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Assignment1

Assignment1
Due:12:32pmonTuesday,February17,2015
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy

DimensionsofPhysicalQuantities
LearningGoal:
Tointroducetheideaofphysicaldimensionsandtolearnhowtofindthem.
Physicalquantitiesaregenerallynotpurelynumerical:Theyhaveaparticulardimensionorcombinationofdimensions
associatedwiththem.Thus,yourheightisnot74,butrather74inches,oftenexpressedas6feet2inches.Although
feetandinchesaredifferentunitstheyhavethesamedimensionlength.

PartA
Inclassicalmechanicstherearethreebasedimensions.Lengthisoneofthem.Whataretheothertwo?

Hint1.MKSsystem
ThecurrentsystemofunitsiscalledtheInternationalSystem(abbreviatedSIfromtheFrenchSystme
International).Inthepastthissystemwascalledthemkssystemforitsbaseunits:meter,kilogram,and
second.Whatarethedimensionsofthesequantities?
ANSWER:
accelerationandmass
accelerationandtime
accelerationandcharge
massandtime
massandcharge
timeandcharge

Correct

Therearethreedimensionsusedinmechanics:length(l),mass(m),andtime(t).Acombinationofthesethree
dimensionssufficestoexpressanyphysicalquantity,becausewhenanewphysicalquantityisneeded(e.g.,velocity),
italwaysobeysanequationthatpermitsittobeexpressedintermsoftheunitsusedforthesethreedimensions.One
thenderivesaunittomeasurethenewphysicalquantityfromthatequation,andoftenitsunitisgivenaspecialname.
Suchnewdimensionsarecalledderiveddimensionsandtheunitstheyaremeasuredinarecalledderivedunits.
2

Forexample,areaAhasderiveddimensions[A] = l .(Notethat"dimensionsofvariablex"issymbolizedas[x] .)
YoucanfindthesedimensionsbylookingattheformulafortheareaofasquareA = s 2 ,wheres isthelengthofa
2
2
sideofthesquare.Clearly[s] = l.Pluggingthisintotheequationgives[A] = [s] = l .
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PartB
Findthedimensions[V ]ofvolume.
Expressyouransweraspowersoflength(l),mass(m),andtime(t).

Hint1.Equationforvolume
Youhavelikelylearnedmanyformulasforthevolumeofvariousshapesingeometry.Anyofthese
equationswillgiveyouthedimensionsforvolume.Youcanfindthedimensionsmosteasilyfromthe
volumeofacubeV = e 3 ,wheree isthelengthoftheedgeofthecube.
ANSWER:
[V ]

Correct

PartC
Findthedimensions[v] ofspeed.
Expressyouransweraspowersoflength(l),mass(m),andtime(t).

Hint1.Equationforspeed
Speedv isdefinedintermsofdistanced andtimetas
v=

Therefore,[v]

= [d]/[t]

d
t

Hint2.Familiarunitsforspeed
Youareprobablyaccustomedtohearingspeedsinmilesperhour(orpossiblykilometersperhour).Think
aboutthedimensionsformilesandhours.Ifyoudividethedimensionsformilesbythedimensionsfor
hours,youwillhavethedimensionsforspeed.
ANSWER:
[v]

l
t

Correct

Thedimensionsofaquantityarenotchangedbyadditionorsubtractionofanotherquantitywiththesamedimensions.
Thismeansthatv ,whichcomesfromsubtractingtwospeeds,hasthesamedimensionsasspeed.
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Itdoesnotmakephysicalsensetoaddorsubtracttwoquanititesthathavedifferentdimensions,likelengthplustime.
Youcanaddquantitiesthathavedifferentunits,likemilesperhourandkilometersperhour,aslongasyouconvert
bothquantitiestothesamesetofunitsbeforeyouactuallycomputethesum.Youcanusethisruletocheckyour
answerstoanyphysicsproblemyouwork.Iftheanswerinvolvesthesumordifferenceoftwoquantitieswithdifferent
dimensions,thenitmustbeincorrect.
Thisrulealsoensuresthatthedimensionsofanyphysicalquantitywillneverinvolvesumsordifferencesofthebase
dimensions.(Asinthepreceedingexample,l + t isnotavaliddimensionforaphysicalquantitiy.)Avaliddimension
2
willonlyinvolvetheproductorratioofpowersofthebasedimensions(e.g.m2/3 l t 2 ).

PartD
Findthedimensions[a]ofacceleration.
Expressyouransweraspowersoflength(l),mass(m),andtime(t).

Hint1.Equationforacceleration
Inphysics,accelerationa isdefinedasthechangeinvelocityinacertaintime.Thisisshownbythe
equationa = v/t .Theisasymbolthatmeans"thechangein."
ANSWER:
[a]

Correct

GeometricvsComponentwiseVectorAddition
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandthataddingvectorsbyusinggeometryandbyusingcomponentsgivesthesameresult,andthat
manipulatingvectorswithcomponentsismucheasier.
Vectorsmaybemanipulatedeithergeometricallyorusingcomponents.Inthisproblemweconsidertheadditionoftwo
vectorsusingbothofthesetwomethods.
ThevectorsAandB havelengthsAandB,respectively,andB makesanangle fromthedirectionofA.

Vectoradditionusinggeometry
Vectoradditionusinggeometryisaccomplishedbyputtingthetailofonevector(inthiscaseB )onthetipoftheother(

)andusingthelawsofplanegeometrytofindthelengthC ,andangle ,oftheresultant(orsum)vector,

C = A +B

1.

C = A

2.

= sin

+B

2AB cos(c)

B sin(c)
C

).

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Vectoradditionusingcomponents
Vectoradditionusingcomponentsrequiresthechoiceofacoordinatesystem.Inthisproblem,thexaxisischosen
alongthedirectionofA.ThenthexandycomponentsofB
areB cos() andB sin() respectively.Thismeansthatthe
xandycomponentsofC aregivenby
3.
4.

Cx = A + B cos()
Cy = B sin()

PartA
Whichofthefollowingsetsofconditions,iftrue,wouldshowthattheexpressions1and2abovedefinethesame
vectorC asexpressions3and4?
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:

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ThetwopairsofexpressionsgivethesamelengthanddirectionforC .
ThetwopairsofexpressionsgivethesamelengthandxcomponentforC .
ThetwopairsofexpressionsgivethesamedirectionandxcomponentforC .
ThetwopairsofexpressionsgivethesamelengthandycomponentforC .
ThetwopairsofexpressionsgivethesamedirectionandycomponentforC .
ThetwopairsofexpressionsgivethesamexandycomponentsforC .

Correct
Toshowthatthetwopairsofexpressions(forC and andforCx andCy )definethesamevectorC you
canshowthatanyofthesetsofconditionslistedabovearemetexcept
TheygivethesamelengthandxcomponentforC .
TheygivethesamelengthandycomponentforC .
Ifyouconsiderjustthefirstsetofconditions,showingthatthetwosetsofexpressionshavethesamelength
andxcomponentwillimplythattheycomponenthasthecorrectmagnitude.However,thereisnowayto
knowthesign(i.e.,direction)oftheycomponent.Toshowthatthepairsofexpressionsgivenabovedefine
thesamevectorC ,wewouldneedtoshowthattheygivethesamelengthandthesamexandy
components.Wewilldothisinthequestionsthatfollow.

PartB
Webeginbyinvestigatingwhetherthelengthsarethesame.
FindthelengthofthevectorC startingfromthecomponentsgiveninEquations3and4.
ExpressC intermsofA,B,and .

Hint1.ApplythePythagoreantheorem
YouaregiventhexandycomponentsinEquations3and4.Simplysquarethese,addthem,andtakethe
squareroot(i.e.,applythePythagoreantheorem)tofindthelengthofvectorC .
ANSWER:
C

2
2
A + B + 2ABcos

Correct

PartC
Thefollowingreasonsmightexplainwhytheequationforthelengthjustobtainedusingcomponentsisthesameas
theanswerobtainedusinggeometry(Equation1above):
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1. cand aresupplementaryangles,thatis, + c = .
2. Thecosinefunctionsatisfiescos() = cos( ) .
3. Cosineisanevenfunctionofitsargument,sotheextranegativesigninoneexpressiondoesnot
matter.
Whichofthesereasonsis/arenecessarytoshowthat

+B

2AB cos(c) = A

+B

+ 2AB cos()

ANSWER:
1only
2only
3only
1and2
2and3
1and3
1and2and3

Correct

HavingshownthatthelengthofC obtainedusingeithergeometricaladditionORcomponentwiseadditionarethesame,
allthatremainsistoshowthatanyoneoftheotherconditionsfrompartAissatisfied.Inthelasttwopartsofthe
problem,we'llshowthattheycomponentofC determinedgeometricallyisequaltothatgivenabove.

PartD
WebeginbyfindingtheycomponentofC fromitslengthandtheangleitmakeswiththexaxis,thatis,from
geometry.
ExpresstheycomponentofC intermsofC and .
ANSWER:
Cy

Csin

Correct

PartE
NowexpresstheycomponentofC justfoundbyusingthegeometricalapproachintermsof ratherthan .
ExpressCy intermsofA,Band .

Hint1.Lawofsines
sin ()
sin (c)
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Thelawofsinescanbeusedtorelatesin () andsin (c) .

sin(c)
C

Hint2.Supplementaryangles
Angles andcaresupplementary,whichmeansthat + c
sin( x) ?

.Whatistherelationshipofsin(x) and

ANSWER:
Cy

Bsin

Correct
ThisisthesameasEquation4above,obtainedusingcomponents.Thinkingintermsofcomponents,the
resultisfairlyobvious:TheycomponentofC isequaltothetheycomponentofB sinceAhasnoy
componentinthechosencoordinatesystem.
Atthispointyouhaveactuallyshownthatthetwovectorsareequalbyshowingthattheoveralllengthsare
equal,andalsothattheycomponentsareequal.Youwouldonlyhavetoarguethatthexcomponentis
positivetocompletetheproofofequality.
Nevertheless,weareaskingyoutocompletethealgebratoshowthatthexcomponentsareequalaswell.

PartF
NowfindthexcomponentofC .
ExpressyouranswerintermsofC and only.
ANSWER:
Cx

Ccos

Correct

VectorAddition
Considerthefollowingthreevectors:

A = (2, 1, 1)

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= (3, 0, 5)

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B = (3, 0, 5)

and

C = (1, 4, 2)

.
Calculatethefollowingcombinations.Expressyouranswersasorderedtriplets[e.g.,(9, 4, 2) ].

PartA
Hint1.Howtoaddvectors
Addvectorsbyaddingthexcomponents,ycomponents,andzcomponentsindividually.
ANSWER:

A +B

= 5,1,6

Correct

PartB
ANSWER:

B +C

= 4,4,3

Correct

PartC
ANSWER:

A +B +C

= 6,3,4

Correct

PartD
Hint1.Remembertheorderofprecedence
meansmultiplythevectorAbytheconstant3,whichyoucandobymultiplyingeachcomponentby3
separately.Follownormalrulesofmathematicalprecedencethatis,multiplybeforeaddingvectors.
3A

ANSWER:
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3A + 2C

= 8,5,1

Correct

PartE
ANSWER:

2A + 3B + C

= 14,2,15

Correct

PartF
ANSWER:

2A + 3(B + C )

= 16,10,11

Correct

VectorCrossProduct
LetvectorsA = (1, 0, 3) ,B = (2, 5, 1) ,andC = (3, 1, 1) .
Calculatethefollowing,expressingyouranswersasorderedtriples(threecommaseparatednumbers).

PartA
Hint1.Thecrossproduct
IfM

= (M x , M y , M z )

andN

= (Nx , Ny , Nz )

,then

M N = (M y Nz M z Ny , M z Nx M x Nz , M x Ny M y Nx )

ANSWER:

B C

= 4,5,17

Correct

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PartB
ANSWER:

C B

= 4,5,17

Correct

PartC
ANSWER:

(2B) (3C )

= 24,30,102

Correct

PartD
ANSWER:

A (B C )

= 15,5,5

Correct

PartE
ANSWER:

A (B C )

= 55

Correct

andV 2 aredifferentvectorswithlengthsV1 andV2 respectively.Findthefollowing,expressingyouranswersin

PartF
IfV 1 andV 2 areperpendicular,

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Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenperpendicularvectors?
Theanglebetweenvectorsthatareperpendicularisequalto/2 radiansor90degrees.

Hint2.Magnitudeofthecrossproduct

|A B| = |A | |B| sin()

,where istheanglebetweenAandB .

ANSWER:
|V

V1 V2

Correct

PartG
IfV 1 andV 2 areparallel,

Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweentwoparallelvectors?
Theanglebetweenvectorsthatareparallelisequalto0.
ANSWER:
|V

= 0

Correct

VectorDotProduct
LetvectorsA = (2, 1, 4) ,B
Calculatethefollowing:

= (3, 0, 1)

,andC

= (1, 1, 2)

PartA
Hint1.Rememberthedotproductequation
IfM

= (M x , M y , M z )

andN

= (Nx , Ny , Nz )

,then

M N = M x Nx + M y Ny + M z Nz

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ANSWER:

A B

= 10

Correct

PartB
Whatistheangle AB betweenAandB ?
Expressyouranswerusingonesignificantfigure.

Hint1.Rememberthedefinitionofdotproducts

A B = |A | |B| cos()

,where istheanglebetweenAandB .

ANSWER:
AB

= 2 radians

Correct

PartC
ANSWER:

2B 3C

= 30

Correct

PartD
ANSWER:

2(B 3C )

= 30

Correct

PartE
Whichofthefollowingcanbecomputed?
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Hint1.Dotproductoperator
Thedotproductoperatesonlyontwovectors.Thedotproductofavectorandascalarisnotdefined.
ANSWER:

A B C

A (B C )

A (B + C )
3A

Correct

andV 2 aredifferentvectorswithlengthsV1 andV2 respectively.Findthefollowing:

PartF
ExpressyouranswerintermsofV1

Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenavectoranditself?
Theanglebetweenavectoranditselfis0.

Hint2.Rememberthedefinitionofdotproducts

A B = |A | |B| cos()

,where istheanglebetweenAandB .

ANSWER:
V

V1

Correct

PartG
IfV 1 andV 2 areperpendicular,

Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenperpendicularvectors?
Theanglebetweenvectorsthatareperpendicularisequalto/2 radiansor90degrees.

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ANSWER:
V

Correct

PartH
IfV 1 andV 2 areparallel,
ExpressyouranswerintermsofV1 andV2 .

Hint1.Whatistheanglebetweenparallelvectors?
Theanglebetweenvectorsthatareparallelisequalto0.
ANSWER:
V

V1 V2

Correct

Exercise1.12
Ausefulandeasytorememberapproximatevalueforthenumberofsecondsinayearis 10 7 .

PartA
Determinethepercenterrorinthisapproximatevalue.(Thereare365.24daysinoneyear.)
ANSWER:
0.446 %

Correct

Exercise1.31
Apostalemployeedrivesadeliverytruckalongtherouteshowninthefigure.

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PartA
Determinethemagnitudeoftheresultantdisplacementbydrawingascalediagram.
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
7.8 km

Correct

PartB
Determinethedirectionoftheresultantdisplacement.
Expressyouranswerusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
38 NorthofEast

Correct

Problem1.63

PartA
Estimatethenumberofatomsinyourbody.(Hint:Basedonwhatyouknowaboutbiologyandchemistry,whatare
themostcommontypesofatominyourbody?Whatisthemassofeachtypeofatom?)
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ANSWER:
10
10
10
10
10

atoms

10

atoms

19

atoms

28

atoms

34

atoms

Correct

Problem1.83
Whilefollowingatreasuremap,youstartatanoldoaktree.Youfirstwalk825mdirectlysouth,thenturnandwalk
1.25km at30.0 westofnorth,andfinallywalk1.00km at40.0 northofeast,whereyoufindthetreasure:a
biographyofIsaacNewton!

PartA
Toreturntotheoldoaktree,inwhatdirectionshouldyouhead?Usecomponentstosolvethisproblem.
ANSWER:

= 8.90 westofsouth

Correct

PartB
Toreturntotheoldoaktree,howfarwillyouwalk?Usecomponentstosolvethisproblem.
ANSWER:
D

= 911 m

Correct

MultipleChoiceQuestion1.8
PartA

Thecomponentsofvectors A and B aregivenasfollows:

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Ax=+5.7Bx=9.8
Ay=3.6By=6.5

Themagnitudeofthevectordifference B

,isclosestto:

ANSWER:
16
11
5.0
5.0
250

Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis96.3%.
Youreceived9.63outofapossibletotalof10points.

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