Heat Transfer Lab
Heat Transfer Lab
Heat Transfer Lab
by
J. V. Lassaline
Ryerson University
Department of Aerospace Engineering
Copyright 2008
History
1. Lassaline, J. V. 2008. AER 423: Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Laboratory Manual. Ryerson University. Formatting changes, removal of xed
mark scheme, minor corrections.
2. Lassaline, J. V. 2008. AER 423: Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Laboratory Manual. Ryerson University. Updated instructions, safety information. Source for this version available at http://www.ryerson.ca/~jvl/aer423.
3. Lassaline, J. V. 2005. AER 423: Applied Thermodynamics and Heat Transfer
Laboratory Manual. Ryerson University. Initial publication. Source for this
version available at http://www.ryerson.ca/~jvl/aer423.
Acknowledgements
This document is based upon the laboratory manuals produced for Ryerson University courses MEC 309 Thermodynamics, MEC 514 Applied Thermodynamics and
MEC 701 Heat Transfer. The author is indebted to the (alphabetically listed) authors R. Churaman, J. Dimitriu, J. Karpynczyk, D. Naylor, R. Pope, and J. C. Tysoe
for their work on these previous manuals.
Contents
1 Instructions
1.1 Organization of This Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Common Mistakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 Air Nozzle
2.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5 Calculations and Discussion
2.6 Experimental Data . . . . .
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3 Gas Turbine
3.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Apparatus . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Calculations and Discussions
3.6 Experimental Data . . . . . .
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List of Tables
4.1 Thermal Conductivity of Common Metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
25
43
43
List of Figures
2.1 A convergent-divergent nozzle schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Nozzle test rig schematic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
7
13
18
24
25
29
31
vi
Nomenclature
The following nomenclature is used throughout this text with common S.I. units
given if applicable.
Alphanumeric
[ Symbols
]
A
area, m2
BSF C brake specic fuel consumption, [kg/W hr]
D
diameter, [m]
[
]
h
convection heat transfer coecient, W /m2
k
ratio of specic heats, []
k
thermal conductivity, [W /mK]
m
W
power, [W ]
x
rst cartesian coordinate direction, [m]
Greek Symbols
eciency, []
kinematic
[ viscosity,
] [kg/ms]
density, kg/m3
Chapter 1
Instructions
1.1
This book is divided into several sections, including instructions for writing lab
reports, the background and procedure for each lab experiment, and a set of appendices. It is highly recommended that you review the guidelines for completing
the written lab reports prior to your rst laboratory session. You are also expected
to have read and be familiar with each experiment before attending your scheduled
lab. The appendices include valuable information regarding estimating the errors
associated with your experimental observations and calculations. These skills are
useful not only for the laboratory component of this course, but for future experimental reporting as well.
1.2
Reports
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p 1 2
+ V + gz = const
2
(1.1)
If your word processor is capable of writing equations clearly then use this
feature, but it is acceptable to leave adequate space and add the equations by
hand.
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1.3
Common Mistakes
Every year students will miss an opportunity to maximize their mark by making
needless mistakes. Some hints as to how you can avoid making the same mistakes
are as follows.
Show up for each and every lab on time. The penalties for missing a lab are
outlined by your instructor at the beginning of the year. The experiments
are set so that you may improve upon your understanding of what you have
learned from the lectures. Dont waste your time or, worse, the time of your
classmates.
Answer all the discussion questions and perform all the requested calculations as outlined in the lab manual. The calculations and discussion questions
are clearly listed for each experiment. Check that your lab report is complete
before you submit it.
Provide suitable references and make proper citations. There is some exibility in how you present your references, but it is best to use a common
scientic citation style. If in doubt, use the same style as used for references
in this lab manual. An excellent reference on accepted writing styles is The
Chicago Manual of Style (University of Chicago 2003). Dont forget to reference the source of your gures. A good rule of thumb is: if its not yours,
cite the source!
Dont use footnotes for citations. Footnotes should only be used for adding
extraneous information that would interfere with the ow of your text or
occasionally to reference an unusual source.1
Web sites are poor (and volatile) references. While the Internet may be useful
for general information and handy diagrams, the information presented on
most Web sites is not peer reviewed as are text books, encyclopedia, journal
papers, or conference proceedings.
Check your grammar and spelling. Most word processors have at least a spellcheck feature. Note that 30% of your lab report mark is based upon your
technical writing skills.
1 For example, the denition of extraneous, as used in this context, is not forming an essential or
vital part.
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Dont plagiarize this manual verbatim in your lab report. For example, the
procedure you used during your experiment may dier from that outlined in
this manual. Use your own words and ideas. You are not given marks on how
accurately you can copy the text of this manual. If you wish to quote a section
of this manual then provide a citation.
Feel free to look at previous years lab reports as a guide but do not plagiarize!
Plagiarism is a violation of the Student Code of Conduct and will be dealt
with harshly.
Work together as a group. If dierent members of your group are responsible
for dierent sections of the report, make sure that everyone is clear on their
respective duties. It is your responsibility to ensure that your report is a
cohesive document and is completed on time.
If something is not clear, ask your instructor or instructor for clairication,
but dont wait until the last moment!
Chapter 2
Air Nozzle
2.1
Objective
2.2
Theory
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P2
Air in
Steam in
Handwheel
V1
R1
V2
V3
V4
Glass Bowl
Filter
P1
Nozzle
P3
V5
V6
V7
OrificePlate Flowmeter
Condenser
Inclined Manometer
pt
p
=
=
p0
p0
2
k+1
k
) k1
(2.1)
for calorically perfect air where the ratio of specic heats k = 1.4.1
Using the isentropic property relations, we can also write the ratio of throat to
stagnation temperature as
Tt
=
T0
pt
p0
) k1
k
=
2
k+1
(2.2)
that the symbol (dimensionless) may also be used in place of k which should not be confused
with thermal conductivity k ([W /m K]).
Ryerson University
Vt =
Winter 2009
2cp (T0 Tt )
(2.3)
where T0 is the reservoir temperature and Tt is the temperature at the throat. The
uid density at the throat can be determined using the ideal gas law.
2.3
Apparatus
The nozzle apparatus, as illustrated in Fig. 2.2, can be operated with either air or
steam, however for this experiment only air will be studied. Compressed air is fed
into a steam chest and then passes through a polished convergent-divergent nozzle
with a throat diameter of 0.191 [in]. A search tube of 0.13 [in] diameter aligned
with the nozzle axis is mounted on a carrier such that it may be traversed along the
axis of the nozzle. A high-grade pressure gauge attached to the top of the search
tube registers the pressure at a small hole (pressure tap) drilled perpendicular to
the tube axis.
The location of the pressure tap may advanced in 0.1 [in] steps by rotating a setting wheel attached to the search tube carrier. At the upper limit, the pressure tap
is clear of the nozzle and registers the pressure in the inlet chest. At the lower limit
the pressure tap registers the pressure downstream of the nozzle. The position of
the pressure tap is indicated by a pointer and scale prole of the nozzle mounted
on the apparatus.
The nozzle discharges into a vertical pipe of 2 [in] bore tted with a valve for
controlling the downstream back pressure. After passing through a steam condenser, the ow vents to the room through a thin-plate orice ow meter. The
thin-plate orice ow meter oers a direct measurement of the volumetric ow
rate as measured by the pressure drop across the sudden restriction introduced by
a thin-plate orice. The volumetric ow rate can be determined using Bernoullis
equation and conservation of mass as
2p
Q = (V A) = CA
(2.4)
(1 4 )
where C = 0.65 is the orice discharge coecient to correct for losses within the
ow meter, A is the area of the orice, p is the pressure drop across the orice,
is the density of the uid, and = d/D where d and D are equal to the orice
and pipe diameters respectively. For this ow meter the orice has a diameter of
1.065 [in] and is installed in a 3 [in] internal diameter pipe.
2.4
Procedure
For this experiment, only compressed air will be used as the working uid.
1. Ensure that steam valves labelled V3, V4, V5 and V6 in Fig. 2.2 are closed,
and that air valve V1 is open.
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2.5
Plot the pressure prole for all back pressures on one graph, using the absolute pressure ratio ( pp0 ) versus probe position. Include a legend to identify
each curve.
Calculate the average manometer reading for each back pressure. If the manometer scale was not adjusted to zero for no ow, correct the readings with respect to any initial oset.
Calculate and tabulate the measured mass ow rate for each back pressure
case as measured using the thin-plate orice ow meter. Fluid density can be
determined from ambient conditions using the ideal gas law.
For the zero back pressure case only, calculate the theoretical mass ow rate
(using the reservoir pressure and temperature) assuming choked ow. Compare the theoretical mass ow rate to the measured mass ow rate. Note that
the cross-sectional area of the throat is an annulus due to the presence of the
cylindrical probe aligned with the nozzle axis. The area at the throat can be
written as
(2.5)
At = (d2t d2p )
4
where dt and dp are the diameters of the nozzle throat and probe, respectively.
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Winter 2009
Plot the mass ow rate versus the ratio of absolute back pressure to absolute
reservoir pressure ( pp0b ), and determine the pressure ratio at which the nozzle
switches from choked to non-choked ow.
Discuss the reasons for the various shapes of the pressure proles. Which
parts of the proles correspond to subsonic versus supersonic ow? Locate
any shocks present in the divergent section and give their approximate locations by probe position. Are the shocks sharply dened or spread out?
Complete one error propagation estimation for the measured ow mass ow
rate of the zero back pressure case. Does the error in your measurements
account for any dierences between the theoretical and measured mass ow
rate?
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2.6
Experimental Data
Atmospheric pressure (pa ):
Ambient temperature (Ta ):
Inlet temperature (T0 ):
Manometer at zero ow:
Approximate error in pressure
measurements (p ):
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Back
Pres.
Probe
Pos.
0 [psig]
Pres.
[psig]
Man.
[mm
H2 O ]
10 [psig]
Pres.
[psig]
Man.
[mm
H 2 O]
20 [psig]
Pres.
[psig]
Man.
[mm
H2 O ]
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
12
30 [psig]
Pres.
[psig]
Man.
[mm
H 2 O]
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40 [psig]
Pres.
[psig]
Man.
[mm
H2 O ]
60 [psig]
Pres.
[psig]
Man.
[mm
H 2 O]
Chapter 3
Gas Turbine
3.1
Objective
The purpose of this lab is to carry out a full-load test on the Rover 1S/60 gas turbine
engine at steady state. The developed power, fuel consumption rate, and overall
eciency will be determined from observed test data.
3.2
Theory
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the air exiting the turbine and cooling o in the atmosphere before eventually returning to the compressor inlet.
For a gas turbine engine used to generate power, we can measure the power developed at the output shaft, more commonly referred to as brake horsepower, by
applying a load using a dynamometer. In this experiment a hydraulic dynamometer
is used, with the turbine shaft turning a rotor inside a stator through which water
ows. This mechanism is similar to the torque converter in an automatic transmission. The power developed by the engine is dissipated as heat generation in the
water via viscous dissipation. Although not directly connected to the stator, the
rotor applies a torque on the stator by rotating the water past the vanes of the stator. The stator casing is mounted on trunnions and is prevented from rotating by
a spring scale. When a balancing torque is applied to the stator casing at a xed
RPM, the power developed by the engine equals the dynamometer loading torque
times the dynamometer RPM.
3.3
Apparatus
This experiment will use the Rover 1S/60 gas turbine engine, which contains a single stage centrifugal compressor, a reverse ow combustion chamber, and a single
stage axial turbine to produce a maximum of 60 [hp] with a maximum governed
speed of 46000 [rpm]. The engine is loaded using a Heenan and Froude DPX2 hydraulic dynamometer. Note that the maximum reading of the dynamometer spring
scale is 50 [lbf ], and for this experiment an additional 50 [lbf ] has been added to
the dynamometer torque arm. A calibrated airmeter is attached at the compressor
inlet for determining the air mass ow rate. The Rover gas turbine engine uses a
multi-piston fuel pump with an automatic control. The fuel ow rate is measured
using a rotameter mounted on the central panel. For this experiment a premium
diesel fuel will be used.
3.4
Procedure
This experiment will be run with the assistance of a member of the technical sta
who will prepare and operate the engine.
1. Familiarize yourself with the various components of the engine and dynamometer.
2. Record the atmospheric temperature and pressure. Record the type, heating
value and specic gravity of the fuel used.
3. Complete the engine start sequence.
4. Load the engine by admitting water to the dynamometer. Balance the torque
using the load balancing handwheel. Increase loading until a maximum turbine exit temperature of 1100 [F ] is reached.
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5. Verify the engine is operating at steady state by observing the engine instrumentation, including all temperature, pressures and ow rates.
6. Record the indicated dynamometer load including the additional 50 [lbf ] of
extra loading. Record the dynamometer speed.
7. From the central instrument panel, record the air ow meter pressure drop,
compressor to turbine pressure drop, turbine exit static pressure, and compressor inlet and exit pressures.
8. Record the compressor inlet and exit temperatures and turbine exit temperature.
9. Record the fuel pressure and ow rate. In addition, record the temperature
and pressure of the engine oil and dynamometer water.
10. Complete the engine shutdown sequence. Record the time for the engine to
run down.
3.5
(3.1)
b for a given
For an equivalent Brayton cycle producing a net rate of work W
rate of heat transfer input Q in , calculate the thermal eciency of this cycle.
Note that 1 [hp] = 42.41 [Btu/min].
Calculate the brake specic fuel consumption BSF C in [lbm/hp hr]
BSF C =
m
f
b
W
(3.2)
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t=W
c+W
b+W
f
W
(3.3)
t = 1 r
1k
k
16
(3.4)
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3.6
Experimental Data
Fuel:
HHV of fuel:
Specic gravity of fuel:
Atmospheric pressure:
Atmospheric temperature:
Dynamometer load [lbf ]:
Dynamometer speed [rpm]:
Fuel ow rate [I.Gal./h]:
Airmeter pressure drop p [in of oil]:
Compressor to turbine pressure drop [inHg ]:
Compressor inlet (impeller tip) pressure p1 [psi]:
Compressor exit (comp. delivery) pressure p2 [psi]:
Compressor inlet temperature T1 [F ]:
Compressor exit (comp. delivery) temperature T2 [F ]:
Turbine exit pressure [in of oil]:
Turbine exit temperature T4 [F ]:
Dynamometer pressure [psi]:
Dynamometer temperature [F ]:
Oil pressure [psi]:
Oil temperature [F ]:
Fuel pressure [psi]:
Run down time [s]:
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0.026
0.024
0.022
p
pa
0.02
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.01
0.08
0.085
0.09
0.095
0.1
0.105
m
a T1
x0 pa
0.11
0.115
0.12
0.125
0.13
[ ]
Figure 3.2: Rover 1S/60 gas turbine airmeter calibration where x0 = 15.3 in2 is
the airmeter eective area, m
a is the air mass ow rate in [lbm/s], T1 is the air inlet
temperature in [K], and pa is barometric pressure in [psi].
18
Chapter 4
Objective
The objective of this lab is to measure the thermal conductivity of two materials
using a heat conduction apparatus. In addition, the thermal contact resistance at
the interface between the two materials will be determined.
4.2
Theory
Fouriers law of heat conduction states that the local heat ux q/A is proportional to
the local temperature gradient. Fouriers law
can be written in one dimension as
q
dT
= k
(4.1)
A
dx
TA
where the constant of proportionality is the
TB
thermal conductivity k , and area A is the crosssectional area at location x. For steady-state, T
one-dimensional conduction it can be shown T
4
that the heat ux at any location x is constant, T3
T2
q
and thus the temperature distribution, T (x), T
1
through the conducting media must be a linkA
kB
ear function of x. If we know temperatures T1
and T2 at two locations spaced some distance L
LA
LB
x
apart, then the rate of heat transfer by conduction in one-dimension can be written as
Figure 4.1: One-dimensional heat conT1 T2
duction along a composite bar.
q = kA
.
(4.2)
L
1 This
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Fig. 4.1 illustrates one-dimensional conduction through a sequence of two different materials of constant cross-sectional area. As the rate of heat transfer through
both materials must be the same, if the thermal conductivity of each material is
dierent, then the gradient of the temperature distribution in each material must
be dierent. It is important to note that there may be a substantial temperature
drop at the interface of the two materials due to imperfections in the mating of the
two surfaces. Heat transfer across the interface occurs by conduction at the contact points, by radiation between the surfaces, and by convection and conduction
across any interstitial uid if present. For perfectly smooth surfaces there would be
no thermal contact resistance and no discontinuity in temperature at the interface.
The thermal resistance to heat ow at the interface, or thermal contact resistance, may be dened as
Rt,c =
TA TB
q
(4.3)
(4.4)
4.3
25
6.5
25
Apparatus
Al
T3
T2
S.S.
T1
6.5
Tin
+
T4
50
based upon the temperature jump across the interface and the
heat transfer rate through the interface. Contact resistance may
also be dened in terms of an equivalent heat transfer coecient
hi using Newtons law of cooling as
q = hi A(TA TB )
Electrical
Heater
Cooling
Water
Tout
q = mc
p (Tout Tin )
(4.5)
The inlet and outlet temperatures of the cooling water are measured using glass
thermometers. The mass ow rate is measured using a stop watch, bucket and
weigh scale. Steady-state temperature measurements are made at the four locations
shown in Fig. 4.2 using type-K thermocouples. Using these temperature and heat
transfer rate measurements, the thermal conductivity of each sample (kA , kB ) and
the interfacial contact coecient (hi ) can be calculated using equations presented
above.
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4.4
Winter 2009
Procedure
1. If not already assembled, place the aluminum and stainless steel specimens
together in the apparatus as illustrated in Fig. 4.2. Check that all four thermocouples are in place and cover the apparatus with the insulating jacket.
2. Turn on the cooling water supply and switch the heater to full power. Wait
for the hot end (T4 ) to reaches approximately 200 [C], then reduce the heater
current to about 0.35 [amps].
3. Allow the apparatus come to steady-state. Monitor the specimen and cooling
water temperatures to conrm that steady conditions have been achieved.
4. Once at steady-state, time the collection of the cooling water in the container
provided. Record the specimen temperatures, and the cooling water temperatures every two minutes. At the fourth reading, once 6 minutes has elapsed,
stop collecting the cooling water. Weigh the amount of water collected.
4.5
21
Ryerson University
4.6
Winter 2009
Experimental Data
Time
0 [min]
2 [min]
Water Tin
Water Tout
T1
T2
T3
T4
Mass of water collected:
Collection time:
22
4 [min]
6 [min]
Ryerson University
Material
Aluminum pure
Aluminum alloy 2024-T6
Boron
Cadmium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper pure
Bronze (commercial)
Brass (cartridge)
Constantan
Gold
Iron pure
Armco (99.75% pure)
Cast iron (plain)
Cast iron (alloy)
Carbon Steels
Plain carbon
Carbon-Silicon
Carbon-Mn-Si
Chromium (low) Steels
0.18% C, 0.65% Cr, 0.23% Mo, 0.6% Si
0.16% C, 1% Cr, 0.54% Mo, 0.39% Si
0.2% C, 1.02% Cr, 0.15% V
Stainless Steels
AISI 302
AISI 304
AISI 316
AISI 347
Lead
Magnesium
Molybdenum
Nickel pure
Nichrome
Inconel
Platinum pure
Platinum alloy 60Pt-40Rh
Rhodium
Silicon
Silver
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Zinc
Zirconium
Winter 2009
9.2
12.6
39.7
169
179
164
36.7
159
143
107
8.7
77.5
100
186
884
444
85.2
30.5
208
21.5
117
33.2
10.3
72.6
125
154
264
430
73.3
24.5
186
25.1
118
25.2
56.7
49.8
42.2
48
44
39.7
38.2
42
46.8
36.7
39.1
42.1
17.3
16.6
15.2
15.8
34
153
134
80.2
14
13.5
71.8
136
146
98.9
425
62.2
20.4
159
29.6
111
21.6
20
19.8
18.3
18.9
31.4
149
126
65.6
16
17
73.2
141
136
61.9
412
23
19.4
137
34
103
20.7
Chapter 5
Objective
The objective of this lab is to determine the convective heat transfer rate from a
circular cylinder in a cross ow of air. Experimental measurements will be made
using a lumped capacitance transient cooling technique. Using the experimental
data, an empirical correlation will be derived and compared to published results.
5.2
Theory
24
(5.1)
Ryerson University
ReD Range
0.4 4
4 40
40 4, 000
4, 000 40, 000
40, 000 400, 000
C
0.989
0.911
0.683
0.193
0.027
Winter 2009
m
0.330
0.385
0.466
0.618
0.805
where
hD
k
U D
ReD =
cp
Pr =
k
NuD =
(5.2)
(5.3)
(5.4)
In Eq. 5.1, the constant C and exponent m are obtained from a best t to
experimental data. The values of C and m for several Reynolds number ranges are
given in Table 5.1 (from measurements by Hilpert (Hilpert 1933).) To partially
correct for property variations, all uid properties should be evaluated at the lm
temperature Tf = (Ts + T )/2.
5.3
Apparatus
inlet
flow
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
der to reduce axial conduction. An annular heater is used to heat the cylinder prior
to each test.
5.4
Procedure
1. Turn on the wind tunnel fan. With the ow control gate approximately 50%
open, traverse the pitot tube over the cross section of the wind tunnel to
check the velocity prole. (In a properly designed wind tunnel, the velocity
should be uniform over most of the tunnel cross section.)
2. Check that the copper test cylinder is polished. Insert the copper cylinder
into the annular electric heater.
3. With the wind tunnel fan on, open the ow control gate fully. Once the
cylinder temperature reaches 80 [C] to 85 [C] , quickly insert the cylinder
into the wind tunnel.
4. Using the data acquisition computer, immediately record the cylinder temperature at regular time intervals. Take frequent readings during the initial
period of rapid cooling.
5. Record the pitot tube manometer deection, the inlet air temperature, and
the barometric pressure.
6. Repeat steps 2 to 5 for several gate settings. Get at least ve cooling curves
at dierent air velocities. Use the pitot tube to get even velocity increments
between data sets.
7. Repeat one test, matching the test conditions as closely as possible. In your
report, comment on the your experimental reproducibility.
5.5
Using a lumped capacitance analysis, the temperature variation of the cylinder with time t can be shown to be:
T T
=
=e
i
Ti T
hAs
V cp
where
Ti is the initial cylinder temperature at time t = 0,
T is the ambient temperature,
h is the average heat transfer coecient,
As is the surface area of the cylinder,
is the density of the cylinder,
26
(5.5)
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
=
i
hAs
V cp
)
t
(5.6)
For each set of cooling data plot ln(/i ) versus time t and t a straight line
through each data. Referring to Eq. 5.6, use the slope of this best-t line to
calculate the average heat transfer coecient h for each air velocity. For each
set of data, calculate the air velocity from the pitot tube manometer reading.
Calculate the Reynolds number, Prandtl number and average Nusselt number
for each data set. Evaluate the uid properties at the average lm temperature, Tf = (Ts + T )/2.
Plot ln NuD versus ln ReD (or log NuD versus log ReD ) . Fit a straight line to
the data and use the slope and y-axis intercept to calculate the constant C
and exponent m for your experimental data. On the same graph, plot the
correlation of Hilpert (Hilpert 1933).
Plot the average heat transfer coecient h versus the free stream air velocity
U. How much does the convective heat transfer rate increase if the free
stream air velocity is doubled?
Measurement errors caused by blockage eects are always present in an enclosed wind tunnel. The test model reduces the cross section for ow, causing the air velocity near the model to be articially high. Using your h versus
U graph, estimate the approximate percentage error in h caused by wind
tunnel blockage.
27
Ryerson University
5.6
Winter 2009
Experimental Data
Barometric pressure:
Test 1
Air
Man.
Temp.
Test 2
Air
Man.
Temp.
Test 3
Air
Man.
Temp.
Test 4
Air
Man.
Temp.
Test 5
Air
Man.
Temp.
Repeat Test
Air
Man.
Temp.
Time
[s]
Time
[s]
Time
[s]
Time
[s]
Time
[s]
Time
[s]
Temp.
[C]
Temp.
[C]
Temp.
[C]
28
Temp.
[C]
Temp.
[C]
Temp.
[C]
Chapter 6
Numerical Simulation of a
Cylinder in Cross Flow
6.1
Objective
6.2
Theory
29
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
(6.1)
T (0, t)
=
0
(6.2)
r
T (ro , t)
= h(T (ro , t) T )
k
(6.3)
r
where the former boundary condition is required for symmetry about the centerline
(r = 0) and the latter satises the surface energy balance at r = ro. A solution to the
heat conduction PDE, subject to the above boundary conditions and starting at the
initial conditions T (r, 0) = Ti , will yield the temperature distribution T (r, t) within
the cylinder. We expect a solution that varies from the uniform initial temperature
at t = 0 to a uniform nal temperature equal to the air temperature.
6.3
Apparatus
For this numerical experiment we will use a conventional computer and the software package Matlab, a high-level technical computing language and environment.
To approximate a solution to the governing PDE we will use the Matlab function
pdepe.
The function pdepe can approximate a solution to a PDE of the form
(
(
))
(
)
(
)
T
T
T T
m
m
r
r f r, t, T,
+ s r, t, T,
= c r, t, T,
(6.4)
r
r
r
r t
To solve Eq. 6.1 with pdepe requires
m=1
(
)
T
T
f r, t, T,
=k
r
r
(
)
T
s r, t, T,
=0
r
(
)
T
c r, t, T,
= cp
r
(6.5)
(6.6)
(6.7)
(6.8)
p(ro , t, T ) = h(T T )
q(ro , t) = 1
30
(6.10)
(6.11)
Ryerson University
(6.12)
r j
rj+1 rj1
Winter 2009
solution at
time tn
Tj
rj-1 rj rj+1
ro
Figure 6.2: Discrete temperature diswhere the j + 1 and j 1 refer to the neighbour- tribution on region r [0, ro ] at time
ing values of the j -th location. Temporal derivatives tn
may be approximated in a similar way and after suitable rearrangement allow the function to march the
solution from one time step tn to the next tn+1 , beginning with the initial conditions at t = 0. Note that the solution to the OE is only an approximation to
the solution of the PDE, however with a suitable choice of parameters a highly
accurate approximation can be constructed. As we will use pdepe simply as a numerical tool, the exact details of how pdepe functions are left to future courses.
It will be necessary to provide the function pdepe with the details regarding the
region, time span, PDE parameters, boundary conditions, and initial conditions.
6.4
Procedure
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
2. Add the cylsolve function to your working directory as a new M-le called
cylsolve.m.
32
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
You can create a new M-le from the menu (FileNewMFile) and edit this le using the Matlab Editor. Save this le as
cylsolve.m in your working directory. Or, optionally you can
edit an existing le with the editor.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
The cylsolve.m le will take the following form, where you will need to
replace the values indicated as ??? with appropriate values. A copy of this
le is also available on the course Blackboard Web site.
cylsolve.m
function [Tc]=cylsolve(t,Ti,Tinf,h,rho,cp,k,D)
% Determine temperature at r=0 for time span vector
% t for a cylinder in cross flow.
% Inputs:
% t = A vector of time [s] for solving T(t)
% Ti = Initial cylinder uniform temperature [K]
%
or [C]
% Tinf = Fluid temperature [K] or [C]
% h = Convection cooling coefficient [W/m/K]
% rho = Density of cylinder [kg/m^3]
% cp = Specific heat of cylinder [J/kg/K]
% k = Thermal conductivity of cylinder [W/m/K]
% D = Diameter of cylinder [m]
% Returns:
% T = Temperature at core T(t) [K]
33
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Ryerson University
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
Winter 2009
% cylBC.
% Note that all the above variables
% (eg. Ti,Tinf,h,rho,cp,k, and D)
% are defined for this function.
% ------------------------------------------------function [pl,ql,pr,qr] = cylBC(rl,Tl,rr,Tr,t)
% Define the left boundary conditions at r=0,
% according to Eq. 6.9, as a function of the given
% left boundary values rl and Tl.
pl = ???;
ql = ???;
% Define the right boundary conditions at r=r_o,
% according to Eq. 6.9-6.11, as a function of the
% given right boundary values rr and Tr.
pr = ???;
qr = ???;
% End of cylBC
end
80
81
82
% End of cylsolve
end
cylsolve.m
In Matlab, all text following the % character is ignored as a comment. The entry at the i-th row and j -th column of a matrix, for example sol, can be retrieved with the expression
sol(i,j). You can extract just the j -th column with the expression sol(:,j), or just the i-th row with the command
sol(i,:).
The cylsolve function will return the temperature distribution at the centerline T (0, t) as a vector for the time span you provide as the vector t. If you
type help cylsolve, Matlab should return the rst block of comments.
Test your function before continuing by calling cylsolve with Ti = T
for a small time span [0;0.5;1]. As the initial and freestream temperatures are equal, cylsolve should return the same temperature at each time
regardless of the other parameters. For example,
>> Tnum=cylsolve([0;0.5;1],10,10,1,1,1,1,1)
Tnum =
10
10
10
35
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
3. Load your observations for the rst set of data (time versus temperature)
from the previous lab experiment. You will need two separate vectors: t
containing the times, and T containing the temperatures. You can enter this
data manually, or load the data from a text le.
(a) To enter the data manually, you will need to type in each entry. For
example, if your time [s] versus temperature [C] data consisted of the
pairs (0, 80.8), (10, 75.4), and (20, 67.7), then you could enter this data
as
>> t=[
0;
10;
20]
t =
0
10
20
>> T=[
80.8;
75.4;
67.7]
T =
80.8000
75.4000
67.7000
(b) Or, to read this data from a text le, for example from a comma-delimited
le exported from a spreadsheet, use the command dlmread. If the
comma-delimited le data.csv in the working directory contains
0,80.8
10,75.4
20,67.7
then the command X=dlmread(data.csv,,) would load in
the data as a 3 2 matrix. This can be split into two column vectors as
follows.
>> X=dlmread(data.csv,,)
X =
36
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
0
80.8000
10.0000
75.4000
20.0000
67.7000
>> t=X(:,1)
t =
0
10
20
>> T=X(:,2)
T =
80.8000
75.4000
67.7000
4. Using your cylsolve function, generate the numerical solution Tnum using
your time span vector t. Ensure that you pass appropriate values for the
cylinder including initial temperature Ti, air free stream temperature Tinf,
convection cooling coecient (as determined in the previous experiment) h,
cylinder density rho, cylinder specic heat cp, cylinder thermal conductivity
k, and cylinder diameter D.
>> Tnum=cylsolve(t,T(1),<INSERT YOUR VALUES HERE>)
The result will be a vector Tnum that is the same size as t and T, but represents the numerical solution to the unsteady heat conduction problem.
5. Plot the experimental and numerical temperature (T and Tnum) versus time
(t) on the same plot, ensuring that the two curves are labelled clearly. Print
or save this plot for your lab report.
From the Figure window you may save the image in any format
using FileSave As.
In Matlab, you can use the plot command to produce a two-dimensional
plot. For example, the following commands produce a labelled plot with a
legend.
clf; % Clear current figure
plot(t,T,*,t,Tnum,-); % Plot both data sets
37
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
6.5
Include all plots produced using Matlab, clearly labelling each plot.
Include a print out of your function cylsolve.m.
In the previous experiment, we used a lumped capacitance method to model
the cooling of the cylinder. Conrm that the lumped capacitance method
is valid for this experiment. The function pdepe returns a solution to the
temperature at many radial locations within the cylinder, not just the centerline. If the lumped capacitance method is valid, how should the numerical
solution at r = ro and r = 0 compare over time?
For the numerical simulation of a cylinder that is double in diameter, estimate
the nal temperature using the lumped capacitance method of the previous
experiment. How do your numerical results compare to the lumped capacitance method value? What is the expected eect of doubling the cylinder
diameter?
In the previous experiment we heated the cylinder in an annular heater until
the centerline temperature reached approximately 80 [C]. For the numerical
experiment we assumed that the cylinder was at a uniform initial temperature. What dierences might exist between the numerical and actual initial
conditions? Is this a signicant source of error in our numerical solution?
6.6
Experimental Data
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
Plots for each ow control setting (including the repeated test) comparing
the experimental to numerical values.
A plot of the last test data, but this time using a cylinder with a dierent
diameter.
A copy of the source code for your cylsolve function.
39
Bibliography
CRC (1988). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC.
Hilpert, R. (1933). Wrmeabgabe von geheizten drhten und rohren. Forsch. Geb.
Ingenieurwes. 4, 215224.
Lassaline, J. V. (2005). AER 309: Thermodynamics Laboratory Manual. Ryerson
University.
Naylor, D. (2001). MEC 701: Heat Transfer Laboratory Manual. Ryerson University.
University of Chicago (2003). The Chicago Manual of Style. University of
Chicago.
40
Appendix A
When presenting measured values you must provide an estimate of the error. For
example, if you are measuring temperature with a thermometer that is marked at
every 1 degree Celsius, your best measure of the current room temperature may be
21.50.2[ C]. In other words, to the best of your measuring ability the temperature
is 21.5[ C] with an expected error of approximately 15 of a degree. As errors are at
best estimates, it is normal to truncate the error at the rst non-zero digit (e.g.
0.005 rather than 0.004925.)
When using digital equipment, the accuracy of the measure should be taken to
be 1/2 count of the last digit shown, unless otherwise noted. For example, if a digital scale read 2.512[g], the error would be 0.0005[g]. Other sources of error, such
as a small breeze across the scale, may raise the error to 0.001. Use your best
judgement and record the estimate of error with your measurements.
All reported observations should include an estimate of the error. All plots
containing values with an estimate of error should include error bars. (If your software cannot include error bars in the gure, draw them in by hand.) When using
your measured observations in a calculation you need to propagate this estimate of
error throughout your calculations. Your sample calculations should demonstrate
the resulting error. Pay careful attention to the instructions for each experiment to determine when your report should include error propagation
analysis.
For this course we will use a simplied form of the proper statistical technique
(which uses standard deviations.) If we have a function formed from a pair of independent (uncorrelated) measured values x x and y y , we can estimate the
error in the function using a few simple rules based upon the worst-case scenario.
For addition or subtraction of two values with errors, the error is cumulative.
(x x ) + (y y ) = (x + y) (x + y )
(x x ) (y y ) = (x y) (x + y )
41
(A.1)
(A.2)
Ryerson University
Winter 2009
For multiplication or division by an exact number, both the value and the error are
scaled by the exact number.
2(x x ) = 2x (2x )
(A.3)
For multiplication of a pair of values with errors, the error is formed as follows
xy
x
y
=
+
|xy|
|x|
|y|
x/y
x
y
=
+
|x/y|
|x|
|y|
(A.5)
(A.6)
For products of powers functions such as xm y n , the relative error can be determined using
xm y n
x
y
= |m|
+ |n|
(A.7)
m
n
|x y |
|x|
|y|
The previous operations can be summarized as follows
function
xy
x
xm y n
log x
error
x + y
( x
y
x
|xm y n | |m|
|x| + |n| |y|
log x
For general functions that are combinations of the above, carefully determine the
error for each operation, following the normal order of operations. For example,
to determine the error in z(x y) where z , x, and y all have associated errors one
can:
1. Calculate the error in the temporary value t1 = x y using the rule for
subtraction.
2. Calculate the error in the product zt1 using the rule for products.
As an alternative, to determine a statistical estimation of the error propagation
for a general function F of measured values (x, y, . . .) with associated errors of
(x , y , . . .) respectively, we can estimate the function error F using
(
)2 (
)2
F
F
F =
x +
y + . . .
(A.8)
x
y
or in keeping with the simplied error analysis
F
F
y + . . .
F =
x +
x
y
(A.9)
Note that this may produce slightly dierent values than the previous methods but
is acceptable given that we are at best providing an estimate of the errors.
42
Ryerson University
A.2
Winter 2009
Barometer Corrections
Corrections for Hg barometers by temperature are listed below (CRC 1988) for
both SI and BG units.
Temp.
[F ]
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
23
-0.024
-0.045
-0.065
-0.086
-0.107
-0.127
-0.148
24
-0.025
-0.046
-0.068
-0.090
-0.111
-0.133
-0.154
25
-0.026
-0.048
-0.071
-0.094
-0.116
-0.138
-0.161
29
-0.030
-0.056
-0.082
-0.109
-0.135
-0.161
-0.187
30
-0.031
-0.058
-0.085
-0.112
-0.139
-0.166
-0.193
31
-0.032
-0.060
-0.088
-0.116
-0.144
-0.172
-0.200
Table A.1: Temperature correction for Hg and brass barometers in BG units. Corrections in [in].
Temp.
[C]
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
620
-0.51
-1.01
-1.52
-2.02
-2.52
-3.02
-3.52
640
0.52
-1.04
-1.56
-2.08
-2.60
-3.12
-3.64
660
-0.54
-1.08
-1.61
-2.15
-2.68
-3.22
-3.75
740
-0.60
-1.21
-1.81
-2.41
-3.01
-3.61
-4.21
760
-0.62
-1.24
-1.86
-2.47
-3.09
-3.71
-4.32
Table A.2: Temperature correction for Hg and brass barometers in SI units. Corrections in [mm].
43
780
-0.64
-1.27
-1.91
-2.54
-3.17
-3.80
-4.43
Preamble
The purpose of this License is to make a manual,
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freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher
a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modications made by others.
This License is a kind of copyleft, which means
that derivative works of the document must themselves
be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed
for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for
manuals for free software, because free software needs
free documentation: a free program should come with
manuals providing the same freedoms that the software
does. But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject
matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
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3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions
stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that
commonly have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and the Documents license notice
requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts:
Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover
Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.
The front cover must present the full title with all words
of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add
other material on the covers in addition. Copying with
changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the
title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be
treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to t legibly, you should put the rst ones listed (as
many as t reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue
the rest onto adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the
Document numbering more than 100, you must either
include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with
each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque
copy a computer-network location from which the general network-using public has access to download using
public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material. If you
use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent
steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in
quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain
thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year
after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly
or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the
public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact
the authors of the Document well before redistributing
any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modied Version of
the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3
above, provided that you release the Modied Version under precisely this License, with the Modied Version lling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modication of the Modied Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things
in the Modied Version:
45
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms dened in section 4 above for modied versions, provided
that you include in the combination all of the Invariant
Sections of all of the original documents, unmodied, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work
in its license notice, and that you preserve all their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of
this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections
may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but dierent
contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or
else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the
section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license
notice of the combined work.
46
6. COLLECTIONS OF
DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License,
and replace the individual copies of this License in the
various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this
License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in
all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License,
provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH
INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or
works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution
medium, is called an aggregate if the copyright resulting
from the compilation is not used to limit the legal rights of
the compilations users beyond what the individual works
permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate,
this License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which are not themselves derivative works of the
Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half of the entire aggregate, the
Documents Cover Texts may be placed on covers that
bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket the whole aggregate.
9. TERMINATION
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modication, so
you may distribute translations of the Document under
the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with
translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or
all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions
of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation
of this License, and all the license notices in the Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you
also include the original English version of this License
and the original versions of those notices and disclaimers.
In case of a disagreement between the translation and the
original version of this License or a notice or disclaimer,
the original version will prevail.
47
48
FOR
The following safety rules and regulations are to be followed in all Aerospace Engineering laboratories and research facilities. These
rules and regulations are to insure that all personnel working in these laboratories and research areas are protected, and that a safe
working environment is maintained.
1.Horseplay is hazardous and will not be tolerated.
2. No student may work alone in the laboratory at any time, except to prepare operating procedures for equipment or data writeup/reduction/simulations.
3. Required personal protective equipment (PPE) will be provided by the Department for use whenever specified by the Faculty,
Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant, .i.e., hearing protection, face shields, dust masks, gloves, etc.
4. Contact lenses will not be worn in the laboratory when vapours or fumes are present.
5. Safety glasses with side shields and plastic lenses will be required when operating targeted class experiments as outlined in the
experimental procedures. Splash goggles or face shields will also be provided and worn also, for those experiments which have been
identified as a requirement.
6. Each student must know where the location of the First Aid box, emergency equipment, eye wash station is, if required in the
laboratories, shops, and storage areas.
7. All Faculty, Engineering Support and Teaching Assistants must know how to use the emergency equipment and have the
knowledge to take action when an accident has occurred, .i.e., emergency telephone number, location, emergency response services.
8. All Faculty, Engineering Support and Teaching Assistants, and Research Assistants, must be familiar with all elements of fire
safety: alarm, evacuation and assembly, fire containment and suppression, rescue.
9. Ungrounded wiring and two-wire extension cords are prohibited. Worn or frayed extension cords or those with broken connections
or exposed wiring must not be used. All electrical devices must be grounded before they are turned on.
10. All Faculty, Engineering Support and Teaching Assistants, and Research Assistants, must be familiar with an approved emergency
shutdown procedure before initiating any experiment.
11. There will be NO deviation from approved equipment operating procedures.
12. All laboratory aisles and exits must remain clear and unblocked.
13. No student may sniff, breathe, or inhale any gas or vapour used or produced in any experiment.
14. All containers must be labeled as to the content, composition, and appropriate hazard warning: flammable, explosive, toxic, etc.
15. The instructions on all warning signs must be read and obeyed in all laboratories and research facilities.
16. All liquid and solid waste must be segregated for disposal according to Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant
instructions. All acidic and alkaline waste should be neutralized prior to disposal. NOTE: NO organic waste material is to be poured
down the sink or floor drains. These wastes should be property placed in designed waste disposal containers, labeled and stored in the
departments flammable storage cabinet which is ventilated and secured.
17. Good housekeeping must be practiced in all teaching and research laboratories, shops, and storage areas.
18. Eating, drinking, use of any tobacco products, gum chewing or application of makeup are strictly prohibited in the laboratories,
shops, and storage areas.
19. Only chemicals may be placed in the Chemicals Only refrigerator. Only food items may be placed in the Food Only refrigerator.
Ice from any refrigerator is not be used for human consumption or to cool any food or drink.
20. Glassware breakage must be disposed in the cardboard boxes marked Glass Disposal. Any glassware breakage and
malfunctioning instruments or equipment must be reported to the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant present.
21. All injuries, accidents, and near misses must be reported to the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant. The
Accident Report must be completed as soon as possible after the event by the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant and
reported to the Departmental Safety Officer immediately. Any person involved in an accident must be sent or escorted to the
University Health Centre. All accidents are to be REPORTED.
22. All chemical spills are to be reported to the Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant, whose direction must be followed
for containment and cleanup. Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant will follow the prescribed instructions for cleanup
and decontamination of the spill area. The Departmental Safety Officer must be notified when a major spill has been reported.
23. All students and Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant must wash their hands before leaving targeted laboratories,
research facilities or shops.
24. No tools, supplies, or any other items may be tossed from one person to another.
25. Compressed gas cylinders must be secured at all times. Proper safety procedures must be followed when moving compressed gas
cylinders. Cylinders not in use must be capped.
26. Only gauges that are marked Use no oil are for Oxygen cylinders. Do not use an oiled gauge for any oxidizing or reactive gas.
27. Students are never to play with compressed gas hoses or lines or point their discharges at any person.
28. Do not use adapters or try to modify any gas regulator or connection.
29. There will be no open flames or heating elements used when volatile chemicals are exposed to the air.
30. Any toxic chemicals will be only be exposed to the air in a properly ventilated Fume Hood. Flammable chemicals will be exposed
to the air only under a properly ventilated hood or in an area which is adequately ventilated.
31. Personal items brought into the laboratory or research facility must be limited to those things necessary for the experiment and safe
operation of the equipment in the laboratories and research facilities.
32. General laboratory coats, safety footwear are not provided by the Department of Aerospace Engineering, although some targeted
laboratories and research areas will be supported by a reasonable stock of protective clothing and accessories, i.e., gloves, welding
aprons, dust masks, face shields, safety glasses, etc.
33. Equipment that has been deemed unsafe must be tagged and locked out of service by the Technical Officer in charge of the
laboratory or research facility. The Departmental Safety Officer must be notified of the equipment lockout IMMEDIATELY!
34. In June 1987 both the Federal & Ontario Governments passed legislation to implement the workplace hazardous material
information system or WHMIS across Canada. WHMIS was designed to give workers the right-to-know about hazardous material to
which they are exposed to on the job. Any person who is required to handle any hazardous material covered by this act should first
read the label and the products material safety data sheet (MSDS). No student is to handle any hazardous materials unless supervised
by a Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching Assistant. The laboratory Technical Officer, Faculty, Engineering Support or Teaching
Assistant is responsible for ensuring that any hazardous materials are stored safely using WHMIS recommended methods and storage
procedures. All MSDS must be displayed and stored in a readily accessible place known to all users in the workplace and laboratory
35. All the foregoing rules and regulations are in addition to the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1987.
36. Casual visitors to the laboratory and research areas are to be discouraged and must have permission from the Faculty, Engineering
Support or Teaching Assistant to enter. All visitors must adhere to the safety guidelines and is the responsibility of the visitor.
37. Only the Safety Officer may make changes to these policies upon confirmation of the Safety Committee and approval of the
Department Chair.