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Exercise 2.1 (Solutions)

This document contains solutions to 12 calculus problems involving finding derivatives of various functions. The functions include polynomials, rational functions, radical functions, and implicit functions with variables x and y. The solutions show taking the derivative, simplifying using limit laws and properties of derivatives, and arriving at final solutions for dy/dx in terms of x alone.

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Fakhar Abbas
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69 views6 pages

Exercise 2.1 (Solutions)

This document contains solutions to 12 calculus problems involving finding derivatives of various functions. The functions include polynomials, rational functions, radical functions, and implicit functions with variables x and y. The solutions show taking the derivative, simplifying using limit laws and properties of derivatives, and arriving at final solutions for dy/dx in terms of x alone.

Uploaded by

Fakhar Abbas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Exercise 2.1 (Solutions)


Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.1

Question # 1 (i)
Let y = 2 x 2 + 1
y + d y = 2( x + d x) +1
2

d y = 2( x + d x) + 1 - y
2

Q y = 2x2 + 1

d y = 2 x 2 + 2 x d x + d x2 + 1 - 2 x 2 - 1

d y = 2 x 2 + 4 x d x + 2d x 2 - 2 x 2 d y = 2 x 2 + 4 x d x + 2d x 2 - 2 x 2
d y = 4 x d x + 2d x 2
= d x ( 4 x + 2d x )
Dividing by d x
dy
= 4 x + 2d x
dx
Taking limit when d x 0
dy
lim
= lim ( 4 x + 2d x )
d x0 d x
d x0
dy

= 4 x + 2(0)
dx
dy
d

= 4 x i.e.
2 x 2 + 1) = 4 x
(
dx
dx
Question # 1 (ii)
Let y = 2 - x

y +d y = 2 - x +d x

d y = 2 - x +d x - y

d y = 2 - x +d x - 2+ x

1
2

d x 2
d y = x - x 1 +

2
1
1

1 d x 12 ( 12 - 1) d x
2
2
d y = x - x 1 +
+
+
...


2 x
2! x

1
1
1
d x 12 ( - 12 ) d x 2

2
2
2
=x -x -x
+
+
....

2
2x
2
x

1
1 1dx

= - x 2d x
+ ....
2
2x 6 x

Dividing by d x , we have
1
dy
1 1dx

= -x2
+ ....
2
dx
2x 6 x

Taking limit as
1
dy
1 1dx

lim
= - x 2 lim
+ ....
2
d x0 d x
d x 0 2 x
6x

1
dy
1

= x2
- 0 + 0 - ....
dx
2x

1
2

1
2

1
2

1
1
1 2 -1
=x
= x
2x
2

d y = x - ( x + d x)2

dy 1 - 12
= x
dx 2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 2

Question # 1 (iii)
1
1
Let y =
y = (x) 2
x
Now do yourself
Question # 1 (iv)
1
Let y = 3
y = x -3
x
-3
y + d y = ( x + d x)
d y = ( x + d x ) - x -3
-3

d x -3
d y = x 1 +
- 1
x

3d x -3(-3 - 1) d x 2

-3
= x 1 +
+
....
- 1

x
2!
x


3d x -3(-4) d x 2

-3
= x 1 +
+
.....
1


x
2 x

-3

3d x -3(-4) d x 2

= x +
+
.....


2 x
x

dx

d x
= x -3
-3 + 6 - .....

x
x

Dividing both sides by d x , we get


-3

dy

d x
= x -3-1 -3 + 6 - .....
dx
x

Taking limit on both sided, we get


dy

dx
lim
= lim x -4 -3 + 6 - .....
d x0 d x
d x 0
x

dy

= x -4 [ -3 + 0 - 0 + .....]
dx
dy
dy
3

= -3 x -4 or
=- 4
dx
dx
x
Question # 1 (vi)
1
Let y =
x-a
-1
y = ( x - a)

*Correction

y + d y = ( x + d x - a)

-1

d y = ( x - a + d x) - y
-1

d y = ( x - a + d x) - ( x - a)
-1

-1

-1

dx
= ( x - a ) 1 +
- 1
x-a


-1( -1 - 1) d x
dx
-1
= ( x - a ) 1 +
+
....
- 1

x
a
2!
x
a


-1

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 3

d y = ( x - a)

-1

= ( x - a)

-1( -1 - 1) d x
dx
1
+
+
....
1

2!
x-a
x - a

-1

2
dx

- 1( - 2 ) d x
+
+
....

x
a
2
x
a

dx

dx
-1 +
- ....

x-a
x-a

= ( x - a)
-1

Dividing by d x
dy

-1-1
dx
= ( x - a ) -1 +
- ....
dx
x-a

Taking limit when d x 0 , we have


dy

-1-1
dx
= lim ( x - a ) -1 +
- ....
lim

d x0 d x
d x 0
x-a

dy
-1
dy
-2

= ( x - a ) [ -1 + 0 - 0 + ....]
dx
dx ( x - a )2
Question # 1 (vi)
Let y = x ( x - 3)

= x 2 - 3x
Do yourself
Question # 1 (vii)
2
Let y = 4 = 2x - 4
x
y + d y = 2( x + d x)- 4
Do yourself
Question # 1(viii)
1
Let y = x 2 + 2 = x 2 + x -2
x
2
-2
y + d y = ( x + d x) + ( x + d x)
dy =
=

( x + d x ) + ( x + d x ) - x 2 - x -2
2
-2
( x + d x ) - x 2 + ( x + d x ) - x-2
-2

d x -2
= x + 2 xd x + d x - x + x 1 +
- 1
x

2d x -2(-2 - 1) d x 2

2
-2
= 2 xd x + d x + x 1 +
+
....
- 1

2!
x
x


2d x -2(-3) d x 2

2
-2
= 2 xd x + d x + x +
+
....


2 x
x

= d x ( 2 x + d x ) + x -2

-2

dx

d x
-2 + 3 + ....

x
x

Dividing by d x
dy

d x
= ( 2 x + d x ) + x -3 -2 + 3 + ....
dx
x

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 4

Taking limit when d x 0 , we have


dy

d x
= lim ( 2 x + d x ) + lim x -3 -2 + 3 + ....
lim
d x0 d x
d x 0
d x 0
x

dy

= ( 2 x + 0 ) + x -3 [ -2 + 0 - 0....]
dx
dy
2

= 2x - 3
dx
x
Question # 1(ix)
Let y =

( x + 4 )3
1

y + d y = ( x + d x + 4)3
1
3

d y = ( x + d x + 4) - y
1

= ( x + 4 + d x )3 - ( x + 4)3
1

3
d
x

= ( x + 4 ) 1 +
- 1

x+4

2
1 1 -1
1

(
)
1
d
x
d
x

3
3
- 1
= ( x + 4 ) 3 1 +
+
+
....


x
x
3
+
4
2!
+
4


2
1 -2
1

(
)
d
d
x
x

3
3
= ( x + 4)3
+
+
....

2 x+4
3( x + 4)

1
d x 1 1 d x

= ( x + 4)3
-
+ ....

x + 4 3 9 x + 4

Dividing by d x
1
dy
1 dx

-1 1
= ( x + 4)3 -
+ ....
dx
3 9 x + 4

Taking limit when d x 0


2
dy
1 dx

- 1
lim
= lim ( x + 4 ) 3 -
+ ....

d x0 d x
d x0
3 9 x + 4

2
2
dy 1
dy
- 1

= ( x + 4 ) 3 - 0 + 0 - ....

= ( x + 4) 3
dx
dx 3
3

1
3

Question # 1 (x)
Let y = x

3
2
3

y + d y = ( x + d x)2
3
2

d y = (x + d x) - x

3
2

d x 2

= x 1 +
- 1

2
3 3
3

3 d x 2 ( 2 - 1) d x
2

= x 1+
+
+ .... - 1

2
x
2!
x


3
2

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 5

3d x 32 ( 12 ) d x 2

=x
+
+ ....
2 x
2 x

3
d x 3 3 d x

= x2
+ + ....

x 2 8 x

Dividing by d x
3
-1 3
dy

3d x
= x 2 + + ....
dx
2 8 x

Taking limit when d x 0


1
dy
3 3 d x

= lim x 2 + + ....
lim
d x0 d x
d x0
2 8 x

3
2

dy
3

= x 2 - 0 + 0 - ....
dx
2

dy 3 12
= x
dx 2

Question # 1 (xi)
Let y = x 5 2
Do yourself as above.
Question # 1 (xii)
Let y = x m

(x + d x)
m
( x + d x ) - xm

y +d y =
dy =
=
=
=
=

d x m
x 1 +
- 1
x


d x m ( m - 1) d x
m
x 1 + m
+
+
....
- 1

x
2! x

m ( m - 1) d x
m md x
x
+
+
....


2
x
x

m ( m - 1) d x

dx
xm
m+
+ ....

x
2
x

Dividing by d x

m ( m - 1) d x

dy
= x m -1 m +
+
....

dx
2
x

Taking limit when d x 0

m ( m - 1) d x

dy
lim
= lim x m -1 m +
+ ....

d x0 d x
d x 0
2
x

dy
= x m -1 [ m + 0 + 0....]
dx

dy
= m x m -1
dx

Question # 1 (xii)
1
Let y = m = x - m
x
Do yourself as above, just change the m by - m in above question.

FSc-II / Ex- 2.1 - 6

Question # 1 (xvi)
Let y = x 40

( x + d x)
40
( x + d x ) - x 40

y +d y =
dy =

40

40

40
40
40
= x 40 + x39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40 - x 40
1
2
40
0

40
40
40
= (1) x 40 + x 39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40 - x 40
1
2
40
40
40
40
= x 39d x + x 38d x 2 + .... + d x 40
1
2
40
Dividing by d x
dy
40
40
40
= x 39 + x38d x + .... + d x 39
dx
1
2
40
Taking limit as d x 0
dy
40

40
40
lim
= lim x39 + x 38d x + .... + d x39
d x0 d x
d x 0 1
2
40

dy
40

= x 39 + 0 + 0 + .... + 0
dx
1

dy
40
= x 39
dx
1

or

dy
= 40 x 39
dx

Question # 1 (xiii)
Let y = x -100
Do yourself Question # 1(xii), Replace m by -100 .
Question # 2 (i)
Let y =

x + 2 = ( x + 2) 2
Now do yourself as Question # 1(ix)

Question # 2 (ii)
1
1
Let y =
= ( x + a) 2
x+a
Now do yourself as Question # 1 (ix)
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman ([email protected]), http://www.mathcity.org

The End

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