

18

1
J 2 ; E = 2.18 10 18 J
1

a. Note that even though the energy value is negative, however, as

mentioned above, under zero energy where E = 0 kJ when n = .
In terms of magnitude, more energy will be released when
electron fall from n = to n = 1. If the ground state energy level is
higher, lesser energy will be released.
b. Derivation from equation above allowed us to find the energy
difference between two energy level, where

E = En2 En1 @

1
1
18
18
E = 2.1810 J 2 2.1810 J 2
n2
n1

1 1
E = 2.1810 J 2 2
n1 n2
18

c. Further derivation from equation (b) also allowed us to find the

wavelength produce in absorption / emission process. Using
Plancks equation, where
E = hf or E = hc /

1
1
hc
2.18 10 J 2 2 =
;

n1 n 2
rearrange and substitute
18

1
1
2.18 10 18 J
1
=
2 2
34
8

(6.63 10 )(3.00 10 ) n1 n 2
1
1
1
7
= 1.10 10 2 2

n1 n 2

 Ionisation energy of one mole of electron in hydrogen atom can

also be calculated using Bohrs equation.
H (g)
H+ (g) + eH = + x kJ mol-1 (Ionisation energy)
In order to remove an electron from hydrogen atom, electron must
at least reached the convergence limit of the energy level n = .
Consider the ground state energy level of Lyman series, n = 1.
1 1
E = 2.18 10 J 2 2 ;
n1 n 2
1 1
18
E = 2.18 10 J 2 2 ; E = 2.18 1018 J
1

1 kJ
For 1 mol e ; H = E N A 3 ;
10 J
18

H = 2.18 1018 J (6.02 1023 )

1 kJ
1
;

H
=
1310
kJ
mol
103 J

To remove 1 mol of electron from ground state, n1 = 1 to

convergence limit, n2= , a total of 1310 kJ is required.

Example 1 : Calculate the wavelength of the

first line of Lyman series

Example 2 : Calculate the wavelength of the

third line of Balmer series

In Lyman series, n1 = 1
First line in series, so n2 = 1 + 1 = 2
1
1
1
= R H 2 2

n2
n1

In Balmer series, n1 = 2
First line in series, so n2 = 2 + 3 = 5

1
1
7 1
= 1 .097 10
2
2

2
1
= 122 nm

1
1
= RH 2 2

n2
n1
1

1
1
7 1
= 1 .097 10
2
22
5

= 434 nm

Example 3 : Calculate the wavelength of the

forth line of Paschen series

Example 4 : Calculate the wavelength of the

last line of Balmer series

In Passchen series, n1 = 3
First line in series, so n2 = 3 + 4 = 7
1
1
1
= RH 2 2

n2
n1

In Balmer series, n1 = 2
Last line in series, so n2 = 2 + =

1
1
7 1
= 1 .097 10
2
2

7
3
= 1005 nm

1
1

= RH 2 2

n2
n1
1

1
1
7 1
= 1 .097 10
2
2

= 365 nm

Example 5 : Calculate the frequency of the

second line of Paschen series

Example 6 : Calculate the frequency of the last

line of Lyman series

In Passchen series, n1 = 3
Second line in series, n2 = 3 + 2 = 5

In Lyman series, n1 = 1
last line in series, so n2 = 1 + =

1
1
1

= R H 2 2

n1 n 2

1
1
= RH 2 2

n2
n1
1

1
1
7 1
= 1 .097 10
2
2

3
5

1
1
7 1
= 1 .097 10
2
2

1 / = 7.80 x 105 m-1

f = c x (1 / ) = (3.0 x 108)(7.80 x 105)
f = 2.34 x 1014 s-1

1 / = 1.097 x 107 m-1

f =c x (1 / ) =(3.0 x 108)(1.097 x 107)
f = 3.29 x 1015 s-1

c) the third line of Lyman series

In Lyman series, n1 = 1
First line in series, so n2 = 3 + 1 = 4

d) the fifth line of Balmer series

In Balmer series, n1 = 2
Fifth line in series, so n2 = 2 + 5 = 7

1
1
1

= R H 2 2

n1 n 2

1
1
= RH 2 2

n2
n1

1
1
7 1
= 1 .097 10
2
2

1
4

1
1
7 1
= 1 .097 10
2
2

2
7

1 / = 1.028 x 107 m-1

f = c x (1 / )
= (3.0 x 108)( 1.028 x 107)
f = 3.09 x 1015 s-1

1 / = 2.519 x 107 m-1

f = c x (1 / )
= (3.0 x 108)( 2.519 x 107)
f = 7.56 x 1014 s-1

Example 3 : Using Bohrs Equation, calculate the energy required to cause the emission
of spectral line below
b) the first line of Balmer series
a) the fifth line of Lyman series
In Lyman series, n1= 1
In Balmer series, n1 = 2
First line in series, so n2 = 1 + 5 = 6
First line in series, so n2 = 2 + 1 = 3
1 1
1 1
18
E = 2.18 10 18 J 2 2
E = 2.18 10 J 2 2
n1 n2
n1 n2
1
1 1
1
18
18

E = 2.18 10 J 2 2
E = 2.18 10 J 2 2
2

1 6
3

-19
E = 3.03 x 10 J / e
E = 2.12 x 10-18 J / ec) the third line of Passchen series
In Passchen series, n1 = 3
First line in series, so n2 = 3 + 3 = 6
E = 2.18 10

18

1 1
J 2 2
n1 n2

1
1

E = 2.18 10 J 2 2
3
6

E = 1.82 x 10-19 J / e18

d) the last line of Passchen series

In Balmer series, n1 = 3
Last line in series, so n2 = 3 + =

1 1
E = 2.18 1018 J 2 2
n1 n2
1
1

E = 2.18 10 J 2 2
3

E = 2.42 x 10-19 J / e18

2.2

Atomic Orbital

The position of electrons cannot be specified as electron behaves like

wave as it extended it space. Werner Karl Heisenberg, then formulated
what is now known as the Heisenberg uncertainty principle: it is
impossible to know simultaneously both the momentum and the position
of a particle with certainty.
However, Bohrs theory had made a significant contribution to our
understanding of atoms, and his suggestion that the energy of an
electron in an atom is quantized. This concept is the perfected by an
Austrian physicist, Erwin Schrdinger, through his well-known
equation Schrdingers equation, where the energy of atom can be
calculate.
Even though Schrdinger equation specifies the possible energy states
the electron can occupy in a hydrogen atom, however, it cannot pinpoint the location of electron in an atom. Therefore, to counter this
problem, we replaced with the term orbital, a region with high
probability to find an electron.

 An atomic orbital is specified by three quantum numbers. One is related

to the orbitals size, another to its shape, and the third to its orientation
in space. The quantum numbers have a hierarchical relationship: the
size-related number limits the shape-related number, which limits the
orientation-related number

The principal quantum number (n) (better known as shell) is a positive

integer (1, 2, 3, and so forth). It indicates the relative size of the orbital
and therefore the relative distance from the nucleus of an atom.
The angular momentum quantum number(l) is an integer from 0 to n
1. It is related to the shape of the orbital and is sometimes called the
orbital shape (or azimuthal) quantum number. Note that the principal
quantum number sets a limit on the values for the angular momentum
quantum number; that is, n limits l.
For an orbital (shell) with n = 1, l can have a value of only 0.
For orbitals (shell) with n = 2, l can have a value of 0 or 1
For orbitals (shell) with n = 3, l can be 0, 1, or 2; and so forth.
Note that the number of possible l values equals the value of n

 The magnetic quantum number (ml) is an integer from [l] through

0 to [+l]. It prescribes the orientation of the orbital in the space
around the nucleus (or simple, number of orbitals presence in l).
The possible values of an orbitals magnetic quantum number are
set by its angular momentum quantum number.
For (l = 0), magnetic quantum number, (ml) = 0 [therefore 1 orbital]
For (l = 1), magnetic quantum number, (ml) = 1, 0, +1 [therefore 3
orbitals]
For (l = 2), magnetic quantum number, (ml) = 2, 1, 0, +1, +2
[therefore 5 orbitals]
The electron spin quantum number (ms) ~ represents the
assumption of electrons act like tiny magnets. According to
electromagnetic theory, a spinning charge generates a magnetic
field, and it is this motion that causes an electron to behave like a
magnet. Therefore, in each ml, two oppositely spin quantum is filed
accordingly and has a value of + and , and are usually denote as
(for +) and (for )

 The energy states and orbitals of the atom are described with
specific terms and associated with one or more quantum numbers
Level. The atoms energy levels, or shells, are given by the n
value: the smaller the n value, the lower the energy level and
the greater the probability of the electron being closer to the
nucleus. [n = 1 is the closest to nucleus, followed by n = 2, 3
and so forth]
Sublevel. The atoms levels contain sublevels, or subshells,
which designate the orbital shape. Each sublevel has a letter
designation:
l
Name of sublevel
(orbital)

 Orbital. Each allowed combination of n, l, and ml values specifies

one of the atoms orbitals. Thus, the three quantum numbers that
describe an orbital express its size (energy), shape, and spatial
orientation. You can easily give the quantum numbers of the
orbitals in any sublevel if you know the sublevel letter designation
and the quantum number hierarchy
Energy Sublevel, n level, l

orbital, ml

No of
orbital

Atomic Orbital
Designation

1s

0
1

0
1, 0 +1

1
3

2s
2px , 2py , 2pz,

0
1
2

0
1, 0 +1
2, 1, 0 , +1 , +2

1
3
5

3s
3px , 3py , 3pz,
3dxy , 3dyz , 3dxz , 3dx2-y2 , 3dz2

2. Shape of each orbitals

The s Orbital An orbital with l = 0 has a spherical shape with the
nucleus at its center and is called an s orbital

The p orbitals An orbital with l = 1, called a p orbital, has two

regions (lobes)of high probability, one on either side of the nucleus.
The nucleus lies at the nodal plane of this dumbbell-shaped orbital
as described in diagram below

 The d Orbital An orbital with l = 2 is called a d orbital. There are

five possible ml values for the l = 2 value: 2, 1, 0 , +1 , +2. Thus, a
d orbital can have any one of five different orientations, as describe
in diagram below

Orbitals with Higher l values Orbitals with l = 3 are f orbitals and

must have a principal quantum number of at least n = 4. There are
seven f orbitals (2 l + 1 = 7), each with a complex, multi-lobed shape

 Special case of hydrogen atom The

energy state of the H atom depends only
on the principal quantum number, n = 1.
When an electron occupies an orbital with
a higher n value, it occurs from the
nucleus, so the atom is higher in energy.
But the H atom is a special case because it
has only one electron. The energy states of
all other atoms depend on both the n and l
values of the occupied orbitals because of
additional nucleus electron attractions
and electron electron repulsions. In
other words, for the H atom only, all four
orbitals in n = 2 (one 2s and three 2p) have
the same energy, while all nine orbitals in
n = 3 (one 3s, three 3p, and five 3d) have
the same energy and so forth.

2.3

Electronic configuration

Electron configuration of the atom shows how the electrons are

distributed among the various atomic orbitals, in order to
understand electronic behaviour of that atom. Using the principle
of n, l, ml and ms learned earlier, it allows us to understand how the
arrangement of electrons occurs in many-electrons atom.
The arrangement of electrons in its orbitals are guided under 3
basic rule and principles, which are Aufbau's Principle, Pauli
Exclusion's Principle and Hund's Rule.

 Aufbau's principle stated that electrons are filled up in orbitals

from the lowest energy orbital available. This will results in groundstate electron configurations to build up eventually

 Pauli Exclusion's Principle ~ an atomic orbital can hold a

maximum of two electrons with opposing quantum spins. From
the quantum spin number, we understand that electrons
behaviour resemble to that of a magnet when spinning charge
generates a magnetic field. In general, we represent a positive
spin quantum, ms = +1/2 as (sometimes ) ; while a negative
spin quantum, ms = -1/2 as (sometimes ).
Correct

2 electrons occupied an
orbital with opposite spin

Incorrect

2 electrons occupied
an orbital with same
spin

2 electrons occupied
an orbital with same
spin

3 electrons occupied
an orbital with
different spin

 Hund's Rule ~ when orbitals of equal energy are available, the

electron configuration of lowest energy has the maximum number
of unpaired electrons with parallel spins. In order to fulfil Hund's
rule, sub-shell must have at least 2 or more orbitals. Therefore, porbitals, d-orbitals and f-orbitals are filled according to Hund's rule.
For example, in filling 2 and 3 electrons in p-orbitals and filling 5
and 7 electrons in d-orbitals
Filling in p - orbitals

Filling in d - orbitals

Filling in 2 electrons in p-orbitals

Filling in 5 electrons in d-orbitals (more stable)

Filling in 3 electrons in p-orbitals

(more stable)

Filling in 7 electrons in d-orbitals (After positive spin is first

filled, negative spin is then filled to each orbital)

Element

No
of e-

Electronic
configuration

Hydrogen
H

____
1s

1s1

Helium
He

____
1s

1s2

Lithium
Li

____ ____
1s
2s

1s22s1

Beryllium
Be

____ ____
1s
2s

1s22s2

Boron
B

____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p

1s22s22p1

Carbon
C

____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p

1s22s22p2

Nitrogen
N

____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p

1s22s22p3

Orbital diagram

Element

No
of e-

Oxygen
O

____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p

1s22s22p4

Fluorine
F

____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p

1s22s22p5

Neon
Ne

10

____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p

1s22s22p6

Sodium
Na

11

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p
3s

1s22s22p63s1

12

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p
3s

1s22s22p63s2

Al

13

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p
3s

___ ___ ___

3p

1s22s22p63s23p1

Silicon
Si

14

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p

1s22s22p63s23p2

Magnesium

Mg
Aluminium

Electronic
configuration

Orbital diagram

Element

No of
e-

Phosphorous, P

15

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p

1s22s22p63s23p3

Sulphur
S

16

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p

1s22s22p63s23p4

Chlorine
Cl

17

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p

1s22s22p63s23p5

Argon
Ar

18

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

1s
2s
2p
3s
3p

1s22s22p63s23p6

Potassium
K

19

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
4s

1s22s22p63s23p64s1

Calcium
Ca

20

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ___
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
4s

1s22s22p63s23p64s2

Orbital diagram

Electronic configuration

1s22s22p63s23p63d14s2

1s22s22p63s23p63d24s2

1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2

1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1

1s22s22p63s23p63d54s2

1s22s22p63s23p63d64s2

1s22s22p63s23p63d74s2

1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2

1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1

1s22s22p63s23p63d104s2

a. Note that from Scandium to Vanadium, each electron is filled

according to Hund's rule, with a single positive spin electron is
filled in each 3d-subshells.
b. When expressing the electronic configuration for Chromium, 24Cr,
the valence electron of Cr is filled as 3d5 4s1 instead of 3d4 4s2.

c. This is due to, according to Hund's rule, half-filled 3d orbitals have

extra stability, compared to a partial-filled 3d orbital.

 Another anomaly of filling the electronic configuration occur on the

element copper, Cu. Supposedly, After nickel, 28Ni is filled as
1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2, Cu should be filled : 1s22s22p63s23p63d94s2.
However, due to full-filled 3d orbitals have extra stability
compared to a partial-filled 3d orbitals, henceforth valence
electrons of Cu is filled as 3d104s1.

2.3.1 Electronic Configuration of Ions

1. Ions are formed when an atom or molecule donate / received
electron(s). Ions can be positively charged or negatively charged. A
positively charged ion is also known as cation, while a negatively
charged ion is also known as anion. Table below compared the
properties of the formation for both cation and anion
Ions

Cation (Positively charged ion)

Anion (Negatively charged ion)

Occur when

Electron(s) are donated

Electron(s) are received

Formation of
Na

Na+ +
+1 and -1 1s22s22p63s1
1s22s22p6

e-

Formation of
Mg

Mg2+ + 2e+2 and -2 1s22s22p63s2

1s22s22p6

F
+
1s22s22p5

e-

F1s22s22p6

O
+ 2e-
O21s22s22p4
1s22s22p6

2. From the example above, it is shown that, when electron(s) are

donated, electron(s) are first removed from higher energy level,
and conversely when electron(s) are received, electron(s) are filled
from the lower possible energy level. Most of the main group
elements donate and received electron(s) to achieve a stable
valence electronic configuration of ns2 np6 (also known as octet
configuration)
Al3+ : 1s22s22p6
[Since electronic configuration of
aluminium is 1s22s22p63s23p1, when 3
electrons are removed, it shall be removed
from 3p, then 3s]

P3- 1s22s22p63s23p6

V3+ 1s22s22p63s23p63d2
[Since electronic configuration of
vanadium is 1s22s22p63s23p63d34s2 when 3
electrons are removed, it shall be removed
from 4s, then 3d]

N3- 1s22s22p6
[Since electronic configuration of nitrogen
is 1s22s22p3, when 3 electrons are added, it
shall be added to 3p orbital as its not yet
complete]

[Since electronic configuration of

aluminium is 1s22s22p63s23p3, when 3
electrons are added, it shall be added to 3p
orbital as its not yet complete]

Fe2+ 1s22s22p63s23p63d6
[Since electronic configuration of iron is

S4-

22s22p63s23p63d64s2
1s
.when 2

22s22p63s23p4
1s
is .,,,,,,,,,,,,, when 4 electrons

electrons are removed, it shall be

are added, it shall be added to

4s
removed from .]

3p
4s orbitals]
.
and ..

1s22s22p63s23p64s2

[Since electronic configuration of sulphur

Ga4+ 1s22s22p63s23p63d9
Br- 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6
[Since electronic configuration of gallium [Since electronic configuration of Br is
22s22p63s23p63d104s24p5
22s22p63s23p63d104s24p1
1s
1s
is ... when ,

4 electrons are removed, it shall be

when 1 electrons are added, it shall be

4p , 4s , then 3d
removed from ..]

4p orbitals]
added to .

Mn4+

1s22s22p63s23p63d3

Cl- 1s22s22p63s23p6

Ca+

1s22s22p63s23p64s1

O3-

1s22s22p63s1

Co3+

1s22s22p63s23p63d6

F-

1s22s22p6

2.4 Classification of elements into s, p, d and f blocks in the Periodic

Table