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Full Calculations and Discussions

This document discusses results and analysis from experiments on heat exchanger performance under co-current and counter-current flow configurations. For co-current flow, the author calculates mass flow rates, heat transfer rates, heat loss rates, and heat transfer efficiencies. They also determine the log mean temperature difference and heat transfer coefficients. Similar analyses are presented for experiments under counter-current flow conditions. Tables of results are provided for comparison of key parameters between the two flow configurations.

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Budak Tesco
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55 views27 pages

Full Calculations and Discussions

This document discusses results and analysis from experiments on heat exchanger performance under co-current and counter-current flow configurations. For co-current flow, the author calculates mass flow rates, heat transfer rates, heat loss rates, and heat transfer efficiencies. They also determine the log mean temperature difference and heat transfer coefficients. Similar analyses are presented for experiments under counter-current flow conditions. Tables of results are provided for comparison of key parameters between the two flow configurations.

Uploaded by

Budak Tesco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

1. CO-CURRENT FLOW
RESULTS
FT 1
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

FT 2
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

TT 1
(C)
29.2
29.3
29.2
29.3
29.2

TT 2
(C)
31.4
30.5
30.2
30.0
29.8

TT 3
(C)
48.8
48.4
48.5
48.1
48.2

TT 4
(C)
49.3
48.9
49.2
48.7
48.9

FT 1
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

FT 2
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

TT 1
(C)
29.1
29.1
29.1
29.0
29.1

TT 2
(C)
29.4
29.5
29.7
29.7
29.8

TT 3
(C)
46.0
47.5
48.5
47.9
48.7

TT 4
(C)
48.9
49.1
49.7
48.9
49.1

Question 1 : FINDING HEAT TRANSFER BALANCE AND


RATE OF HEAT LOSS
Constant Hot water flow
Finding mass flow rates, m :
Density @ 60oC = 983.2kg/m3
Cp = 4185 J/kg.K
Dynamic viscosity = 0.467 x 10-3 Ns/m2
k = 0.65 W/m.K
m = (10L/min) x (1m3/1000L) x (983.2kg/m3) x (1min/60s)
= 0.16387 kg/s

Finding heat transfer, Qhot :


Heat transfer Qhot = mCp(TT4 - TT3)
= (0.16387 kg/s) x (4185 J/kg.K) x (49.3 - 48.8)
= 342.90 J/s
= 342.90 W

Constant Cold water flow


Finding mass flow rates, m :
Density @ 30oC = 995.65kg/m3
Cp = 4179 J/kg.K
Dynamic viscosity = 0.798 x 10-3 Ns/m2
k = 0.62 W/m.K
m = (10L/min) x (1m3/1000L) x (995.65kg/m3) x (1min/60s)
= 0.16594 kg/s

Finding heat transfer, Qcold :


Heat transfer Qcold = mCp(TT2 - TT1)
= 0.16594 kg/s x 4179 J/kg.K x (29.1 - 29.4)
= -208.04 J/s
= -208.04 W

FT 1

FT 2

m hot (FT 1)

m cold (FT 2)

dTcold

dThot

(L/min)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

(L/min)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

(kg/s)
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387

(kg/s)
0.03319
0.06641
0.09957
0.13242
0.16627

(K)
-2.2
-1.2
-1.0
-0.7
-0.6

(K)
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.7

FT 1

FT 2

m hot (FT 1)

m cold (FT 2)

dTcold

dThot

(L/min)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

(L/min)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

(kg/s)
0.03277
0.06555
0.09832
0.13109
0.16387

(kg/s)
0.16627
0.16627
0.16627
0.16627
0.16627

(K)
-0.3
-0.4
-0.6
-0.7
-0.7

(K)
2.9
1.6
1.2
1.0
0.8

Table of mass flow rates and temperature difference for Co-current flow

(i) Finding heat transfer, Q = mCp (dT) for cold water and hot water flow
Since ;
Cp for hot water = 4185 J/kg.K
Cp for cold water = 4179 J/kg.K
m hot (FT 1)

m cold(FT 2)

dTcold

dThot

Qcold

Qhot

(kg/s)
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387

(kg/s)
0.03319
0.06641
0.09957
0.13242
0.16627

(K)
-2.2
-1.2
-1.0
-0.7
-0.6

(K)
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.6
0.7

(W)
-305.14
-333.03
-416.10
-387.31
-416.91

(W)
342.90
342.90
480.06
411.48
480.06

m hot(FT 1)

m cold(FT 2)

dTcold

dThot

Qcold

Qhot

(W)
-208.49
-277.99
-416.98
-486.48
-486.48
flow

(W)
397.71
438.92
617.20
548.61
548.64

(kg/s)
0.03277
0.06555
0.09832
0.13109
0.16387

(kg/s)
(K)
0.16627
-0.3
0.16627
-0.4
0.16627
-0.6
0.16627
-0.7
0.16627
-0.7
Table of Qcold and Qhot for

(K)
2.9
1.6
1.2
1.0
0.8
Co-current

(ii) Find heat loss


Rate of heat loss = Qhot - Qcold
Qcold

Qhot

Rate of Heat Loss

(W)
-305.14
-333.03
-416.10
-387.31
-416.91

(W)
342.90
342.90
480.06
411.48
480.06

(W)
648.05
675.93
896.16
798.79
896.97

Qcold

Qhot

Rate of Heat Loss

(W)
-208.49
-277.99
-416.98
-486.48
-486.48

(W)
397.71
438.92
617.20
548.61
548.64

(W)
606.20
716.91
1034.18
1035.09
1035.12

Table of Rate of Heat Loss

(iii) Find heat transfer efficiency


Heat Transfer Efficiency (%) = (Qcold / Qhot) x 100%
Qcold

Qhot

Efficiency

(W)
305.14
333.03
416.10
387.31
416.91

(W)
342.90
342.90
480.06
411.48
480.06

(%)
88.99
97.12
86.68
94.13
86.85

Qcold

Qhot

Efficiency

(W)
208.49
277.99
416.98
486.48
486.48

(W)
397.71
438.92
617.20
548.61
548.64

(%)
52.42
63.34
67.56
88.68
88.67

Table of heat transfer efficiency

Question 2 : Find Log Mean Temperature Difference, Tlm

Tlm

(T T 3T T 2)
(T T 4T T 1)
ln
=
[(T T 3T T 2)(T T 4T T 1)]

[( 48.831.4)( 49.329.2)]
( 48.831.4 )
=
ln [
]
( 49.329.2 )

= 18.72oC x (1K / 1oC)


= 18.72 K
TT 1
(K)

TT 2
(K)

TT 3
(K)

TT 4
(K)

29.2
29.3
29.2
29.3
29.2

31.4
30.5
30.2
30.0
29.8

48.8
48.4
48.5
48.1
48.2

49.3
48.9
49.2
48.7
48.9

TT 1
(K)

TT 2
(K)

TT 3
(K)

TT 4
(K)

29.1
29.1
29.1
29.0
29.1

29.4
29.5
29.7
29.7
29.8

46.0
47.5
48.5
47.9
48.7

48.9
49.1
49.7
48.9
49.1

Table of Tlm of co-current flow

Tlm
(K)
18.72
18.74
19.14
18.74
19.04

Tlm
(K)
18.15
18.98
19.69
19.04
19.44

Question 3 : Find Heat Transfer Coefficients, U


(i) Heat Transfer Coefficient at the tube side :
Assuming Tm = Tlm
Cross Flow Area, At = di / 4
= 3.142 x 0.026642 / 4
= 0.000557m2
Mass velocity, Gt = mt / At
10 L/min x 1 m3 /1000 L x 1 min/60 s
0.000557 m2

= 295.69 kg/m2. s
Linear velocity, t =

= 0.29922 m/s
Reynolds No, Re = Gt x de /

= (295.69 kg / m2 . s x 26.64 x 10-3 m) / 0.0005494 Pa . s


= 14337.79 (turbulent flow)

= (0.0005494 Pa . s x 4175 J / kg . k) / (0.6436 w/ m . K )


=3.56
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023. (Re0.8 ) . ( Pr 0.33 )
= 0.023. (14337.790.8 ) . ( 3.56 0.33 )
= 74.22
Stantan Number, St = Nu / Re . Pr
= 1.454 x 10-3

Heat transfer factor = St x Pr0.667


= 3.391 x 10-3
Tube side coefficient , hi = 0.023Re0.3Pr0.33k / di
= (74.22) (0.6436 w / m2 . k) / 0.02684 m
= 1793.09 w / m2. K

(ii) Heat transfer coefficient at the shell side :


Heat transfer coefficient at shell side
Cross Flow Area, At = ( / 4) (Ds2 - Du2)
= (3.142 / 4)(0.0852 - 0.03342) m2
= 0.048m2
Mass velocity, Gs = ws / As
2 L/min x 1 m3 /1000 L x 1 min/60 s x 995.25
0.0048 m2

= 6.914 kg/m2. s
Linear velocity, s =

Gs

= 6.944 x 10-3 m/s


Equivalent diameter, de = d2 - d1
= 85.0 - 33.4
= 51.6 mm
= 0.0516 m
Reynolds No, Re = Gs x de /

= (6.914 kg / m2 . s x 0.0516 m) / 0.0008007 Pa . s


= 445.56 (laminar flow)

= (0.0008007 Pa . s x 4183 J / kg . k) / (0.6155 w/ m . K )


=5.44
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023. (Re0.8 ) . ( Pr 0.33 )
= 0.023. (445.560.8 ) . ( 5.44 0.33 )
= 5.319
Stantan Number, St = Nu / Re . Pr

= 2.21 x 10-3

Heat transfer factor = St x Pr0.667


= 6.84x 10-3
Tube side coefficient , hi = 0.023Re0.3Pr0.33k / di
= (6.84 x 10-3)(445.56)(5.44) (0.6155 w / m2 . k) / 0.0516 m
= 63.896 w / m2. k

(iii) Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U = [Qhot / A (Tlm) ]


where A = 0.05m2 ;
Qhot

Tlm

(W)

(K)

U
(W/m2.K)

342.90
342.90
480.06
411.48
480.06

18.72
18.74
19.14
18.74
19.04

367.06
366.67
502.60
440.00
505.24

Qhot

Tlm

(W)

(K)

U
(W/m2.K)

397.71
438.92
617.20
548.61
548.64

18.15
18.98
19.69
19.04
19.44

437.85
462.72
501.53
574.86
565.55

Table of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for Co-Current Flow

2. COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW
RESULT :
FT 1
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

FT 2
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

TT 1
(C)
27.3
32.3
31.3
30.7
30.4

TT 2
(C)
29.6
29.7
29.6
29.5
29.4

TT 3
(C)
49.8
49.1
48.5
47.9
48.8

TT 4
(C)
50.5
49.8
49.4
48.8
49.9

FT 1
(LPM)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

FT 2
(LPM)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

TT 1
(C)
29.8
29.9
30.0
30.1
30.2

TT 2
(C)
29.1
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.1

TT 3
(C)
46.6
47.3
47.8
48.7
48.1

TT 4
(C)
49.9
49.1
49.3
49.7
49.0

(A) Constant Hot water flow


Finding mass flow rates, m :
Density @ 60oC = 983.2kg/m3
Cp = 4185 J/kg.K
Dynamic viscosity = 0.467 x 10-3 Ns/m2
k = 0.65 W/m.K
m = (10L/min) x (1m3/1000L) x (983.2kg/m3) x (1min/60s)
= 0.16387 kg/s

Finding heat transfer, Qhot :


Heat transfer Qhot = mCp(TT4 - TT3)
= (0.16387 kg/s) x (4185 J/kg.K) x (50.5 - 49.8K)
= 480.06 J/s
= 480.06 W

(A) Constant Cold water flow


Finding mass flow rates, m :
Density @ 30oC = 983.2kg/m3
Cp = 4179 J/kg.K
Dynamic viscosity = 0.798 x 10-3 Ns/m2
k = 0.62 W/m.K
m = (10L/min) x (1m3/1000L) x (995.65kg/m3) x (1min / 60s)
= 0.1660 kg/s

Finding heat transfer, Qhot :


Heat transfer Qhot = mCp(TT1 - TT2)
= 0.1660 kg/s x 4179 J/kg.K x (29.8 - 29.1K)
= 485.43 J/s
= 485.43 W

FT 1

FT 2

m hot (FT 1)

m cold (FT 2)

dTcold

dThot

(L/min)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

(L/min)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

(kg/s)
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387

(kg/s)
0.03319
0.06641
0.09957
0.13242
0.16627

(K)
-2.3
2.6
1.7
1.2
1.0

(K)
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.1

FT 1

FT 2

m hot (FT 1)

m cold (FT 2)

dTcold

dThot

(L/min)
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

(L/min)
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0

(kg/s)
0.03277
0.06555
0.09832
0.13109
0.16387

(kg/s)
0.16627
0.16627
0.16627
0.16627
0.16627

(K)
0.7
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.1

(K)
3.3
1.8
1.5
1.0
0.3

Table of mass flow rates and temperature difference for Counter-current flow

(i) Finding heat transfer, Q = mCp (dT) for cold water and hot water flow
Since ;
Cp for hot water = 4185 J/kg.K
Cp for cold water = 4179 J/kg.K
m hot (FT 1)

m cold(FT 2)

dTcold

dThot

Qcold

Qhot

(kg/s)
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387
0.16387

(kg/s)
0.03319
0.06641
0.09957
0.13242
0.16627

(K)
-2.3
2.6
1.7
1.2
1.0

(K)
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.9
1.1

(W)
-319.01
721.57
707.38
663.96
694.97

(W)
480.06
480.06
617.33
617.33
754.36

m hot(FT 1)

m cold(FT 2)

dTcold

dThot

Qcold

Qhot

(kg/s)
0.03277
0.06555
0.09832
0.13109
0.16387

(kg/s)
(K)
(K)
(W)
0.16627
0.7
3.3
486.48
0.16627
0.9
1.8
625.47
0.16627
1.0
1.5
694.97
0.16627
1.1
1.0
764.46
0.16627
1.1
0.3
764.46
Table of Qcold and Qhot for Counter-current flow

(W)
452.57
493.79
617.20
548.63
617.20

(ii) Find heat loss


Rate of heat loss = Qhot - Qcold
Qcold

Qhot

Rate of Heat Loss

(W)
-319.01
721.57
707.38
663.96
694.97

(W)
480.06
480.06
617.33
617.33
754.36

(W)
799.07
-241.51
-90.05
-46.63
59.39

Qcold

Qhot

Rate of Heat Loss

(W)
486.48
625.47
694.97
764.46
764.46

(W)
452.57
493.79
617.20
548.63
617.20

(W)
-33.91
-131.68
-77.77
-215.83
-147.26

Table of Rate of Heat Loss

(iii) Find heat transfer efficiency


Heat Transfer Efficiency (%) = (Qcold / Qhot) x 100%
Qcold

Qhot

Efficiency

(W)
-319.01
721.57
707.38
663.96
694.97

(W)
480.06
480.06
617.33
617.33
754.36

(%)
66.45
66.53
87.27
92.98
92.13

Qcold

Qhot

Efficiency

(W)
486.48
625.47
694.97
764.46
764.46

(W)
452.57
493.79
617.20
548.63
617.20

(%)
93.03
78.95
88.81
71.77
80.74

Table of heat transfer efficiency

Question 2 : Find Log Mean Temperature Difference, Tlm

Tlm

(T T 3T T 2)
(T T 4T T 1)
ln
=
[(T T 3T T 2)(T T 4T T 1)]

[( 49.829.6)(50.527.3)]
( 49.829.6 )
=
ln [
]
( 50.527.3 )

= 21.67oC x (1K / 1oC)


= 21.67 K
TT 1
(K)

TT 2
(K)

TT 3
(K)

TT 4
(K)

27.3
32.3
31.3
30.7
30.4

29.6
29.7
29.6
29.5
29.4

49.8
49.1
48.5
47.9
48.8

50.5
49.8
49.4
48.8
49.9

TT 1
(K)

TT 2
(K)

TT 3
(K)

TT 4
(K)

29.8
29.9
30.0
30.1
30.2

29.1
29.0
29.0
29.0
29.1

46.6
47.3
47.8
48.7
48.1

49.9
49.1
49.3
49.7
49.0

Table of Tlm of counter-current flow

Tlm
(K)
21.67
18.43
18.50
18.25
19.45

Tlm
(K)
18.77
18.75
19.05
19.65
18.90

Question 3 : Find Heat Transfer Coefficients, U


(i) Heat Transfer Coefficient at the tube side :
Assuming Tm = Tlm
Cross Flow Area, At = di / 4
= 3.142 x 0.026642 / 4
= 0.000557m2
Mass velocity, Gt = mt / At
10 L/min x 1 m3 /1000 L x 1 min/60 s
0.000557 m2

= 295.69 kg/m2. s
Linear velocity, t =

= 0.29922 m/s
Reynolds No, Re = Gt x de /

= (295.69 kg / m2 . s x 26.64 x 10-3 m) / 0.0005494 Pa . s


= 14337.79 (turbulent flow)

= (0.0005494 Pa . s x 4175 J / kg . k) / (0.6436 w/ m . K )


=3.56
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023. (Re0.8 ) . ( Pr 0.33 )
= 0.023. (14337.790.8 ) . ( 3.56 0.33 )
= 74.22
Stantan Number, St = Nu / Re . Pr
= 1.454 x 10-3

Heat transfer factor = St x Pr0.667


= 3.391 x 10-3
Tube side coefficient , hi = 0.023Re0.3Pr0.33k / di
= (74.22) (0.6436 w / m2 . k) / 0.02684 m
= 1793.09 w / m2. K

(ii) Heat transfer coefficient at the shell side :


Heat transfer coefficient at shell side
Cross Flow Area, At = ( / 4) (Ds2 - Du2)
= (3.142 / 4)(0.0852 - 0.03342) m2
= 0.048m2
Mass velocity, Gs = ws / As
2 L/min x 1 m3 /1000 L x 1 min/60 s x 995.25
0.0048 m2

= 6.914 kg/m2. s
Linear velocity, s =

Gs

= 6.944 x 10-3 m/s


Equivalent diameter, de = d2 - d1
= 85.0 - 33.4
= 51.6 mm
= 0.0516 m
Reynolds No, Re = Gs x de /

= (6.914 kg / m2 . s x 0.0516 m) / 0.0008007 Pa . s


= 445.56 (laminar flow)

= (0.0008007 Pa . s x 4183 J / kg . k) / (0.6155 w/ m . K )


=5.44
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023. (Re0.8 ) . ( Pr 0.33 )
= 0.023. (445.560.8 ) . ( 5.44 0.33 )
= 5.319
Stantan Number, St = Nu / Re . Pr

= 2.21 x 10-3

Heat transfer factor = St x Pr0.667


= 6.84x 10-3
Tube side coefficient , hi = 0.023Re0.3Pr0.33k / di
= (6.84 x 10-3)(445.56)(5.44) (0.6155 w / m2 . k) / 0.0516 m
= 63.896 w / m2. k

(iii) Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, U = [Qhot / A (Tlm) ]


where A = 0.05m2 ;
Qhot

Tlm

(W)

(K)

U
(W/m2.K)

480.06
480.06
617.33
617.33
754.36

21.67
18.43
18.50
18.25
19.45

443.06
520.95
667.38
676.53
775.69

Qhot

Tlm

(W)

(K)

U
(W/m2.K)

452.57
493.79
617.20
548.63
617.20

18.77
18.75
19.05
19.65
18.90

482.23
526.71
647.98
558.40
653.12

Table of Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient for Counter-Current Flow

Based on the data, we can assume the rate of heat transfer depends on the velocity or
advection of the water. The higher the flow rate, the higher the rate of heat transfer.
Hence, the coefficient of heat transfer also increase due to this effect. The efficiency
also increase due to increase in flow rate.

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