DATABASE CREATION

1) Creating Table
SQL> create table emp(empno number(4) primary key,ename
varchar2(10),job varchar2(9),mgr number(4),hiredate date,sal
number(7,2),comm number(7,2),deptno number(2));
Output:
Table created
2) Describing Table Structure
SQL> desc emp;
Output:

Name

Null?

Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------EMPNO

ENAME

NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

VARCHAR2(10)

JOB

VARCHAR2(9)

MGR

NUMBER(4)

HIREDATE
SAL
COMM
DEPTNO

3) Inserting Data Into Table

DATE
NUMBER(7,2)
NUMBER(7,2)
NUMBER(2)

SQL> insert into emp

values(&empno,'&ename','&job',&mgr,'&hiredate',&sal,&comm,&deptn
o);
Output:
Enter value for empno: 1000
Enter value for ename: ajay
Enter value for job: manager
Enter value for mgr: 7890
Enter value for hiredate: 21-apr-08
Enter value for sal: 3000
Enter value for comm: 01
Enter value for deptno: 10
1 row created.

SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 2000
Enter value for ename: bhakti
Enter value for job: clerk
Enter value for mgr: 7891
Enter value for hiredate: 15-may-09
Enter value for sal: 2000
Enter value for comm: 02
Enter value for deptno: 20

1 row created.

SQL> /

Enter value for empno: 3000

Enter value for ename: piyu
Enter value for job: analyst
Enter value for mgr: 7892
Enter value for hiredate: 13-jan-05
Enter value for sal: 2500
Enter value for comm: 03
Enter value for deptno: 30

1 row created.

4) Use Of Select Command

SQL> select*from emp;
Output:

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7369 SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

20

7499 ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

300

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

500

30

7521 WARD

30

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7566 JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

20

7654 MARTIN

SALESMAN

7698 28-SEP-81

1250

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

1400

30

7698 BLAKE

MANAGER

30

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7782 CLARK

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

10

7788 SCOTT
20

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

COMM

7839 KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

10

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7844 TURNER

SALESMAN

7698 08-SEP-81

1500

30

7876 ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

20

7900 JAMES

CLERK

7698 03-DEC-81

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

950

30

EMPNO ENAME

SAL

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7902 FORD
20

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

COMM

7934 MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

manager

7890 21-APR-08

3000

10

1000 ajay

10

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------2000 bhakti

clerk

7891 15-MAY-09

2000

analyst

7892 13-JAN-05

2500

20

3000 piyu
30

17 rows selected.

DATABASE RETRIEVAL

1) Selecting Certain Fields or Columns

SQL> select ename,sal,deptno from emp;
Output:

ENAME

SAL

DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ---------SMITH

800

ALLEN

1600

30

WARD

1250

30

JONES

20

2975

20

MARTIN

1250

30

BLAKE

2850

30

CLARK

2450

10

SCOTT

3000

20

KING

5000

10

TURNER

1500

30

ADAMS

1100

20

ENAME

SAL

DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ---------JAMES

950

FORD

3000

20

MILLER

1300

10

ajay
bhakti
piyu

3000
2000
2500

17 rows selected.

30

10
20
30

2) Use Of Where clause

SQL> select*from emp where deptno=20;
Output:

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7369 SMITH

CLERK

7902 17-DEC-80

800

20

7566 JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

20

7788 SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

20

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7876 ADAMS

CLERK

7788 23-MAY-87

1100

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

20

7902 FORD

COMM

20

2000 bhakti

clerk

7891 15-MAY-09

2000

20

6 rows selected.

3)Use Of Logical Operator AND:

SQL> select empno,ename,hiredate from emp where sal<3000 and
deptno=30;
Output:

EMPNO ENAME

HIREDATE

---------- ---------- --------7499 ALLEN

20-FEB-81

7521 WARD

22-FEB-81

7654 MARTIN

28-SEP-81

7698 BLAKE

01-MAY-81

7844 TURNER
7900 JAMES
3000 piyu

08-SEP-81
03-DEC-81
13-JAN-05

7 rows selected.

4)Use Of Logical Operator OR:

SQL> select*from emp where deptno=10 or sal>2000;
Output:

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7566 JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

20

7698 BLAKE
30

7782 CLARK
10

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7788 SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

20

7839 KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

10

7902 FORD

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

COMM

20

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7934 MILLER

CLERK

7782 23-JAN-82

1300

manager

7890 21-APR-08

3000

10

1000 ajay

10

3000 piyu

analyst

7892 13-JAN-05

2500

30

9 rows selected.

5)Use Of Logical Operator NOT

SQL> select*from emp where job not like 'CLERK';
Output:

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

SAL

COMM

---------7499 ALLEN

SALESMAN

7698 20-FEB-81

1600

300

SALESMAN

7698 22-FEB-81

1250

500

30

7521 WARD
30

7566 JONES

MANAGER

7839 02-APR-81

2975

20

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7654 MARTIN

SALESMAN

7698 28-SEP-81

1250

MANAGER

7839 01-MAY-81

2850

MANAGER

7839 09-JUN-81

2450

1400

30

7698 BLAKE
30

7782 CLARK
10

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7788 SCOTT

ANALYST

7566 19-APR-87

3000

20

7839 KING

PRESIDENT

17-NOV-81

5000

10

7844 TURNER

SALESMAN

7698 08-SEP-81

1500

30

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------7902 FORD

ANALYST

7566 03-DEC-81

3000

20

1000 ajay

manager

7890 21-APR-08

3000

10

2000 bhakti
20

clerk

7891 15-MAY-09

2000

EMPNO ENAME

JOB

MGR HIREDATE

SAL

COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ---------DEPTNO

---------3000 piyu

analyst

7892 13-JAN-05

2500

30

13 rows selected.

6) Distinct Clause
SQL> select distinct deptno from emp;
Output:

DEPTNO
---------10
20
30

7)Order By Clause
SQL> select ename,deptno,hiredate from emp order by hiredate desc;
Output:

ENAME

DEPTNO HIREDATE

---------- ---------- --------bhakti

20 15-MAY-09

ajay

10 21-APR-08

piyu

30 13-JAN-05

ADAMS

20 23-MAY-87

SCOTT

20 19-APR-87

MILLER

10 23-JAN-82

JAMES

30 03-DEC-81

FORD

20 03-DEC-81

KING

10 17-NOV-81

MARTIN

30 28-SEP-81

TURNER

30 08-SEP-81

ENAME

DEPTNO HIREDATE

---------- ---------- --------CLARK

10 09-JUN-81

BLAKE

30 01-MAY-81

JONES

20 02-APR-81

WARD

30 22-FEB-81

ALLEN

30 20-FEB-81

SMITH

20 17-DEC-80

17 rows selected.

8) Creating Another Table

SQL> create table emp1(emp_no,emp_name,emp_sal,dept_no)as
select empno,ename,sal,deptno from emp;
Output:

Table created.

SQL> select*from emp1;

EMP_NO EMP_NAME

EMP_SAL

DEPT_NO

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH

800

7499 ALLEN

1600

30

7521 WARD

1250

30

7566 JONES

2975

20

20

7654 MARTIN

1250

30

7698 BLAKE

2850

30

7782 CLARK

2450

10

7788 SCOTT

3000

20

7839 KING

5000

10

7844 TURNER

1500

30

7876 ADAMS

1100

20

EMP_NO EMP_NAME

EMP_SAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------7900 JAMES

950

7902 FORD

3000

30
20

DEPT_NO

7934 MILLER
1000 ajay

1300
3000

2000 bhakti
3000 piyu

2000
2500

10
10
20
30

17 rows selected.

9)Delete Operation
SQL> delete from emp1 where emp_sal<2000;
Output:
8 rows deleted.

SQL> select*from emp1;

EMP_NO EMP_NAME

EMP_SAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------7566 JONES

2975

20

7698 BLAKE

2850

30

7782 CLARK

2450

10

7788 SCOTT

3000

20

7839 KING
7902 FORD
1000 ajay

5000
3000
3000

10
20
10

DEPT_NO

2000 bhakti
3000 piyu

2000
2500

20
30

9 rows selected.

10)Updating Table
SQL> update emp1 set emp_sal=4000;
Output:

9 rows updated.

SQL> select*from emp1;

EMP_NO EMP_NAME

EMP_SAL

---------- ---------- ---------- ---------7566 JONES

4000

20

7698 BLAKE

4000

30

7782 CLARK

4000

10

7788 SCOTT

4000

20

7839 KING
7902 FORD
1000 ajay
2000 bhakti
3000 piyu

9 rows selected.

4000
4000
4000
4000
4000

10
20
10
20
30

DEPT_NO

11) Modifying Table Structure

SQL> desc emp1;
Output:
Name

Null?

Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------EMP_NO

NUMBER(4)

EMP_NAME

VARCHAR2(10)

EMP_SAL

NUMBER(7,2)

DEPT_NO

NUMBER(2)

SQL> alter table emp1 add(city char(10));

Table altered.

SQL> desc emp1;

Name

Null?

Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------EMP_NO

NUMBER(4)

EMP_NAME

VARCHAR2(10)

EMP_SAL

NUMBER(7,2)

DEPT_NO

NUMBER(2)

CITY

CHAR(10)

SQL> alter table emp1 drop column dept_no;

Table altered.

SQL> desc emp1;

Name

Null?

Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------EMP_NO

NUMBER(4)

EMP_NAME

VARCHAR2(10)

EMP_SAL
CITY

NUMBER(7,2)
CHAR(10)

SQL> alter table emp1 modify(city char(20));

Table altered.

SQL> desc emp1;

Name

Null?

Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------EMP_NO

EMP_NAME

NUMBER(4)
VARCHAR2(10)

EMP_SAL
CITY

NUMBER(7,2)
CHAR(20)