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Bessel Functions Summary

This document discusses Bessel functions, Legendre polynomials, and their properties. Bessel functions are solutions to Bessel's equation and are analogous to sine and cosine functions, while modified Bessel functions are analogous to exponential functions. Legendre polynomials are solutions to Legendre's equation and include polynomials Pn(x) and polynomials multiplied by a logarithm Qn(x). Key properties include orthogonality of the functions, their behavior near zero and infinity, derivatives, zeros, and values on specific intervals.

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36 views2 pages

Bessel Functions Summary

This document discusses Bessel functions, Legendre polynomials, and their properties. Bessel functions are solutions to Bessel's equation and are analogous to sine and cosine functions, while modified Bessel functions are analogous to exponential functions. Legendre polynomials are solutions to Legendre's equation and include polynomials Pn(x) and polynomials multiplied by a logarithm Qn(x). Key properties include orthogonality of the functions, their behavior near zero and infinity, derivatives, zeros, and values on specific intervals.

Uploaded by

onwunalu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bessel functions and Legendre polynomials

Bessels equation of order p

Orthogonality

x2 y 00 + xy 0 + (x2 p2 )y = 0

Solution: y(x) = aJp (x) + bYp (x)


If p is not an integer, Yp (x) = Jp (x).

xJp (pm x/`)Jp (pn x/`) dx


(
0
n 6= m
= `2 2
2 Jp+1 (pm ) n = m

J0 (x)

J1 (x)

Idea:

Modified Bessels equation of order p

x2 y 00 + xy 0 (x2 + p2 )y = 0

0.5
0

10

Solution: y(x) = aIp (x) + bKp (x)


If p is not an integer, Kp (x) = Ip (x).

20
x

0.5

Yn (x)

Bessel functions are like sine and cosine.

Y0 (x)

0.5

In (x)

Jn (x)

J2 (x)
0.5

Y1 (x)

I0 (x)
I1 (x)

Y2 (x)
1

10

I2 (x)

20
x

0
3

Zeros Jp (pm ) = 0 for all p and m = 1, 2, 3, . . ..


(Each Jp , Yp has infinite number of zeros labeled
pm .)

K0 (x)

Behavior at zero: J0 (0) = 1, Jp (0) = 0 for


p = 1, 2, 3, . . ., Yp (0) = for all p

K1 (x)
K2 (x)

2
Kn (x)

Behavior at infinity: Jp (x) 0 and Yp (x) 0


as x

2
x

0
0

2
x

Derivatives

d
p
dx [x Jp (x)]

d
p
Jp (x)]
dx [x

d
p
dx [x Yp (x)]

d
p
Yp (x)]
dx [x

= xp Jp1 (x),
= xp Jp+1 (x)

Behavior at zero: I0 (0) = 1, Ip (0) = 0,


1, 2, 3, . . . Kp (0) = for all p

p =

= xp Yp1 (x),
= xp Yp+1 (x)

Behavior at infinity:
x

Ip (x) , Kp (x) 0 as

Pn (x) =

Derivatives

d
p
dx [x Ip (x)]

d
p
Ip (x)]
dx [x

d
p
dx [x Kp (x)]

d
p
Kp (x)]
dx [x

= xp Ip1 (x),

1
dn
2
2n n! dxn (x

1)n

P0 = 1, P1 = x, P2 = 21 (3x2 1), . . .
 P

n
1+x
Qn (x) = 12 Pn (x) ln 1x
m=1 n1 Pm1 Pnm
for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .


1+x
Q0 (x) = 12 ln 1x

= xp Ip+1 (x)
= xp Kp1 (x),
= xp Kp+1 (x)

Modified Bessel functions are like epx and Note: Q (x) only finite on 1 < x < 1
n

Idea:
e
.
px

Legendres equation:
2

00

Properties on 1 < x < 1

(1 x )y 2xy + n(n + 1)y = 0,

n even: Pn (1) = 1, Pn (1) = 1

where n is an integer.
Solution: y(x) = aPn (x) + bQn (x)

n odd: Pn (1) = 1, Pn (1) = 1

Qn (1) = , Qn (1) =

Pn (x)

Zeros:
Pn (x) has n zeros.

Pn (0) = 0 if n odd.
Qn (x) has n + 1 zeros.
1

0
x

Orthogonality:
Z

2.5

Pn (x)Pm (x) dx =

Qn (x)

(
0

n 6= m
n=m

2
2n+1

Pn (cos )Pm (cos ) sin d


0

2.5
1

0
x

(
0
2
2n+1

n 6= m
n=m

Idea: Pn (x) is a specific polynomial in x of order


n. Qn (x) is a polynomial times a log.

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