Text figure (3.

4): Negative Transform

%Matlab Code:
clear all; close all;
img = imread('breast.jpg');
img2 = 1 - im2double(img);
figure; subplot(1,2,1); imshow(img); title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(img2); title('Image after Negative Transform');
Original Image

Image after Negative Transform

Text figure (3.5) Log Transformation:

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img = imread('fourierspectrum.jpg');
img2 = log10(1+256*im2double(img));
img2 = [img2 - min(img2(:))] ./ max(img2(:) - min(img2(:)));
figure; subplot(1,2,1); imshow(img); title('Original Image');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(img2); title('Image after Logarithmic
Transform');
Original Image

Image after Logarithmic Transform

Text figure (3.8) Gamma Correction

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img = imread('spine.jpg');
img2 = double(img).^(0.6); img3
double(img).^(0.3);
img2 = [img2 - min(img2(:))] ./
img3 = [img3 - min(img3(:))] ./
img4 = [img4 - min(img4(:))] ./

= double(img).^(0.4); img4 =
max(img2(:) - min(img2(:)));
max(img3(:) - min(img3(:)));
max(img4(:) - min(img4(:)));

figure; subplot(2,2,1); imshow(img); title('Original Image');

subplot(2,2,2); imshow(img2); title('Image after Gamma Transform,
\gamma = 0.6');
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img3); title('Image after Gamma Transform,
\gamma = 0.4');
subplot(2,2,4); imshow(img4); title('Image after Gamma Transform,
\gamma = 0.3');
Original Image

Image after Gamma Transform, = 0.6

Image after Gamma Transform, = 0.4

Image after Gamma Transform, = 0.3

Text figure (3.9) Gamma Correction

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img = imread('aerial.jpg');
img2 = double(img).^(3); img3 = double(img).^(4); img4 =
double(img).^(5);
img2 = [img2 - min(img2(:))] ./ max(img2(:) - min(img2(:)));
img3 = [img3 - min(img3(:))] ./ max(img3(:) - min(img3(:)));
img4 = [img4 - min(img4(:))] ./ max(img4(:) - min(img4(:)));
figure; subplot(2,2,1); imshow(img); title('Original Image');
subplot(2,2,2); imshow(img2); title('Image after Gamma Transform,
\gamma = 4');
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img3); title('Image after Gamma Transform,
\gamma = 5');
subplot(2,2,4); imshow(img4); title('Image after Gamma Transform,
\gamma = 6');
Original Image

Image after Gamma Transform, = 4

Image after Gamma Transform, = 5

Image after Gamma Transform, = 6

Text figure (3.10) Contrast Stretching

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img = imread('pollen.jpg');
rmin = min(img(:)); rmax = max(img(:));
r = 0:255;
s = zeros(size(r));
s(1:find(s==rmin)) = 0;
step = length(r(find(r==rmin):find(r==rmax)));
s(find(r==rmin):find(r==rmax)) = 0:255./step:255-255./step;
s(find(r==rmax)+1:end) = 255;
img2 = double(img); img2 = [img2 - min(img2(:))] ./ max(img2(:)
min(img2(:)));
immean = round(mean(img(:))); img3 = img;
img3(find(img>=immean)) = 255; img3(find(img< immean)) = 0;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); plot(r,s); axis([0 255 -2 259]);
xlabel('Input Gray Level, r'); ylabel('Output Gray Level, s');
subplot(2,2,2); imshow(img); title('Original Image');
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img2); title('Contrast-Stretched Image');
subplot(2,2,4); imshow(img3); title('Thresholded Image');
Original Image

Output Gray Level, s

250
200
150
100
50
0
0

50

100
150
200
Input Gray Level, r

Contrast-Stretched Image

250

Thresholded Image

Text figure (3.11) Gray-level Slicing

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = rgb2gray(imread('road.jpg'));
img2 = img1;
x = 0:255;
y1 = 10*ones(size(x));
y1(128:240) = 200;
y2 = x;
y2(100:130) = 200;
img2(find(img1>=128 & img1<=240)) = 200;
img2(find(img1<128)) = 10;
img2(find(img1>240)) = 200;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y1); title('Binary Gray-level Slicing
Transform');
axis([0 255 0 255]); xlabel('Input Gray Level, r');
ylabel('Output Gray Level, s');
subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,y2); title('Linear Gray-level Slicing
Transform');
axis([0 255 0 255]); xlabel('Input Gray Level, r');
ylabel('Output Gray Level, s');
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img1); title('Original Aerial Road Image');
subplot(2,2,4); imshow(img2); title('Binary Gray-level Sliced Image');
Linear Gray-level Slicing Transform
250

200

200

Output Gray Level, s

Output Gray Level, s

Binary Gray-level Slicing Transform

250

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100

50

150
100

50

50

100
150
Input Gray Level, r
Original Aerial Road Image

200

250

50

100
150
Input Gray Level, r

200

Binary Gray-level Sliced Image

250

Text figure (3.14) Bit-Plane Slicing

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img = imread('fractal.jpg');
img7 = img; img6 = img; img5 = img; img4 = img;
img3 = img; img2 = img; img1 = img; img0 = img;
img7
img5
img3
img1

=
=
=
=

double(bitand(img,128));
double(bitand(img,32));
double(bitand(img,8));
double(bitand(img,2));

img6
img4
img2
img0

=
=
=
=

double(bitand(img,64));
double(bitand(img,16));
double(bitand(img,4));
double(bitand(img,1));

figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,2);
subplot(2,2,3);
subplot(2,2,4);

imshow(img7);
imshow(img6);
imshow(img5);
imshow(img4);

title('Bit-plane
title('Bit-plane
title('Bit-plane
title('Bit-plane

7');
6');
5');
4');

figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,2);
subplot(2,2,3);
subplot(2,2,4);

imshow(img3);
imshow(img2);
imshow(img1);
imshow(img0);

title('Bit-plane
title('Bit-plane
title('Bit-plane
title('Bit-plane

3');
2');
1');
0');

Bit-plane 7

Bit-plane 6

Bit-plane 5

Bit-plane 4

Bit-plane 3

Bit-plane 2

Bit-plane 1

Bit-plane 0

Text figure (3.15) Image Histograms

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = imread('pollen_dark.jpg'); img2 = imread('pollen_bright.jpg');
img3 = imread('pollen.jpg'); img4 = imread('pollen_highcontrast.jpg');
[hist1, bins1] = hist(double(img1(:)),256);
[hist2, bins2] = hist(double(img2(:)),256);
[hist3, bins3] = hist(double(img3(:)),256);
[hist4, bins4] = hist(double(img4(:)),256);
hist1 = hist1./length(img1(:)); hist2 = hist2./length(img2(:));
hist3 = hist3./length(img3(:)); hist4 = hist4./length(img4(:));
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imshow(img1); title('Dark Image');
subplot(2,2,2); bar(bins1,hist1); title('Dark Image cdf');
axis([0 255 0 .1]); xlabel('Gray Level, r');
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img2); title('Bright Image');
subplot(2,2,4); bar(bins2,hist2); title('Bright Image cdf');
axis([0 255 0 .1]); xlabel('Gray Level, r');
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imshow(img3); title('Low-contrast Image');
subplot(2,2,2); bar(bins3,hist3); title('Low-contrast Image cdf');
axis([0 255 0 .1]); xlabel('Gray Level, r');
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img4); title('High-contrast Image');
subplot(2,2,4); bar(bins4,hist4); title('High-contrast Image cdf');
axis([0 255 0 .1]); xlabel('Gray Level, r');
Dark Image

Dark Image cdf

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

50

Bright Image

100
150
Gray Level, r

200

250

200

250

Bright Image cdf

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

50

100
150
Gray Level, r

Low-contrast Image

Low-contrast Image cdf

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

High-contrast Image

50

100
150
Gray Level, r

200

250

High-contrast Image cdf

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

50

100
150
Gray Level, r

200

250

Text figure (3.17) Histogram Equalization (Uniform pdf)

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = imread('pollen_dark.jpg'); img2 = imread('pollen_bright.jpg');
img3 = imread('pollen.jpg'); img4 = imread('pollen_highcontrast.jpg');
[hist1,
[hist2,
[hist3,
[hist4,
hist1 =
hist3 =

bins1] = hist(double(img1(:)),0:255);
bins2] = hist(double(img2(:)),0:255);
bins3] = hist(double(img3(:)),0:255);
bins4] = hist(double(img4(:)),0:255);
hist1./length(img1(:)); hist2 = hist2./length(img2(:));
hist3./length(img3(:)); hist4 = hist4./length(img4(:));

CDF1 = cumsum(hist1); CDF2 = cumsum(hist2);

CDF3 = cumsum(hist3); CDF4 = cumsum(hist4);
img1eq = zeros(size(img1));
img3eq = zeros(size(img3));
for i=0:255
img1eq(find(img1==i)) =
img2eq(find(img2==i)) =
img3eq(find(img3==i)) =
img4eq(find(img4==i)) =
end

img2eq = zeros(size(img2));
img4eq = zeros(size(img4));
CDF1(i+1);
CDF2(i+1);
CDF3(i+1);
CDF4(i+1);

[hist1eq, bins1eq] = hist(255*double(img1eq(:)),0:255);

[hist2eq, bins2eq] = hist(255*double(img2eq(:)),0:255);
[hist3eq, bins3eq] = hist(255*double(img3eq(:)),0:255);
[hist4eq, bins4eq] = hist(255*double(img4eq(:)),0:255);
hist1eq = hist1eq./length(img1eq(:)); hist2eq =
hist2eq./length(img2eq(:));
hist3eq = hist3eq./length(img3eq(:)); hist4eq =
hist4eq./length(img4eq(:));
figure;
subplot(2,3,1); imshow(img1); title('Dark Image');
subplot(2,3,2); imshow(img1eq); title('Dark Image Equalized');
subplot(2,3,3); bar(bins1eq,hist1eq); title('Dark Image Equalized
pdf');
axis([0 255 0 .1]); xlabel('Gray Level, r');
subplot(2,3,4); imshow(img2); title('Bright Image');
subplot(2,3,5); imshow(img2eq); title('Bright Image Equalized');
subplot(2,3,6); bar(bins2eq,hist2eq); title('Bright Image Equalized
pdf');
axis([0 255 0 .1]); xlabel('Gray Level, r');
figure;
subplot(2,3,1); imshow(img3); title('Low-contrast Image');
subplot(2,3,2); imshow(img3eq); title('Low-contrast Image Equalized');
subplot(2,3,3); bar(bins3eq,hist3eq); title('Low-contrast Image
Equalized pdf');
axis([0 255 0 .1]); xlabel('Gray Level, r');
subplot(2,3,4); imshow(img4); title('High-contrast Image');
subplot(2,3,5); imshow(img4eq); title('High-contrast Image Equalized');
subplot(2,3,6); bar(bins4eq,hist4eq); title('High-contrast Image
Equalized pdf');
axis([0 255 0 .1]); xlabel('Gray Level, r');

Dark Image Equalized pdf

Dark Image

Dark Image Equalized

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

100
200
Gray Level, r

Bright Image Equalized pdf

Bright Image

Bright Image Equalized

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

Low-contrast Image

Low-contrast Image Equalized

100
200
Gray Level, r

Low-contrast Image Equalized pdf

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

High-contrast Image

High-contrast Image Equalized

100
200
Gray Level, r

High-contrast Image Equalized pdf

0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0

100
200
Gray Level, r

Text figure (3.21) Histogram Equalization

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = imread('phobos.jpg');
[hist1, bins1] = hist(double(img1(:)),0:255);
hist1 = hist1./length(img1(:));
CDF1 = cumsum(hist1);
img1eq = zeros(size(img1));
for i=0:255
img1eq(find(img1==i)) = CDF1(i+1);
end
[hist1eq, bins1eq] = hist(255*double(img1eq(:)),0:255);
hist1eq = hist1eq;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); plot(bins1, 255*CDF1); title('Phobos Image
Transformation Function');
axis([0 255 0 255]); xlabel('Gray Level, r'); ylabel('Output Gray
Level, s');
subplot(2,2,2); imshow(img1eq); title('Phobos Image Equalized');
subplot(2,2,3); bar(bins1eq,hist1eq); title('Phobos Image Equalized
Histogram');
axis([0 255 0 70000]); xlabel('Gray Level, r'); ylabel('Number of
Pixels');

Phobos Image Transformation Function

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100
50
0

50

100
150
Gray Level, r

200

250

4
x 10Phobos Image Equalized Histogram

6
Number of Pixels

Output Gray Level, s

250

5
4
3
2
1
0

50

100
150
Gray Level, r

200

250

Phobos Image Equalized

Text figure (3.22) Histogram Matching

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = imread('phobos.jpg');
%Transform to Uniform Distribution
[hist1, bins1] = hist(double(img1(:)),0:255);
hist1 = hist1./length(img1(:));
T
= cumsum(hist1);
img1eq = zeros(size(img1));
for i=0:255
img1eq(find(img1==i)) = T(i+1);
end
[hist1eq, bins1eq] = hist(double(255*img1eq(:)),0:255);
hist1eq = hist1eq./length(img1(:)); S = cumsum(hist1eq);
%Specify New Histogram
x = 0:255; y = 1:256;
y(1:6)
= 0:70000/(6-1):70000; y(6:16) = 70000:(5000-70000)/(16-6):5000;
y(16:186) = 5000:(-5000)/(186-16):0; y(186:206) = 0:5000/(206-186):5000;
y(206:256) = 5000:(-5000)/(256-206):0;
hsum = sum(y); y = y./hsum; y = y*length(img1(:));
%Compute New CDF's from Specified Histogram (Iterative)
G = (cumsum(y)/length(img1(:)));
Ginv = zeros(size(G));
for k=1:256
dff = -1; z = 0;
while(dff < 0)
z = z+1; dff = G(z) - S(k);
end
Ginv(k) = z-1;
end
img1mt = zeros(size(img1eq)); ieq
= floor(255*img1eq);
for i=0:255
img1mt(find(ieq==i)) = Ginv(i+1);
end
[hist1mt, bins1mt] = hist(double(img1mt(:)),0:255);
img1mt = img1mt/255;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); plot(x,y); title('Phobos Image Specified Histogram');
axis([0 255 0 max(y)]); xlabel('Gray Level, r'); ylabel('Number of Pixels');
subplot(2,2,2); plot(x,255*G,x,Ginv); title('Transformations from Specified
Histogram');
legend('(1) - G(z)','(2) - G^{-1}(z)'); axis([0 255 0 255]);
xlabel('Input Gray Level, r'); ylabel('Output Gray Level, s');
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img1mt); title('Histogram Matched Phobos Image');
subplot(2,2,4); bar(bins1mt,hist1mt); title('Matched Phobos Image Histogram');
axis([0 255 0 max(hist1mt)]); xlabel('Gray Level, r'); ylabel('Number of
Pixels');

x 10

Phobos Image Specified Histogram

Transformations from Specified Histogram

250

Output Gray Level, s

200

150
(1) - G(z)

100

(2) - G-1(z)

50

50

100
150
Gray Level, r

200

250

50

Histogram Matched Phobos Image

x 10

100
150
Input Gray Level, r

200

250

Matched Phobos Image Histogram

Number of Pixels

Number of Pixels

50

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150
Gray Level, r

200

250

Text figure (3.25) Histogram Statistics Enhancement

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img = im2double(imread('filament.jpg'));
M = mean(img(:)); D = sqrt(var(img(:)));
E = 4; k0 = 0.4; k1=0.02; k2=0.4;
%Compute Local Means
h = ones(3,3)/9;
img1 = conv2(img,h,'same');
%Compute Local Standard Deviations
imgb = zeros(size(img1,1)+2, size(img1,2)+2);
imgb(2:size(imgb,1)-1, 2:size(imgb,2)-1) = img1;
img2 = zeros(size(img1));
block = zeros(1,9);
for i=1:size(img,1)
for j=1:size(img,2)
block(:) = imgb(i:i+2,j:j+2);
img2(i,j) = sqrt(var(block));
end
end
%Compute Multiplication Mask
imgmean = zeros(size(img1));
imgsdev = zeros(size(img2));
imgmean(find(img1<=k0*M)) = 1;
imgsdev(find(img2>=k1*D & img2<=k2*D)) = 1;
img3=E*imgmean.*imgsdev;
img2 = [img2 - min(img2(:))] ./ max(img2(:) - min(img2(:)));
img2 = [img2 - min(img2(:))] ./ max(img2(:) - min(img2(:)));
img3 = [img3 - min(img3(:))] ./ max(img3(:) - min(img3(:)));
figure;
subplot(1,3,1); imshow(img1); title('Local 3x3 Mean Image');
subplot(1,3,2); imshow(img2); title('Local 3x3 Std. Deviation Image');
subplot(1,3,3); imshow(img3); title('Multiplication Mask');
Local 3x3 Mean Image

Local 3x3 Std. Deviation Image

Multiplication Mask

Text figure (3.26) Histogram Statistics Enhancement

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img = im2double(imread('filament.jpg'));
M = mean(img(:)); D = sqrt(var(img(:)));
E = 4; k0 = 0.4; k1=0.02; k2=0.4;
%Compute Local Means
h = ones(3,3)/9; img1 = conv2(img,h,'same');
%Compute Local Standard Deviations
imgb = zeros(size(img1,1)+2, size(img1,2)+2);
imgb(2:size(imgb,1)-1, 2:size(imgb,2)-1) = img1;
img2 = zeros(size(img1));
block = zeros(1,9);
for i=1:size(img,1)
for j=1:size(img,2)
block(:) = imgb(i:i+2,j:j+2);
img2(i,j) = sqrt(var(block));
end
end
%Compute Multiplication Mask
imgmean = zeros(size(img1)); imgsdev = zeros(size(img2));
imgmean(find(img1<=k0*M)) = 1;
imgsdev(find(img2>=k1*D & img2<=k2*D)) = 1;
img3=E*imgmean.*imgsdev;
img3(find(img3<E))=1;
%Enhance Image
img4 = img.*img3;
figure;
subplot(1,2,1); imshow(img); title('Original Filament Image');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(img4); title('Enhanced Filament Image');

Original Filament Image

Enhanced Filament Image

Image Subtraction Enhancement

These are two consecutive images from a video sequence with the camera fixed
while there is traffic moving across the scene. The two images were subtracted,
and the error image thresholded to create a mask image that contains
significant differences. The false-color of these differences are marked in
red. Notice in the original images the van moving across the scene, which has
been successfully detected.

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
imga = im2double(imread('scene1.jpg'));
imgb = im2double(imread('scene2.jpg'));
img1 = imga(10:size(imga,1)-9, 10:size(imgb,2)-9);
img2 = imgb(10:size(imga,1)-9, 10:size(imgb,2)-9);
idff = abs(img1 - img2); idx = find(idff>.2);
mask = zeros(size(idff)); mask(idx) = 1;
red = img1; green = img1; blue = img1;
red(idx) = 1; green(idx) = 0; blue(idx) = 0;
img3 = cat(3, cat(3,red,green), blue);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imshow(img1); title('Scene Image 1');
subplot(2,2,2); imshow(img2); title('Scene Image 2');

subplot(2,2,3); imshow(mask); title('Difference Mask');

subplot(2,2,4); imshow(img3); title('Image With Detected Motion (FalseColored)');

Scene Image 1

Scene Image 2

Difference Mask

Image With Detected Motion (False-Colored)

Text figure (3.30) Image Averaging

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = double(imread('galaxy.jpg'));
icor = img1 + 64*randn(size(img1,1), size(img1,2));
avg8 = zeros(size(img1,1), size(img1,2)); avg16 = avg8;
avg64 = avg8; avg128 = avg8;
%I did averaging in this way because of memory constraints.
for i=1:8
avg8 = avg8 + img1 + 64*randn(size(img1,1), size(img1,2));
end
for i=1:16
avg16 = avg16 + img1 + 64*randn(size(img1,1), size(img1,2));
end
for i=1:64
avg64 = avg64 + img1 + 64*randn(size(img1,1), size(img1,2));
end
for i=1:128
avg128 = avg128 + img1 + 64*randn(size(img1,1), size(img1,2));
end
avg8 = avg8/8; avg16 = avg16/16; avg64 = avg64/64; avg128 = avg128/128;
img1
icor
avg8
avg16
avg64
avg128

=
=
=
=
=
=

[img1
[icor
[avg8
[avg16
[avg64
[avg128

min(img1(:))]
min(icor(:))]
min(avg8(:))]
min(avg16(:))]
min(avg64(:))]
min(avg128(:))]

./
./
./
./
./
./

max(img1(:)
max(icor(:)
max(avg8(:)
max(avg16(:)
max(avg64(:)
max(avg128(:)

min(img1(:)));
min(icor(:)));
min(avg8(:)));
min(avg16(:)));
min(avg64(:)));
min(avg128(:)));

figure;
subplot(3,2,1); imshow(img1); title('Original Galaxy Image');
subplot(3,2,2); imshow(icor); title('Corrupted Galaxy Image w/ Gaussian
Noise');
subplot(3,2,3); imshow(avg8); title('Galaxy Image After Averaging 8
Corrupted Images');
subplot(3,2,4); imshow(avg16); title('Galaxy Image After Averaging 16
Corrupted Images');
subplot(3,2,5); imshow(avg64); title('Galaxy Image After Averaging 64
Corrupted Images');
subplot(3,2,6); imshow(avg128); title('Galaxy Image After Averaging 128
Corrupted Images');

Original Galaxy Image

Corrupted Galaxy Image w/ Gaussian Noise

Galaxy Image After Averaging 8 Corrupted Images

Galaxy Image After Averaging 16 Corrupted Images

Galaxy Image After Averaging 64 Corrupted Images

Galaxy Image After Averaging 128 Corrupted Images

Text figure (3.36) Smoothing Linear Filters

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = imread('hubble.jpg');
img2 = im2double(img1);
h
= ones(15,15)/(15^2);
img2 = conv2(img2,h,'same');
th
= 0.25*max(img2(:));
img3 = img2;
img3(find(img2>=th)) = 1;
img3(find(img2<th)) = 0;
figure;
subplot(1,3,1); imshow(img1); title('Original Hubble Image');
subplot(1,3,2); imshow(img2); title('Image after 15x15 Smoothing
Filter');
subplot(1,3,3); imshow(img3); title('Thresholded Smoothed Hubble
Image');

Original Hubble Image

Image after 15x15 Smoothing Filter Thresholded Smoothed Hubble Image

Text figure (3.37) Median Filtering

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = imread('circuitboard.jpg');
img2 = im2double(img1);
h
= ones(3,3)/(3^2);
img2 = conv2(img2,h,'same');
img3 = medfilt2(im2double(img1),[3 3]);
figure;
subplot(1,3,1); imshow(img1); title('Original Circuit Board Image');
subplot(1,3,2); imshow(img2); title('Image after 3x3 Smoothing
Filter');
subplot(1,3,3); imshow(img3); title('Image after 3x3 Median Filter');
Original Circuit Board Image

Image after 3x3 Smoothing Filter

Image after 3x3 Median Filter

Text figure (3.40) Laplacian Filtering

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = im2double(imread('moon.jpg'));
lap = [1 1 1; 1 -8 1; 1 1 1;];
img2 = conv2(img1, lap, 'same');
img3 = [img2 - min(img2(:))] ./ max(img2(:) - min(img2(:)));
img4 = img1 - img2;
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imshow(img1);
subplot(2,2,2); imshow(img2);
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img3);
Dynamic Range');
subplot(2,2,4); imshow(img4);
Image');

title('Moon Image');
title('Laplacian Filtered Moon Image');
title('Laplacian Image Scaled to Full
title('Laplacian-enhanced Original

Moon Image

Laplacian Filtered Moon Image

Laplacian Image Scaled to Full Dynamic Range

Laplacian-enhanced Original Image

Text figure (3.41) Laplacian Filtering Comparison

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = im2double(imread('SEM.jpg'));
lapa = [0 -1 0; -1 5 -1; 0 -1 0;];
lapb = [-1 -1 -1; -1 9 -1; -1 -1 -1;];
img2 = conv2(img1, lapa, 'same');
img3 = conv2(img1, lapb, 'same');
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imshow(img1); title('SEM Image');
subplot(2,2,2); imshow(img2); title('Composite 4-neighbor Laplacian
Image');
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img3); title('Composite 8-neighbor Laplacian
Image');
SEM Image

Composite 8-neighbor Laplacian Image

Composite 4-neighbor Laplacian Image

Text figure (3.43) Laplacian Enhancement

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = im2double(imread('SEM_dark.jpg'));
lapa = [-1 -1 -1; -1 8 -1; -1 -1 -1;];
lapb = [-1 -1 -1; -1 9 -1; -1 -1 -1;];
lapc = [-1 -1 -1; -1 9.7 -1; -1 -1 -1;];
img2 = conv2(img1, lapa, 'same');
img2 = [img2 - min(img2(:))] ./ max(img2(:) - min(img2(:)));
img3 = conv2(img1, lapb, 'same');
img4 = conv2(img1, lapc, 'same');
figure;
subplot(2,2,1); imshow(img1);
subplot(2,2,2); imshow(img2);
subplot(2,2,3); imshow(img3);
subplot(2,2,4); imshow(img4);
Image');

title('SEM Image');
title('Laplacian Image');
title('Laplacian Enhanced Image');
title('High Boost Laplacian Enhanced

SEM Image

Laplacian Image

Laplacian Enhanced Image

High Boost Laplacian Enhanced Image

Text figure (3.45) Sobel Gradient Filtering

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
img1 = im2double(imread('contact.jpg'));
soba = [-1 -2 -1; 0 0 0; 1 2 1];
sobb = [-1 0 1; -2 0 2; -1 0 1];
imga = abs(conv2(img1, soba, 'same'));
imgb = abs(conv2(img1, sobb, 'same'));
img2 = imga + imgb;
figure;
subplot(1,2,1); imshow(img1); title('Contact Lens Image');
subplot(1,2,2); imshow(img2); title('Sobel Image');

Contact Lens Image

Sobel Image

Text figure (3.46) Combining Spatial Enhancements

%Matlab Code
clear all; close all;
lap = [-1 -1 -1; -1 8 -1; -1 -1 -1];
soba = [-1 -2 -1; 0 0 0; 1 2 1];
sobb = [-1 0 1; -2 0 2; -1 0 1];
h
= ones(5,5)/25;
img1
img2
img3
img4
img5
img6
img7
img8
img2

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

im2double(imread('bonescan.jpg'));
conv2(img1, lap, 'same');
img1 + img2;
abs(conv2(img1, soba, 'same')) + abs(conv2(img1, sobb, 'same'));
conv2(img4, h, 'same');
img3.*img5;
img1 + img6;
img7.^.5;
[img2 - min(img2(:))] ./ max(img2(:) - min(img2(:)));

figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,2);
subplot(2,2,3);
subplot(2,2,4);
figure;
subplot(2,2,1);
subplot(2,2,2);
subplot(2,2,3);
subplot(2,2,4);

imshow(img1);
imshow(img2);
imshow(img3);
imshow(img4);

title('Bone Scan Image');

title('Laplacian Image');
title('Enhanced Laplacian Image');
title('Sobel Image');

imshow(img5);
imshow(img6);
imshow(img7);
imshow(img8);

title('Sobel 5x5 Smoothed');

title('Mask Image');
title('Sharpened Image');
title('Power-law Image');

Bone Scan Image

Laplacian Image

Enhanced Laplacian Image

Sobel Image

Sobel 5x5 Smoothed

Mask Image

Sharpened Image

Power-law Image