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Block Diagrams: David W. Graham EE 327

Block diagrams provide a symbolic representation of complex systems using basic elements like blocks and adders. They allow easier understanding of relationships between subsystems compared to equations. Basic connections include series, parallel and feedback. A satellite tracking example is provided to demonstrate modeling a large system using block diagrams. Key steps are obtaining subsystem transfer functions, drawing the block diagram from input to output, and performing reductions. The final block diagram represents the overall system transfer function relating the input control angle to the output antenna angle.

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38 views17 pages

Block Diagrams: David W. Graham EE 327

Block diagrams provide a symbolic representation of complex systems using basic elements like blocks and adders. They allow easier understanding of relationships between subsystems compared to equations. Basic connections include series, parallel and feedback. A satellite tracking example is provided to demonstrate modeling a large system using block diagrams. Key steps are obtaining subsystem transfer functions, drawing the block diagram from input to output, and performing reductions. The final block diagram represents the overall system transfer function relating the input control angle to the output antenna angle.

Uploaded by

yaro-82
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Block Diagrams

David W. Graham
EE 327

Block Diagrams
Symbolic representation of complex
signals
Easier to understand the relationships
between subsystems using block digrams
than by looking at the equations representing
them, or even schematics
Often easier to obtain a transfer function for
the overall system by first drawing block
diagrams
2

Basic Elements
1. Block

X(s)

H(s)

2. Adder

X1(s)

Y(s) = H(s)X(s)

Y(s) = X1(s) + X2(s)

X2(s)

3. Node

X(s)

X(s)
X (s)

Basic Connections
Series / Cascade
Parallel
Feedback

Series / Cascade Connections


X(s)

H1(s)

W(s) = H1(s)X(s)

Y(s) = H2(s)W(s)
= H1(s) H2(s)X(s)

H2(s)

Equivalent to a single block of


X(s)

H1(s)H2(s)

Y(s)

Parallel Connections
H1(s)
X(s)

Y1(s)
Y(s)

+
H2(s)

Y1(s) = H1(s)X(s)
Y2(s) = H2(s)X(s)
Y(s) = Y1(s) + Y2(s)
= [H1(s) + H2(s)]X(s)

Y2(s)

Equivalent to a single block of


X(s)

H1(s) + H2(s)

Y(s)

Feedback Connection
(Negative Feedback)

X(s)

E(s)
+

H1(s)

Y(s)

H2(s)

Y(s) = H1(s)E(s)
E(s) = X(s) H2(s)Y(s)
Y(s) = H1(s)[X(s) H2(s)Y(s)]
= H1(s)X(s) H1(s)H2(s)Y(s)
Y(s)[1 + H1(s)H2(s)] = H1(s)X(s)
Y(s) =
H1(s)
X(s) 1 + H1(s)H2(s)

(Equivalent Block)
7

Complex System Modeling


1.
2.
3.
4.

Obtain a transfer function for each subsystem


Determine equations that show the interactions of
each subsystem
Draw a block diagram (Hint. Start from input and work
to output or vice versa)
Perform block-diagram reduction
A.

X(s)

H1(s)

H2(s)

Y(s)

X(s)

H1(s)H2(s)

Y(s)

X(s)

H1(s) + H2(s)

Y(s)

X(s)

H1(s)
1 + H1(s)H2(s)

Y(s)

H1(s)
B.

X(s)

Y(s)

H2(s)
C.

X(s)

H1(s)

Y(s)

H2(s)

X2(s)

X2(s)

H(s)

X1(s)

H(s)

D.
X1(s)

H(s)

Y(s)
= H(s)[X1(s) + X2(s)]

Y(s)
= H(s)[X1(s) + X2(s)]

Block-Diagram Reduction Example 1


X (s )

H1 ( s)

H 2 ( s)

Y (s )

H 3 ( s)

X (s )

H1 ( s) H 2 ( s )

Y (s )

H 3 ( s)
H1 ( s) H 2 (s)
1 + H1 ( s) H 2 ( s) H 3 ( s)

X (s )

Y (s )

1
s +1
, H 3 (s ) =
s+2
s + 10
10
H1 ( s) H 2 ( s)
s+2
H (s ) =
=
=
1 + H1 ( s ) H 2 ( s ) H 3 ( s ) 1 + 10(s + 1)
(s + 2)(s + 10)
If H 1 (s ) = 10, H 2 (s ) =

10(s + 10 )
s 2 + 22 s + 30

Block-Diagram Reduction Example 2


3
X (s )

1
s +1

+
+

1
s

Y (s )

2
s+2

3
X ( s)

1
s +1

+
2s
s+2

1
s

+
+

Y (s)

Divide by 1/s block


10

3
X ( s)

1
s +1

1
s

2s
s+2

X ( s)

1
s +1

+
+

Y ( s)

1
1
s
Feedback Block
=
s+3
1
1 + (3)
s

1
s+3

+
+

Y ( s)

2s
s+2

11

X ( s)

1
s +1

+
+

1
s+3

Y ( s)

2s
s+2

X ( s)

1
s +1

2s
s+2

1
s+3
1
s+3

+
+

Y (s)

Parallel

Feedback

X ( s)

1
s +1
1
2s
1+
s + 1 (s + 2 )(s + 3)

1+

1
s+3

Y ( s) X ( s)

(s + 2)(s + 4)
(s + 2)(s + 3)(s + 1) + 2s

Y (s)

12

Large System Example


Satellite Tracking System
Amplifier

Tracking
Receiver

V1
V2

Tachometer

+
-

Va
Motor

m
1
N

Gear Box

Trying to track a satellite with an antenna


Input to the system is a control angle (i.e. the angle we want to point the antenna)
Output is the actual angle of the antenna
The overall system requires several components to complete its task
13

Amplifier

c
System Input
c,
System Output
L
System Signals
c, m, L, V1, V2, Va
System Constants
J, Ka, Kb, Kt, KT

Tracking
Receiver

V1
V2

Tachometer

+
-

Va
Motor

m
1
N

Gear Box

Subsystem Equations
1. Tracking Receiver
Input  c, L
Output  V1

V1 = H 1 (s )[ c L ]

2. Amplifier
Input  V1 V2
Output  Va

Va = K a (V1 V2 )

3. Motor
Input  Va
Output  m

H1(s) is a complicated
transfer function

H 2 (s ) = K a
J&&m + KT K b&m = KT Va
2

TF is s J m + sK T K b m = KT Va
H 3 (s ) =

4. Tachometer
Input  m
Output  V2

V2 = K t&m

5. Gear Box
Input  m
Output  L

L =

H 4 (s ) = sK t
1
m
N

H 5 (s ) =

1
N

KT
s 2 J + sK T K b
14

Create a System Block Diagram


(Let us work from input to output)
c

H1 ( s)

V1

+
V2

Ka

Va

KT
s 2 J + sK T K b

1
N

sK t

Subsystem Equations
1. Tracking Receiver
Input  c, L
Output  V1
2. Amplifier
Input  V1 V2
Output  Va
3. Amplifier
Input  Va
Output  m

V1 = H 1 (s )[ c L ]
H1(s) is a complicated
transfer function

H 2 (s ) = K a

H 3 (s ) =

KT
s 2 J + sK T K b

4. Tachometer
Input  m
Output  V2
5. Gear Box
Input  m
Output  L

H 4 (s ) = sK t

H 5 (s ) =

1
N

Connect like nodes


15

Perform Block-Diagram Reduction


Series Connection

H1 ( s)

V1

+
V2

Ka

Va

KT
s 2 J + sK T K b

1
N

sK t

Feedback Connection

H1 ( s)

V1

+
V2

K a KT
s 2 J + sK T K b

1
N

sK t

16

H1 ( s)

K a KT
s 2 J + sKT K b
sK K K
1+ 2 a t T
s J + sK T K b

K a KT
H 1 (s )
N s 2 J + sK T (K a K t + K b )

H1 (s )K a K T
s 2 NJ + sNK T (K a K t + K b ) + H1 (s )K a K T

1
N

17

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