TELECOMMUNICATIONS: TRAINER of MOBILE PHONE mod. CTS2/EV Volume 1/2 THEORY AND EXERCISES TEACHERISTUDENT handbook y Aletironicaveneta i ‘©COPYRIGHT BY FLETTRONICA VENETA SPACONTENTS: Page 1. INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK 1 1,1 Concept of Cellular Network 1.1.1 Handover 1.2 Analog Cellular System 1.3 GSM Digital System 1.4 Architecture of a GSM network 1.5 Network Service Areas 1.5.t GSM Service Arca 1.5.2 PLMN Service Arca 1.5.3 MSC/VLR Service Area 1.5.4 Location Area 1.5.5 Cell 1.6 Techniques of multiple access 1.7 Transport technologies L2G 17.226 1.73256 1.7336 2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK 16 2.1 Mobile Station (MS) 2.1.1 SIM card 2.1.2 SIM card Phase II 2.1.3 Electric characteristics 2.1.4 SIM Locking 2.1.5 Mobile Equipment (ME) 2.2 Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 2.2.1 Base Transceiver Station (BTS) 2.2.2 Base Station Controller (BSC) 2.2.3 Cell topology 2.3 Network Sub-System (NSS) 2.3.1 Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC) 3.2 Gateway Mobile Switching, 2.3.3 Home Location Register (HLR) 2.3.4 Visitor Location Register (VLR 2.3.5 Authentication Center (AuC) 2.3.6 Equipment Identita Register (EIR) 2.4 Operation and Support Subsystem (OSS) 2.4.1 Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC) 2.4.2 Network Managment Center (NMC) 2.5 GSM interfacesPage 3. AIR INTERFACE 35 3.1 Noises and Interferences 3.1.1 Co-channel interference 3.1.2 Sideband splash 3.1.3 Doppler effect 3.14 Fading, 3.1.5 Diversity 3.2 FDMA/TDMA multiplexing 3.2.1 FDMA multiplexing and frequeney reuse 3.2.2 TDMA multiplexing 3 Handover 3.3.1 Intracell (Channel-Channel) Handover 3.2 Intercell / Intra BSC / BTS - BTS Handover 3.3.3 Intercell / Inter BSC / BSC - BSC Handover 3.4 Logical channels 3.4.1 Traffic CHannel (TCH) 3.4.2 Broadcast CHannel (BCH) 3.4.3 Common Control CHannel (CCCH) 3.4.4 Dedicated Control CHannel (DCCH) 3.5 Radio Link Failure 3.6 Random Access 3.7 Access Class 3.8 Structure of Bursts: 3.9 Base Station Colour Code 3.10 Dynamic Power Control (DPC) 3.11 Radio link measurements 3.1 RxLey 3.11.2 RxQual 3.12 Voice coder 3.12.1 Codec/Decodee 3.12.2 Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) 3.12.3 Half Rate (HR) 3.13 Channel coding 3.14 Modulation 3.15 Multipath Equalization 3.16 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) 3.17 Discontinuous Reception (DRX) 4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2/EV 64 4.1 General Deseription 4.2 Schematic diagram 4.2.1 Structure of the GSM network 4.2.2 Mobile Phone (MS1-4) 4.2.3 Mie/TesvDTMF processing 4.2.4 Spoech’Test/DTMF Rx processing 4.2.5 Test Pattern Generator / Ber Measurer 4.2.6 Power SupplyPage 4.3 Operator Panel 4.3.1 Keyboard & Display 4.3.2 Test Points 43.3 Fault Simulator 4.3.4 User Mode Controls & Indicators 5 Ber Test 4.3.6 User 4 Source 4.3.7 DTMF Decoder 4.3.8 RX Frame Syne Detector 4.3.9 Microphone In 4.3.10 Speaker 4.3.11 RE Transmitter 43.12 RF Receiver 4.3.13 Channel Simulator 5. EXERCISES 81 5.1 Description of the operatine modes 5.2 Exercise 1: Installing and preparing the Trainer 5.3 Exercise 2: Enabling the I connection (Users MS] and MS2) 5.3.1 Analyzing the signals 5.4 Exercise 3: Disabling the |“! connection (Users MS1 and MS2) 5.5 Exercise 4: Enabling the 2"! conneetion (Users MS3 and MS4) 5.5.1 Microphone signal and Test Tone 5.5.2 Analyzing the signals 5.6 Exercise 5: Test mode 5.7 Exercise 6: DTMF mode 5.7.1 Analyzing the signals 5.8 Fxereise 7: Power supply 5.9 Exercise 8: Keyboard $.9.1 Analyzing the signals 5.10 Exercise 9: Buzzer $.10.1 Analyzing the signals 5.11 Exercise 10: Display $.11.1 Analyzing the signals 5.12 Exercise 11: Using the Spectrum Analyzer VOLUME 22 Fault Simulator1 INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK 1. INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK 1.1 CONCEPT OF CELLULAR NETWORK Cellular networks have been designed for the need of using a communication network when people are moving: this is the reason why it is alsco called mobile network. The difference between wireless and cellular tclecommunications consists of the fact that wireless telecommunications carry out broadcasting transmissions (such as radio and TV), where the covering of the territory is carried out by high-power transmitters towards all the terminals of each user and a unique frequency is used. On the contarry, cellular communications divides the covering of the (crritory into eells (this is the reason of the term cellutar) and cach cell is serve by a base radio station transmitting on « certain number of radio channels. ‘The channels transmitted by adjacent cells are different to avoid any interference. ‘The fig. 1.1 shows the topology of a cellular network. Observe: + the group of frequencies used by each cell (and identified by a ‘number is different from that of the adjacent cell + each cell has a radio covering identified by the group of frequencies used and not by the number of available transmitters. @ Frequency 2 Frequency 4 Frequency 1 Frequency 2 (a) Fig. 1.1L INTRODUCING THE CE.I.ULAR NETWORK, 1.1.1 Handover ‘A cellular transmission can offer two types of advantages: + each cell works with a reduced power. In fact the modest extension dimensions of each cell lead to a low transmission power of the transmitter; « frequencies are reused in non adjacent cells. This is. possible becausc cach cell becomes a separate base system and groups of few adjacent cells cover a part of the territory with all the available frequencies. The frequency change procedure enabling @ mobile phone user to pass from a cell 10 the adjacent one is called handover. This procedure implies the passage from a frequency to another one of the communication channel because different carricr frequenci correspond to adjacent cells, However this procedure does not provoke any break of the phone conversation because the user must not realize it AU the end the mobile phone is tuned to a new channel where the communication quality is better. Observe that increasing the mumber of cells covering a certain area and consequently reducing their size will increase the system capacity, that is the number of managed users, but this will reduce the frequency reuse distance (that is the distance between two cells using the same channel). Moreover the interference between channels using the same frequency ‘will increase: this phenomenon is called Co-Channel Interference. Another effect is represented by the increase of hundovers the system must carry out during a conversation In conclusion the size of cells cannot be reduced below certain values: therefote there is again the problem of the limited number of available frequencis. 1.2 ANALOG CELLULAR SYSTEM, ‘The first cellular systems introduced during the early 1980°s were of analog type. These systems have used the Frequency Modulation (FM) and shown the following limits + cach user asking for a connection is assigned # frequency that is, engaged for all the conversation, consequently it cannot be used by other terminals: this technique is called SCPC (Single Channel Per Carrier) actually corresponding to the FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) technique: # their capacity (number of users) depends on the number of available frequencies and on the limit the co-channel interference imposes on the size of cell1, INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK + no encryption algorithm can be applied directly unless specific devices, that is very expensive scramblers, are used; + the security of the access to the network only depends on the acknowledgment of @ serial number that identifies the mobile terminal, cloning the terminal is not impossible: + they are not suitable for data transmissions. ‘The early system named AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Standard) was developed in USA and it entered the narket in 1979 at Chigago. ‘The North European solution was the NMI (Nordic Mobile Telephone) system: jt was started for the first time in Sweden in 1981 and immediately after, in Norway, Denmark and Finland. Then the TACS (Total Access Communications System) standard, a modified version of the AMPS system, has been developed in the United Kingdom, The carly TACS network started its commercial service in the United Kingdom in 1985. “The carly specifications assigned the system 1000 channels centered in the band 390-960 MHz: then they have evolved to the ETACS (Extended TACS) standard that assigns 1320 channels in the band 872- 930 MHz. 1.3 GSM DIGITAL SYSTEM During the carly 1980s, analog cellular telephone systems were ‘experiencing a rapid growth in Europe. But each country developed its own system, which was incompatible with everyone else's in software and hardware, ‘The operation of the mobile equipment was limited to national boundaries. Defining a pan-European standard would have led to operate competitively, due to the standardization of interfaces and functions enabling the administrators to use systems supplicd by different manufacturers. Thus a wide market could have been opened allowing important economies of scale in the production of terminals and apparatuses with the consequent reduction of their costs, and creating an international service without any border. In 1982 the CEPT (Conférence Européenne des Postes et des Télélecommunications) formed a study group called GSM (Groupe Spécial Mobile) to study and develop a pan-European mobile phone cellular system for all the countries of Western Europe ‘The proposed system had to mect specific standards: # good subjective speech quality + low costs for terminals and service * support for international roaming (automatic switching among different networks) ‘* support for PDA (Personal Digital assistant) terminals “31, INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK ‘+ support for a wide range of new servives and facilities ISDN compatibility © ensuring an excellent degree of security and secrecy in communications Three years, from 1982 to 1985, passed in analysing the choice between analog and digital system. ‘Then the final choice fell on the digital system. ‘Therefore an unproven (ai the time) technology. opposed to the then- standard analog cellular systems like AMPS and TACS, was chosen But digital technology has been promoted by the rapid technological evolution of the sectors of digital processing of signals and by the integration of the clectronic components duc to the availability of the integrated circuits VLSI. A cellular system upplying a digital technology offers a lot of advantages: © a frequency can be used to serve more users by means of TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) techniques; it has a higher capacity for what explained before, but also because digital systems are less sensitive to noise and interferences; consequently they enable to reduce the dimensions of the cells, increasing the number of users that can be served at the same times « it ensures a high degree of secrecy because the information sent on the radio path can directly be coded by the user equipment: + it ensures a high degree of security: the identity of the equipment asking for the access to the network can be checked with the application of a proper algorithm and of a secret authentication key; + it enables to carry out data transmissions (vocal signals are digitized ‘end then transmitted). Another important advantage consisted in ensuring compatibility between the ISDN and the network supporting the mobile phone system. ‘Ap agreement among the adhering countries led to the decision of reserving two frequency bands: 890-915 MHz. and 935-960 MHz. In 1987 the technical and political problems for standardizing the different puinis of view of the involved countries and of the several scholars that had carried out design and testing. have already found a solution, consequently a Mol (Memorandum of Understanding} could be drawn up for the coordinated introduction of the GSM system. The first of July 1991 was indicated as date for starting the commercial service, In 1989 GSM responsibility was transferred to ETSI (European ‘Telecommunication Standards Institute), more precisely to a Technical Committe of this institute Fron then on the acronym GSM has stood for Global System for Mobile Communications.1 INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK, This Technical Committee has worked out regulations, standards and technical specification described in twelve sets of recommendations. The first part of the specifications was published in 1990 (PHASE 1) This first phase ended in 199] and it concerns the definition of the specifications of the essential basic services and of some additional services; then a further phase was concluded in 1993 (PHASE 2): uring this phase basic and additional services have been integrated. The over 6000 pages of ETSI recommendations try to allow flexibility and competitive innovation among manufacturers, but they also provide enough standardization to ensure actual internetworking between the components of the system. Commercial service was started in mid-1991, and by 1993 there were 36 GSM networks in 22 countries. Although standardized in Europe, GSM is not only « European standard: at present GSM networks (including DCS1800 and PCS1900) are operational in 160 countries around the world, ‘The Fig. 1.2 compares the two techniques: TDMA, used in GSM digital networks, and FDMA, used before in analog networks. Fregueney Frequency Power Fig 1.2LL INFRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK 1.4 ARCHITECTURE OF A GSM NETWORK A. GSM network consists of several functional units that can be grouped into four main subsystems (see the horizontal description of the figs.1.3 and 1.4): «the Mobile Station MS is the mobile terminal used by the subscriber + the Base Station Subsystem BSS controls the radio tink with the Mobile Station + the Network SubSystem NSS, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), implements the connection between the user of the mobile phone network and the users of the ‘other, mobile and fixed networks + the Operation and Support Subsystem OSS will oversee the proper opcration and sctup of the network. Fig. 1.3 v61 INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK The communication between the different units of a GSM network is ensured by specific interfaces. The possibility of roaming, that is of moving freely on the territory served by one’s own administrator and also on that covered by other administrators of the countries adhering to the GSM, requires to store the users’ position in a data base and to refresh it as users shifl. AL this pur pose the geographical service zone of the GSM network is divided hierarchically into differente Network service areas. Then a GSM operator is always able to know the position of each subscriber. ‘The Fig.1.3 shows the Architecture and interfaces of a GSM network and of other communication platforn Intelligent Network Fig. 1.51, INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK 1,5 NETWORK SERVICE AREAS Observe the composition of NETWORK SERVICE AREAS in the varios geographic zones PLMN SERVICE AREA (1 operator's network MSCIVLR SERVICE AREA (eres covered by 1 MSC) LOCATION AREA (1 MSC consists of LAg} CELL (area covered by 1 BTS) ig. 1.6 1.5.1 GSM Serviee Area This service acca consists of the separate networks of all the operators of the different countries sharing the GSM system with world extent 2 PLMN Service Area This is the whole covering area served by tho Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) of an individual operator. ‘A country can include different operators and consequently several PLMN. Every PLMN is univocally identified by + Mobile Country Code (MCC): country code, and by ‘+ Mobile Network Code (MNC): mobile operator code. 1.8.3 MSC/VLR Service Area This is the area covered by only one MSC and by the VLR included in it MSC and VLR can be separated; therefore two separate areas: a MSC Service Area and a VLR Service Arca, can be defined. ‘The Fig. 1.7 shows four MSC/VLR areas,1 INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK 1.54 Location Area An MSC/VLR area is subdivided into more Location Areas (LAs). ‘A Location Arca (the Fig. 1.8 shows six LAs) is defined as that area within which an MS can move frecly without its position, stored in the VLR, must be refreshed. The paging messages addressed to a MS, fo inform of the arrival of a call, are radiated only in the LA where the MS is located correctly, ‘When an MS passes from an LA to another LA, it will send a message of Location updating to the network, so that this can refresh the information stored in the VLR (and, if necessary, in the HUR if also the VLR changes) Every LA is identified by a Local Arca Wdentity (LAI) having the following configuration: LAI = MCC /MNC/LAC where: MCC and MNC have the meanings explained above, * LAC (Local Area Code): it univocally identifies an LA within the PLMN of the operator. Fig. 18 ~| INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK, 1.8.5. Cell 1.6 ‘TECHNIQUES OF MU! This is the area covered by an individual BTS. More cells geograohically adjacent are grouped into an LA Each cell is identified by a unique Cell Global identity (CGI) having the following structure: CGI= MCC / MNC /LAC/CI where: + MCC, MNC and LAC have the meanings explained above, = C1 (Cell Identity) univocally identifies a cell within an LA, PLE ACC! When some resources must be shared by more users, some techniques of multiple access (or multiplexing) must be applied. In detail, the same resource (repeater ot BTS) must be shared by more users, in cellular networks: so some specific techniques of access to this resource must be used. The systems using radio frequency as communication means, show two resources: Frequency and Time. During the frequency division each terminal uses a part of dre frequency spectrum for all the time: this technique is called Frequeney Division Multiple Access (FDMA). During the time division each terminal uses the whole (or most) frequency spectrum for a part of the time: this technique is defined as ‘Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). ‘The third solution is the Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) where each terminal uses the whole frequency spectrum for all the time: CDMA uses some codes to identify the links. 4 t frequency frequency tinke = 10LINTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK 17.20 2G RANSPORT TECHNOLOGIES This section will descrive the modemest transport technologies of wireless cellular systems, up to the last generation called 3G @rd Generation). This is the first generation of cellular telephony. The technique FDMA for the channel division (one per user) and the frequency modulation (FM) were used. There were different standards NMT (Nordie Mobile Telephone) AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), used in USA TACS (Total Access Communications System) and E-TACS (extended version with higher number of channels) used in Europa and supplanted by GSM networks (2G) C450 Radiocom2000 RIMI (Radio Telefono Mobile Integrate = integrated mobile phone system, early system used in Italy), and others more, The main difference is that 2G is digital, whereas 1G is analog. It is divided into TDMA and CDMA, TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), used for: + Voice and data, up to 9.6 kbps Pros and cons: «low consumption of the battery «unidirectional transmission # data rate decidedly slower than that of 3G. As already mentioned, this technique enables a transmission medium (radio, in this case) shared by more users to enter the channel. In detail, more users share the same channel (and frequency). ‘The signal to be sent is divided into different ‘Time Slots. Each Time Slot is assigned to a different user. The signal of the user that must be sent is subdivided into parts that are sent in rapid scquence (after cach other) inside the ussigned Time Slot Thus a unique transmission medium (a radio channel, for instance} is used for more users, with the minimum bandwidth required. “TeLLINTRODUCING THE CHLLLILAR NETWORK | basa dt | notes Frames divided imo time slots. Each user Jgallocared one slot Tine slols contain data with 9 guaed petiod if ceded for syncronisation Guand petios (optional Fig. 1.10 TDMA is a type of Time-division multiplexing with a slight difference: instead of having a unique transmitter and a unique receiver, there are more transmitters connected with a unique receiver. ‘The situation is complex in the Up-Link (connection from the Terminal to the Base station) because the Terminal can move and then it ean modify the timing provoking some holes in transmission, This technique has been standardized for different systems * GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is the system using the bands of 900 MHz and 1.8 GHz, in Europe, and the band 1.9 GHz PCS, in USA. GSM is used very much all over the world, its roaming is operating in over 180 countries and the Short Messaging Service {GSM-SMS) transmits in only one direction and it ean send messages with a length up to 60 characters, + D-AMPS (Digital AMPS) or IS-54/IS-136 established itself in North America, ma it has been supplanted by GSM/GPRS and CDMA2000. It was developed to use the AMPS channels (spaced of 30 kHz) and to allow a soft transition from the analog network to the digital network. Three Time Slots per channel were used. + PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) established itself in Japan. it used a channelling of 25 kHz, modulation 7/4-DQPSK with three Time Slots and 11.2 kbit/s (full-rate), or with six Time Slots and 5.6 kbit/s (half-rate). Tae473 256 J INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK ‘© IDEN (Integrated Dispatch Enhanced Network) was developed especially to inercase the spectrum occupation with respect to 1G systems, It works on a channelling of 25 kHz although it occupied only 20 kHz to provide a protection against interferences. * DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) was developed as a mobile system of private or business use, At present it is widespread all over the world and it us 1900 MHz. Normally it interact with a base station or gateway connected with the PSTN network. Even more mobile terminals can be connected with a base station within a range of 100m, Ituses a channelfing of 1.728 MHz, twelve Time Slots and 22 kbit/s ss the band of CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) This teennology is less widespread than TDMA, but at present its spreading is continuous and fast because it enables a higher transmission capacity. If compared with the other technologies, CDMA offers the best combination of good siognal quality, high safety, low power consumption and excellent reliability. Morcover it allows that the same frequencies can be shared by several terminals. If compared with TDMA, it offers the advantage of enabling several terminals to be served by a lower number of cells. It uses the Spread-Specirum technology and a special coding diagram for assigning a different code to each transmitter. This type of technology must use a band higher that that of the data item having to be sent edmaQne is based on CDMA technology and it is used in Americas and in some parts of Asia. {tis an intermediate stop botween 2G and 3G. It includes those technologies that have implemented the packet switehing: it is not a standard, but a commercial definition, Actually it works on GSM and CDMA networks. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), used for: * Data, up to 115 kbps, it supports the data trans ission by packets Pros and cons: + Length of messages not limited to 160 characters. TBJ INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK 1.73 3G 3G technologies are based on the specifications ITM-2000 issued by ITU: in the begining 3G was conceived as a univocal standard unified at world level; actually it has been implemented into four different standards, EDGE (Enhanced Data GSM Environment), used for: «Data, up to 384 kbps This temporary solution is adopted by the operators that cannot supply W-CDMA technology (because they have not any licence), but they are provided with a GSM network W-CDMA (Wideband CDMA). It is commonly known as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). This is the prevailing standard in the countries where the GSM is used and it is suitable for data transmission in circuit switched and packet switched Public Data Networks. It is used for Voice and Data with rate from 144 kbps (rural environments and maximum mobility) and 384 kbps (sub-urban arces and low mobility) up 10 2 Mbps (zones well covered and very low mobility), It will be developed up to 10 Mbps. Pros and cons: * This will be the prevailing technology, very good to ensure a global roaming + First ofall it has been implemented in the region of Pacific Asia DATA RATE 194 kops 2000 2001 2002 Fig. LT1 INTRODUCING THE CELLULAR NETWORK CDMA 2000 It represents an evolution of the CDMA standard developed in 2G environment. Itis particularly widespread in America, Japan and Korea Itis used for: * Voice and Data, from 144 kbps to 3 Mbps Who proposed it promises a simpler migration from TDMA towards CDMA2000 than to W-CDMA, as well as a more efficient use of spectrum, thas evolved to: « CDMA2000 IxRTT: first phase of CDMA2000. * CDMA2000 IxEV-DO: it sends data onto separate channels + CDMA2000 1xEV-DV: it integrates voice and data on the same channel TB.2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK, 2, COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK 2.1 MOBILE STATION (MS) 2.1.1 SIM Card The mobile station (MS) represents the mobile unit enabling the uscr to enjoy the services offered by GSM. It mainly consists of two components: * Mobile Equipment (ME), that is the hardware equipment or terminal supplying all the possible services of the Mobile Station. It is identified uniquely by the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IME) + Subscriber Identity Module (SIM): this system of personalization of the Mobile Station storse the specific parameters of the user (such as phone numbers, contacts, ete ...}. Note that there is a clear distinction between the actual mobile equipment and the SIM that stores all the data identifying the subscriber. ‘This last componenti s separate from the terminal and it is removable. The components of a Mobile Station are often concentrated in the only Mobile Equipment (ME) and SIM ‘A SIM card includes a serial store where several pieces of information are saved, and of a processor being able to execute some Eneryption algorithms, The opportunities offered by these smart-cards can vary considerably between two different operators, according to the specific implementations. Fig. 2.1 ‘The main data stored in a SIM are: + IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity): this is a code for identifying the user © Ki (Individual subscribers authentication key): this is a secret authentication key © 3, that is an authentication algorithm, and © A8 (Ciphering key gencrating algorithm, Encryption algorithm), that is an encryption algorithm, These last two algorithms can be assembled into a unique algorithm of ASB. ~16-2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK, Moreover it must also store the following (compulsory) data: + IC card identification: serial code for identifying the SIM * SIM service table: it indicates the optional services available in the ‘SIM * Location information: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI), Location Area Information (LAI), current values of the Periodic Location Updating Timer (3212) and of the Location update status; + Cipher key (Ke) and eipher key sequence number * BCCH information: list of the carriers that can be used for cell- reselection + Access control class «Forbidden PLMNs: forbidden networks HPLMN search period: timer of search of one’s owa network when roaming Language preference Phase of the SIM Personal {dentity Number (PIN) Indicator of PIN enabled/disabled Counter of PIN typing errors PIN Unlocking Key (PUK) ‘Counter of PUK typing errors It can also store the following optional data: PLMN selector: eufomutic selection of network operator List of the selected Ceil Broadcast channels: Abbreviated Dialling Numbers: list of short numbers Fixed Dialling Numbers: list of the only numbers that can be dialled MSISDN number of the subscriber Last numbers dialled: list of the last numbers dialled Short messages: list of SMS messages received and sent Subscriber's phonebook Counters for the service of Advice of Charge Personal Identity Number 2 (PIN2) Counter of PIN? typing errors PIN Unblocking Key 2 (PUK2) Counter of PUK2 typing errors The enabling access to the service is supplied by the SIM card that is enabled by a Personal Identity Number (PIN) of four or eight digits (to avoid any unauthorized use). But, if the PIN code is typed crroncously for three times in sequence, the card is blocked to ensure an even higher security. In this case, typing the 8ligit PUK code (PIN Unblocking Key) will unblock the card. But, if this last code were typed erroncously for ten times in sequence, the card would be blocked definitively and it should be replaced vive2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK, As some new services have been added in the PHASE 2 of development ‘of the GSM system, another PIN (PIN2) has been programmed to protect the content of some new fields and to differentiate the access. For instance, a subseriber can tend his/her own SIM card to a friend revealing the only PIN. ‘Thus he/she will be sure that this friend can only call without using all the services that require the PIN2, Of course there is also a PUK2 with the same functions of PUK. A SIM ean store: + 100 phone numbers and each phone number can be described with 12 alphanumeric characters + 10 SMS messages (these quantities can vary according {o the specific implementations of manufacturers), and + a list of the subscriber's favourite GSM operators: every time the signal of the network where he/she is recorded is missing, the GSM system will automatically apply for the access to the first one of the networks indicated in this list. If this application is rejected, the same ‘operation is repeated with the next network, and so on. This procedure will continue cyclically until the subscriber is recorded on anew network. The IMSI code and the authentication key Ki are the credentials for the identification of the subscriber: they are equivalent to the Equipment Serial Number (ESN) of analog systems The ESN code is a number of (1 digitis: the first three digits identify the manufacturer, then two digits are kept for a reserved (they are often set to zero), the other six digits are a serial number that identifies the terminal. Then the IMSI code is associated with the GSM subscriber, whereas it does not concer the used Mobile Equipment (ME) at all. ‘The IMSI code has 2 maximum length of 18 digits and it is configured as indicated here below: MNC MSIN digits) | (max 13 digits) . *: Mobile Country Code, identifying the operator's country © MNC: Mobile Network Code, identifyng the operatore inside the country + MSIN: Mobile Station Identification Number (max 13 digits), serial number. “182. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK 2.1.2 SIM eard of Phase TI ASIM card is available in two sizes: * ISO (or ID-1): size of a credit card «Plug-in: size of a stamp, with dimensions of 25 x 15 mm, introduced by Nokia and Eriesson. The Read Only Memory (ROM) stores the operating system, the administrator (that manages the Phase I GSM services) and the security algorithms A3 and A8 The Random Access Memory (RAM) is used (o cxccute the algorithms and as buffer for data transmission The Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM) storse all the data of the subscriber. The SIM cards of Phase IT have a larger store enabling a higher storing capacity. A. serious trouble for all the SIM cards is represented by the deterioration suffered by EEPROMs in the writing/reading phases: this will reduce their duration (the correct operation of a GSM SIM card is usually guaranteed for approximately two years). In fact the memory cells included in a normal EEPROM available on the market at present can support 10,000 write/read eycles at the most. Some SIM curds with a threshold of 100,000 cycles have been developed for particular applications. 2.1.3 Electrical characteristis $ SIM card and ME are interfaced through eight pins: Cl to C8, ‘Their position on the SIM card and their dimensions are specified in ETSI LLIL Ground (C5) Vpn (ce) at (cay (Cl) Vee (C2) Reset. (C3) Clock (C4) NotUsed S Fig. 2.2 © C4: supply voltage Vee (pin C1) of a SIM Card: it can be equal to 5 V,33V,orto L8V « C2; RESET pin C3: the RESET signal is sent by the ME onto the pin C3 of the SIM, it can range from | to 5 MHz. The SIM card has not any internal clock signal © C4; at present it is not used in the GSM standards it is kept free for future developments © CS: ground of signals and power supply =19-2. COMPONENTS OF A CELI.ULAR NETWORK, 2.1.4 SIM locking + C6: input pin of the programming voltage Vpp. As the SIM card cannot directly be reprogrammed by the terminal in the GSM system, this pin C6 can (or cannot) be connected with Vee, it can never be connected with the ground © C7: for data input or output + C8: at present it is not used in the GSM standard; it is kept free for future developments: The SIM locking is a function supported by a lot of telephones. It enables an operator to forbid the use of the telephone to all the SIM cards of other operators, Thus an operator is sure that the new user remains its own subscriber for a certain period, ‘At the same time the user has often the opportunity of buying a telephone at a cheaper price ‘Some operators supply a code number for unlocking the telephone, after ‘a certain time (one or two years), This code number is different for the telephones and it is calculated according to the IME] The SIM locking is forbidden in a lot of countries such as Denmark, for instance. 2.1,5 Mobile Equipment (ME) IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity) and IMEISV (International Mobile Equipment Identity Software Version) codes identify a Mobile Equipment uniquely. ‘They can be distinguished by the number of their digits: 15 or 16. They are safely stored in the mobile phone direetly by the manufacturer. If compared with the normal [MEI, the IMEISV also includes the information concerning the software version installed in the GSM terminal. ‘The IMEI code has the following configuration: TAC FAC SNR sP (6 digits) | (2digits) | (6 digits) | (1 digit) ‘The [MEISV code has the following configuration: TAC FAC SNR SVN (digits) | digs) | (6 digitsy | (2 digits) where: « TAC: Type Approval Code, it is supplied by a Central Authority of GSM and it identifies the basic model of the equipment « FAC: Final Assembly Code, it identifies the place of production or final assembling of the equipment ~20-2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK * SNR: Serial Number «Sp: additional riserve digit * SVR: Software Version Number GSM terminals are divided imto five classes according to the maximum power of transmission on radio channels. They can also vary their output powcr dynamically on 15 levels (Dynamic Power Control) to keep a very good transmission quality by limiting co-channel interferences and consumptions at the most. Terminals have been classified according to their output peak power as indicated here below: Class 1: 20 W Class 2: 8 W Class 3: 5 W Class 4:2 W Class 5: 0.8 W. The radio transmission and reception actually occur in different times (rated delay of 3 time slots) This eliminates the use of the duplexer filter that is absolutely necessary in analog systems to separate the transmission and reception signals being active continuously and at the same time. ‘The main function that must be carried out by a mobile phone are: » radio transmission and reception + selection of the best serving cell with respect to the speech quality + recording the the location area © transmission measures on the used radio channel and on the sideband channels + transmission power control » handover * declaration of its own IMEI + man-machine interface (display and keypad) # authentication and eneryption of speeches “ae2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK, 2.2 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM (BSS) The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) represents the radio section of the system and consequently it includes the functional units that enable to ensure the radio covering of an area consisting of one or more cells. It includes two units: * Buse Transceiver Station (BTS), and * Base Station Controller (BSC). ‘The communication interface between these two units, named A-bis, is standardized. Thus users are not bound by any proprietary solution and components manufactured by different suppliers can be used 2.2.1 Base Transceiver Station (BTS) The acronym BTS indicates the functional unit consisting of the transceivers and of the equipment enabling to supply a ecll with radio covering, Usually BTS are also called Base Radio Stations (BRS). The fig, 2.3 shows an example of radiating pane].2, COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK ‘This panel has the following electrical characteristics: + Frequency Range: 870 - 960 MHz © Gain 16 dBi + Polarization: +45°and -45° + Beamwidih: 85°(H)/9°(V) «+ Lateral side lobes: > 19dB + Front Back ratio: >25 dB + Power: 500 W (50. - 7/16 female) The fig. 2.4 shows a Base Station (ERICSSON). Fig. 24 2.2.2 Base Station Controller (BSC) The base station controller (BSC) oversees the operation of one ore more BTS, manages the selection of radio channels (setup and release of Jinks), the frequency-hopping, the internals handover, and others. It ensures the connection between a mobile station (MS) and the Mobile: services Switching Center (MSC). A wide urban area includes a high number of BTS controlled by one or few BSC. When these two units are not in the same place, the BTS-BSC link is ensured by a PCM specific line of 2.048 Mbit’s that supplics 32 channels at 64 kbps. As the vocal coding used by GSM is different from that PCM, a special device, called TRAU (Transcoder Rate Adapter Unit) is necessary; this device will carry out a matching or transcoding from the GSM coding (13 kbps: 16 kbps including the redundaney for the line coding) into PCM coding (64 kbps). ~23-2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK This transcoding can be carried out: «in the BSC (TRAU installed in BSC) so that four multiplexed GSM traffic channels can be inserted into a PCM channel; thus the BTS- BSC link can be used at the best (remote transcoding), or + in the BTS (TRAU installed in BTS); this transcoding is convenient only in the case of a common location of BTS and BSC (local transcoding). ‘The PCM frame has a duration of 0.125 ms, It is subdivided into 32 channels of 64 kbps (TS equal to 0.125/8 = 3.9 us), with the TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) technique. Therefore the total capacity of a channel is: 64x32=2.048 Mbit/s, TS 0 corresponds to the synchronism, TS 16 to signalling, the remaining 30 ones ure reserved to the traffic channels. ‘A signalling channel is necessary for each radio carrier (TRXC), that is 8 TCH channels, Now analyze the performance in both the cases (table 2.1), * Local transcoding: the PCM channel carries up to three radio carriers (TRXC), that is 24 TCH channels, using (8+1)x3-27 TS + Remote transcoding: the PCM channel carries up to ten radio carriers, (TRXC). that is 80 TCH channels, using (24 1)x10-30 TS (in this case, a TRXC carrier requires two TS for the TCH channels, and 1 for signalling). me2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK LOCAL transcoding «TS_-—— REMOTE transcoding Synchronism = ——-Synchronism Signaling TRXC 1 1 Signaling TRC 1 Trafic channels 1-8 TRXC1 TRXC 1 Signalling TRXC 2 TRKC1 TRKC 2 Traffic channels 1-8 TRKC 1 Traffic channels 1-8 TRKC 2, Signaling TRXC 3 ‘ratfic channels 1-8 TRXC3 TRKC 3 Signalling TRXC 2 10 Signalling TRXC 4 11 Traffic channets 1-8 TRXC4 2 TRXC 4 TRXC 2 Traffic channels 1-5 TRXC 2 43 Signalling TRXC 5 14° Traffic channels 1-8 TRXCS 48 TRXC 5 Signalling 16 Signalling 17 Signalling TRXC 8 Traffic channels 6-8 TRXC 2 TRC 18 Traffic channels 1-8 TRXCE TRKC 6 19 Signalling TRXC 3 20. ‘Signaling TRXG 7 24 Traife channels 1-8 TRACT aS TRMGT 23 Signaling TRXC 8 TRKC3 ratfic channels 1-8 24 Trafficchannels 1.8 TRXC8 TRXC TRXC 3, 25 26 Signaling TRXC 9 27 ratte channets 1.8 TRXC® 2 TRXC 9 29. Signalling TRXC 10 Not used 30 TRXC 10 Tratfic channels 1-8 TRXG 10 31 Table 2.1 ~25-2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK 2.2.3 Cell topology Cells and their base transceiver stations (BY'S) can take three configurations according to the network load, to the suscribers” uses and to the morphology, to ensure the best radio coverage onto the area. Standard Configuration, where: + every BTS has assigned a different Cell Identity (C1) «a certain number of BTS (often only onc) form a Location Area (LA). The fig. 2.5 shows thrce Las respectively consisting of one, three and five BTS. This is one of the most frequent configurations. The configurations described in the next page are suitable for urban areas with rising traffic density. Fig. 2.5 The Umbrella Cell Configuration includes (fig, 2.6) # a BTS of high power with an antenna installed in a very high position that provides an “umbrella-shaped” coverage for a number of BTS characterized by low power and small diameters of the covering area; * the frequencies used by the umbrella cell cannot be used by any internal cell to avoid any interference. This configuration is used in specific cases, for instance, along important communication routes when the handover could be lost uring the passage from a route to another one. =26-2. COMPONENTS OF A CELLULAR NETWORK Fig, 2.6 The configuration with Sectorized (Collocated) BTS includes (fig. 27): «several BTS arranged in a place with the antennas covering only an ‘area of 120° or 180° and using typically transmitters of low power; * the different BTS can easily be synchronized (differently from the case of Umbrella Cell configuration); all the BTS can be connected with the BSC in an economical way via the interface A-bis This configuration, as well as the Umbrella Cell configuration, are typically used in the areas with high density of population. Fig. 2.7 fio] as fiz] fas ss [xe for | se [xo [20 fae [22 [ao fa [as ” a (26 frame mel tifescre uation: 1208 ge ]ae [xe |r TDMA fice a 1 2 a Duaation: 60/13 ms 3 ” 1 36 1 #7 Ae Tel Ditbity — Suaing Tang Staling © Datibits Tall Gud bits vie sequence bit bie is onral east Danton 608 Fig, 3.10 = 463. AIR INTERFACE 3.4.2 Broadcast CHannel (BCH) ‘These channels carry the information of general interest. They are transmitted in unidirectional downlink (from BTS to MS) point-to-multipoint mode. Here are the various types of these channels: «Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH): It carries information to all the usets served by that BTS, for cach cell It is transmitted continuously in downlink. it consists of 184 bytes that carry several patameters such as the Cell Identity, the Local Area Code, the MCC and MNC, besides the parameters required ny the algorithm of Frequency-Hopping * Frequency Correetion Channel (FCCH) and Synchronization Channel (SCH) ‘They arc unidirectional downlink ‘The FCCH channel carries information for the frequency correction, to the MS. The SCH channel carries the 25-bit information for the synchronization of the mobile station via a Reduced Frame Number of 19 bits (from which the FN of 22 bit can be extracted) and the identification of the BTS via the Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) of 6 bits. Every cell broadcasts only one FCCH channel (lrame 0) and only one SCH channel (frame 1) in the time slot 0 of the fundamental carrier (the same BCCH carrier), 3.4.3 Common Control CHannel (CCCH) These channels carry checking information concerning a certain connection (in a preliminary phase) with which any system channel is not associated for the link. They are unidireetional, but not all downlink. + Paging Channel (PCH): Itis used by the BTS to inform a mobile equipment of the arrival of a call. Downlink in all the cells of a Location Arca « Random Access Channel (RACH): Uplink channel with slotted Aloha access, used by a mobile equipment to request the accesso to the network and to answer the calls and the requests of the network (e.g.: to the location updates), © Access Grant Channel (AGCH): Downlink channel used by the network to answer a RACH request locating the required channel at the MS. a73. AIR INTERFACE 3.4.4 Dedicated Control CHannel (DCCH) These channels are assigned to a connection for the exchange of signalling information concerning the specifie connection. + Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH): it carries signalling information between MS and network inside a communication. In downlink it carries the SMS text messages (delivered during the eall), the information of the measurements carried out by the BTS. (PwrLev, TimeAdv) and all information of the BCCH that would be lost by the MS having settled in its own traffic channel. On the contrari in uplink it carries the necessary measurements carried out by the MS (RxLevFull, RxLevSub, RxQualFull, RxQualSub and the parameters of the Adjacent Cells) for a correet link monitoring. ‘+ Fast Associated Control Channel (FACCH): this channet is used to transmit the time-critical wait to be inserted in the SACCH channel. For instance, a handover signalling is sent asynchronously suppressing the information that would have to be transmitted. * Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel (SDCCH): this channel is assigned to a MS via a signalling on the AGCH channel in reply to a RACH request granted, It is used to carry the SMS text messages (in standby) and to exchange signalling during the phases of identification, recording, location update and call-setup before the definitive assignation of a traffic channel TCH. When it is not combined with other channels, itis called SDCCH/8. ing that cannot ‘Then there are some hybrid channels resulting from the combination of more control channels: - SDCCH/4: SDCCH combined with CCCH = SACCIH/C8: SACCH combined with SOCCH = SACCH/C4: SACCH combined with SUCCH/4 * Cell Broadcast Control Channel (CBCH): The Cell Broadcast Control Channel is only used in downlink to carry the so-called SMSCB (Short message service Cell Broadcast). It is implemented with the same physical channel of SDCCHs. a8IR INTERFACE «© a 3.Al tsa 11 we sr ecw | socen{al-o ten [ten sci] sacente]-o Ten [ ren ‘cen | socen[aj-o Ten ncen | socewte] =o TeH cen | smceufél-1 Tew Taccn__[_spceufa] 1 Tot JAocw\ecn | spcemta) 2. sem | eocmyecw| socemta] 1 sew Accw\pcn| Sccnis)-2" Ten AGcH\weN| speen[a} 2° Ten ‘Seen | socewfa}-2- Tew cn | sdecwta} 2 accu\rcn| spcenfa] 2 SOcents}~3 accm\pcn| soccntas-3 acemecn| socen[s) -2 AGcM\PcH| soccuta) —« accuxecu| sce n[h] —4 ascenecn | scents] 4 accu\ecn| soccn(8l 4. | tocw | soceuis] 5 [seu | “secentel-s Aseu\wen| spccnfe) -3 AGcH\PcH| sncen[a)—* Acew\rcn| spccHls] -6 accu\ecn| sncculgl-6 AGem\ecn| secLa] 6 acenyecn| snecla] 6 acciecn| soccuta}—7 aceuyren | spcem[a] cen | seceutyy-7 sou] secental—7 | acem\ech | “saceao aceniren | sacen-0 accuyren| saccna0 Accm\rcn| saccnao accuipen | saccr-d faccu\pcn| saccri-a, acen\pcn| saccn=2 faccuyecn| —sacce-1 Fcen SACCHA? seu Sacen-? | ECHPCH RGCHAPCH —t ascsren | sacen.3 ncciwen | sacew 3 AccH\pen| SACEH=# accn\wen | SACCH=3 accu\pcH| Foe accn\rcn| IDLE. reew | socen{uj=o =49=3.AIR INTERFACE, 3.8 RADIO LINK FAILURE 3.6 RANDOM ACCESS 3.7 ACCESS CLASS When the quality of the radio link falls down to a very low level, the MS can decide to disconnect. ‘The operating principle of the Radio Link Failure is based on the use of a counter, Every time the MS is not able to decode the content of a SACCH message, the counter is decremented by 1. ‘On the contrati, this is incremented by 2, in case of success. However the counter cannot exceed the threshold — value RADIO_LINK_TIMEOUT, transmitted by BTS to MS via BCCH. When the counter reaches the value of zero, then the link is in the condition of Radio Link Failure and the disconnection procedure is enabled. Till then the behaviour of the MS in uplink has been normal. When two MS try to enter the same slot of the RACH channel at the same time, this can lead to the following situations + the signal received by the BTS is much higher for one of the two bursts, cnabling its correct decoding (seizure, in this ease), or «© no one of the two signals can be received cirrectly. Then both the MT retry fo send the burst after a certain time interval. The collisions and consequent retransmissions provole a loss of messages and increase the traffic on the radio channel with the risk of favouring a situation of congestion A solution consists in controlling either the number of retransmissions (MAX_RETRANS) and the mean time interval between them (TX_INTEGER) by means of some parameters broadcast on the BCCH channel. TXINTEGER can take values ranging from 3 to 50 slots, MAX_RETRANS from 1 to 7. The most effective method for avoiding any congestion of the RACH channel starts from the concept of Access classes. It consists actually in preventing a certain class of users from the access. to the resources of a cell Users are divided into 10 classes according to specific standards for each operator. The access class is stored in the SIM and is available for the MS. A BSC can decide to prevent one or more classes of users fiom the access to the cell, in conditions of congestion, thus reducing the load of requests, excepting some cases (the emergency calls, for instance). =50-3, AIR INTERFACE A BSC can change the classes that are not enabled to access regularly, so that all the users can be given a possibility for connecting with the network The information will be transmitted on the BCCH channel. Five Very Important GSM Subscribers arc also defined, to avoid to block special categories of users: these classes undergo a special control: free for the operator's needs security services services of public utility emergency services staff of the PLMN operator 8 STRUCTURE OF BURSTS ‘The information to be sent will be inserted in the proper time slot through some packets, called bursts, ‘There are four different types of bursts: © Normal burst, it carries the user (TCH) or signalling (BCCH, SACCH, FACCH, SDCCH) information Frequency correction burst (FB), used by the FCH channel Synchronization burst (SB), used by the SCH channel ‘Access burst (AB), used by the RACH channel Dummy burst (DB), used when no further channel requests to send ‘a burst. Itdves not carry any information, ‘The burst periods FB and SB have the same length of a normal burst (156.25 bits), but a different internal structure. On the contrary, the burst AB is shorter than the others (88 bits). ‘The fig. 3.12 shows the structure of a normal burst period. 1 time slot = 156,28 bit (0,577 ma) . Normal Burst Tare La sas rete OF boned Peet 1 TDMA frame © 8 time slots (= 4,615 ms) Fig. 3.12 ~51-3. AIR INTERFACE The normal burst represents the basic reference for the configuration ofa TDMA frame. The 156.25 bits are transmitted in 0.577 ms, consequently at a mean rate of 270.833 kbps. The information is inserted into two $7-bit blocks (payloads) followed by a stealing flag indicating whether the payload contains ‘TCH data or SACCH or FACCH signalling, The start and stop sequences are fixed at zero and they are used to reinitialize the storage pf Viterbi equalizer. The 26 bits of training sequence represent the sequence used by the equalizer to determine the parameters of the decoding algorithm, The final 8.25 bits are not transmitted effectively, but they represent a guard period during which the absence of signal enables a safety margin for avoiding any superposition of bursts of adjacent time slots. ‘The fig. 3.13 shows the structure of all the burst periods, unit rad bs ‘Syn cla sequen "ned te 52 i ie 1 a Faed be 1a Enypied bie ‘Sypehtonam Fequene inetd ots 2 ca 2 EP Nerma: 5: burst Frequency burst iva) Traing rcumice CF 3.25, uit access burst Cumin Fried ite oP Enenpted ats yews eer tar bi Fig. 3.13 3.9 BASE STATION COLOUR CODE The Base Station Identity Code (BSIC) is a 6-digit code, spread in the SCH: it has the function of distinguishing the beacon frequency (on which the BCCH is broadcast) of different BTS, when they use the game carrier frequency and the respective areas of radio coverage are superposed, even partially. A BSIC is associated with each BTS; this BSIC is defined as: BSI =NCC+BCC where: * NCC - Network Colour Code * BCC = Base station Colour Code A BSIC (chosen among, 64 values) is assigned to each cell ‘The BSIC concerning every cell is broadcast on the SCH channel: then it is known by all the MS that are sybchronized with that cell. 2+3. AIR INTERFACE AMS can usc the BSIC for various aims: it tries to avoid the ambiguity or interference that can occur when a MS positioned in a certain place can receive the signal coming from two cells using the same BCCH cartier. The mode of use of the BSIC depends on the eases when the MS is connected with one of the cells. The BSIC is also used when the MS is connected with a third cell, usually in some place between these two cetls. 3.10 DYNAMIC POWER CONTROL (DPC) GSM terminals are divided into five classes according to the maximum power they can transmit on the radio channel (MSMaxTxPwr, Mobile Station Maximum Transmission Power): the maximum is not specified, Whereas the minimum is fixed at 0.8 W (modern mobile phones are of class 4). ‘The following table enlists these five classes. | MSMaxTxPwr | MSMaxTxPwr | MSMaxTxPwr | GLASS "900 MHz 1800 MHz 4900 MHz TTBS Was dBm | tw a0.dBm) 4 w (30 Gem) 2 | BW{39.dBm) 0.25 W (24 dBm) 0.25 W (24 dl 3. | SW(G7 dBm) | AW(36dBm) | -2W(33.8m) | Ew Gsdém "5 (08 Wa dBm) i Both the mobile equipment and the base station operate at the lowest power value than ean still ensure an acceptable level of the received signal (RxLev}, to minimize sideband splashes and to save power. The radio link emission power can vary dynamically on 32 levels, by steps of 2 dB, starting from the maximum level for that specific class to a minimum of 5 dBm, ‘The MS measures the intensity and quality of the signal, then it transfers this information (via the SACCH channel) to the base station that decides whether and when the power level must be changed. In detail, the BTS will inform the MS of the maximum power that can be used in the communication (although the MS could transmit at higher power), via the parameter MSTxPwr. For instance, the MSTxPwr corresponds usually to 33 dBm (2 W) in urban zones where cells are small and close, to prevent the equipment with power exceeding 2 W (vehicle-mount equipment, for instance), from transmitting at full power creating strong co-channel interferences. The requests on the RACH channel ure always carried out by the MS using the maximum power level granted in that cell (MS_TXPWR_MAX_CCH broadcast on BCCH). The information of power level is transmitted on the SACCH channel and is received by the MS every 13 TDMA frames, approximately 60 ~ 533. AIR INTERFACE ims (4.6x13), consequently a jump of 1S levels can be executed in 900 ms (60x15). 3.11 RADIO LINK MEASUREME! Radio link measuroments are carried out during the handover and power control processes. These measurements are carried out on the SACCH multiframe. ‘The results of this operation are two indices: RxLev that measures the power of the received signal, and RxQual that measures the quality of the same signal. They both can be calculated on a whole set of SACCH frames (100 for a full-rate TCH) - in this case they are called RxLevFull and RxQualPull —or ona subset of 4 SACCH frames (RxLevSub and RxQualSub). 3.1LIRxLev The R.MSS. level of the signal received on a whole SACCH multiframe can be measured by the MS and by the BSS on a range going from -100 dBm to -48 dBm. Then the level of the measured signal is mapped in a 6-bit index. called RxLey, as indicated here below: RxLev_R.M.S. level of the received signal| 00 e140 d6m 1 from ~110 dBm to -109 48m from -109 dBm to -108 dm from -108 dBm to-107 dm {rom -49 dBm to -48 dBm Be 3.11.2 RxQual ‘The quality of the received signal can be expressed by a parameter that considers the average Bit Error Rate (BER) before the channel decoding (so that the errors due to the decoding itself are not added) and is measured on a SACCH multiframe. Remember the known formula of the BER: = ___ Number ofwrone bits cee Total number of bits transmitted The BER is mapped in the 3-bit RxQual index according to what indicated in the table of the next page. TS4-3, AIR INTERFACE 3.12 VOICE CODER An average BER assumed value is associated with each value of RxQual. from 0.2% to 0.4% , 100.8% | | from 1.6% 10 3.2% | | from 3.2% 10 6.4% | The GSM is a digital system; on the contraryi, the voice is wholly analogical, consequently it must be converted into digital form. As the GSM system had to be inserted in a structure of fixed network already existing partially (ISDN and telephone systems a high rate and ‘on optical fiber), the chosen method had to be compatible with the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) used by these other systems. Unfortunately this modulation outputs a digital sequence at 64 kbps, that is too fast to be transmitted on air. ‘A voice signal has a great redundancy, therefore various algorithms of audio signal coding have been studied to optimize the service quality and the complexity of realization (concerning implementation costs, absorbed electric power and delay times for compression). Pre-requisites were: «high quality sound bit rate below16 kbps sampling at the Nyquist frequency of 8 kHz protection against errors up to a rate of even 1% total coding and decoding delay below 65 ms, not to introduce excessive echoes in the network. The structure chosen afier careful studies was that of a three-stage coder LPC-LTP-RPE (Linear Predictive Coder - Long Term Predictor loop - Regular Pulse Excitation) being able to ensure a quality slightly lower than that of the PCM standard, but higher than the averaue quality of the analog cellular telephone systems with only 13 kbps. This coder is uble to use both the correlations of short period between subsequent samples of the voice signal (LPC filter), and those between adjacent segments of the voice signal (LTP filter). The operating principle consists of the prediction of the current samples from the information included in the previous samples. “3563. AIR INTERFACE, 3.12.1 Codec/Decodec ‘The signal having to be transmitted results from the difference between the predicted sample and the actual sample. ‘The voice is divided into samples of 20 ms: each sample is coded in blocks of 260 bits, at a bit rate of 13 kbps. ‘The CODEC receives a baseband analog signal at its input. First of all this signal is filtered to limit its maximum frequency with precision; then it will pass to the sampler. The sampler extracts a sample of the input signal at regular and subsequent intervals (with frequency fs) and outputs a sequence of signal samples: cach sample is separated from the previous one by a time equal to Ts (Ts=1/f3), If the sampling frequency fs is at least double the maximum frequeney of the signal to be sampled, in reception, a signal proportional to that available at the sampler input in the beginning, can be reconstructed just from the sampled signal, Then cach sample is coded in a suitable number of bit that must be sufficient to express the maximum value that can be taken by a sample, At last the output sequence is compressed with proper algorithms to reduce its length, The DECODEC carries out the opposite function: starting from the sequence of bits output by the CODEC it reconstructs the original analog signal First of all the sequence is expanded, then it is decoded and at fast it passes to the intespolator that outputs an analog signal proportional to the original signal before crossing the CODEC. The sample reconstructed in reception differs of # certain quantity from the sample available at the coder input, except in very particular cases. In fact the coding/decoding process will normally introduce an error onto the recostructed samples, known as quantizationerror The operation of a CODEC and a DECODEC is summarized in the block diagram of the fig. 3.14. = Fitemg |<) Sampling Cady Compuesacen 4 iferpolter 5 Dscoring expansion DECODEC Fig, 3.14 56°3. AIR INTERFACE 3.12.2 Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) 3.12.3 Half Rate (HR) ‘The Enhanced Full Rate enables to obtain a higher quality of the audio signal than that usually offered by the normal GSM protocol. This is got thanks to the usc of the new data compression technology Algebraic Code Excited Linear Prediction (ACELP) that improves the voice quality in the same number of bits used by the LPC-RPE (Linear Predictive Coding with Regular Pulse Excitation). The tangible result is an improvement of the specch quality that could approach that offered by the fixed network, from a theoretical point of view. But the speech in EFR is more fragmented with respect to the classic FR. in situations of high BER. ‘The same original bit sequence will output a shorter sequence compressed in EFR with respect to the FR, just for the stronger compression applied. Thus the wrong bits have a heavier weight ‘The PHASE-2 has introduced the Half Rate coding: this coding enables to send the same signal using only half the available band, keeping the rate at only 6.5 kbps. Thus the HR enables to double the traffic channels that ean be used for speeches, with cnormous advantages in case of network congestion, A happy consequence of using a lower bit rate consists of a considerable saving of the battery of the ME, with an increase of approximately $0% in speech duration, Unfortunately it leads to a reduction of the quality of the audio signal 3.13 CHANNEL CODING The channel coding introduces a redundaney in the data flow to cnable the detection and the correction of the bit errors made during the transmission. The voive coding algorithm produces blocks of 260 bits every sample with a repetition period of 20 ms (with bit rate of 13 kbits, for instance), Subjective tests have shown that some bits of the block are more important than the others for the quality perception of the received signal, The 260 bits of the block are divided into three classes: ‘© Class Ia: 50 bits, they are the most sensitive to the bit errors + Class Tb: 132 bits, these bits are rather sensitive to the bit errors # Class Il: 78 bits, they are the least sensitive to the bit errors. The Fig.3.15 shows the division of a block of 260 bits. TiteBLAIR INTERFACE 50 bits 7B bits Laprotected bits {+3 bit parity) Convolutiona! block coding 260 bit Fig, 315 Observe the fig. 3.15: three parity bits (CRC - Cyclic Redundancy Code) are extracted from the 50 bits of Class fa. These bits are added for the error detection: if an error is detected, the frame is considered too damaged to be understood, then it is unloaded and replaced by a slighily attenuated version of the previous frame. ‘These three bits are supplied (together with the 50 bits of Class a, the 132 bits of Class Ib and with the final 4 bits) to the convolutional encoder (fig. 3.16) characterized by the ratio = vey And by constraint length K=S. Each input bit is coded into two output bits according to a combination of the previous 4 bits. ‘The resulting 374 bits arc added to the 78 unprotected bits of Class IT to form the 456 bits of the complete frame of the coded voice information, In conclusion the voice coder has supplied samples of 13 bits in a block of 260 bits at 13 kbps and the channel encoder has coded them inte 456 bits at 22.8 kbps. A higher protection against burst errors common in the air interface, is ensured by the interleaving executed on each sample. The 456 output bits are divided into cight blocks of 57 bits that are tramsmitted in eight subsequent time slot bursts. As cach time slot or burst can carry two blocks of 57 bits, each burst transports traffic from two different samples of the voice information. The example described refers to the TCH/FS (Lraffic Channel at Full Speed) ~ SHVocoder 3.14 MODULATION 3. AIR INTERFACE 189 | | Interleaver Fig, 3.16 ‘The modulation technique applied to mobile phone systems must offer a fait compromise between spectrum efficiency, complexity of the wansmitter and limitation of spurious radiations, The compleaity of the wansmitter strictly depends on the absorbed power that should be as low as possible for a mobile equipment Tt is also extremely important to limit the spurious radiations outside the frequency band so that the sideband splashes can be reduced. In this case the digital signal output by the channel coding, must be ‘modulated with an analog carrier: a digital modulation must be used. ‘The commonest digital modulation: the Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), will send the symbols varying the modulating frequeney: + aprecise frequency 9 will correspond to the symbol 0 + adifferent frequency f1 will correspond to the symbol 1. Some phase jumps can be generated during the transition from 10 to fl of vies versa: they provoke a discontinuity of the signat with consequent widening of the used frequency spectrum. But just this band widening makes the FSK modulation unsuitable to mobile phone transmissions. Then it is necessari to use a technique that can ensure phase continuity in the passage from a symbol to the other ‘The modulation chosen for the GSM system and meeting. this requitement is the Gaussian-filtered Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK). The GMSK modulation comes from the Minimum Shift Keying (MSK, included in the group of frequency modulations) with the insertion of a pre-modulation low-pass filter (known as Gaussian Filter) that reduces the out-of-band components (side lobes) furtherly. "3062. AIR INTERFACE, ‘The Fig. 3.17 shows: * a): the input sequence of the digital modulating signal (Bit stream) +b): the same bit siream after the exclusive-OR (XOR) has been executed on two bits in sequence ‘+ c): the output signal modulated in MSK: frequencies (Ft+ft) and (Ht- ty a) Bit stream 6) Bit stream after XOR- operation €) MSK-signal Fig. 3.17 The problem af MSK is the use ofa high frequency spectrum because of the difficult passage between the two frequencies assigned to the two states of the modulating input signal (0 and 1). The GMSK too uses two frequencies for the two logic states, but the smooth passage between these two will enable to reduce the used spectrum. ‘The Fig. 3.18 shows: = a): the sequence of the input data of the modulating signal after the XOR operation +b): the data signal of a) after crossing the (Gaussian) low-pass filter that rounds off its edges; this signal is supplied to the modulator * c}: the frequency variation of the output signal modulated in GMSK, ranging from (FtRt) to (Ft-fi) © d): phase shift concerning Ft in the cases of MSK and GMSK. Observe that in e) the frequency variation has been smoothed down remarkably and consequently the band occupation is remarkably reduced although it always varies between the same limits (Ft+f) and (Ft-ft). ~ oo3. AIR INTERFACE a)Data alter! the XOR peration 1 b) Date after the Gau8-fiter eb Frequency z shit for GMSK fl 4) Phase shift relative te F, incase of MSK and GMSK Fig. 3.18 ‘The GMSK modulation offers the following advantages: + constant envelope + good spectrum efficiency (approximately 1 bit’Hz) with limited emission of spurious radiations # very low sideband splashes even without filters after the modulation ‘* it does not show a high construction complexity keeping the power consumption low. ‘The Fig. 3.19 shows the block diagram of a GMSK modulator. NRZ signal Gaussian Mt CNSK signal | Low Pass | —= | nodulator| > signa Filter Fig. 3.19 = 61+3. AIR INTERFACE The filter of this modulator uses: BxT (filter bandwidth times x bit period) = 0.3 Where: © Be bandwidth at -3d8 © T> duration of the input bit But, since T= 0.577 mS / 156.25 bits — 3.6923 pS, the filter passband must approximately be equal to: B= 81.25 kHz ‘The modulator uses: fh (modulation index) = 0.5 Calculate the frequency variation (ft) around the carrier (intermediate frequency, Fl). AS fi = (ater rate x by? where: © data rate ~ 1/T~ 270.833 kbps the result will be: ft = 67.7 kHz, 3.18 MULTIPATH EQUALIZATION Radio waves bounce everywhere (buildings, cars, aircrafts) at 904) MELz, therefore an antenna can catch a lot of reflected signals with different phase. Equalization is used in reception to separate the desired signal from the spurious reflections. At this purpose a known signal is always transmitted in the 26 bits reserved to the training sequence in every burst period. Thus the equalizer can ty to find out how the signal has been modified by the path, and then it can assemble an inverse filter for extracting the desired part of the signal ==3, AIR INTERFACE 3.16 DISCONTINUOUS TRANSMISSION(DTX) ‘The communication in a direction can take less than 50% of the total time, during a normal speech. The remaining time would be spent by the transmitter in encoding and sending the background noise, ‘The Discontinuous ‘Transmission (TX) exploits this result disabling the transmission during the periods of silence. Thus co-channel interferences are minimized and power is saved. This funetion is implemented in the MS. But suppressing any signal is unpleasant for the listener, therefore, during the periods of non transmission, the MS of the receiver introduces some comfort noise that is similar to that of the transmitter environment; so that the listener eannot have the unpleasant feeling of a break in the communication, The most important function of a DIX is the Voice Activity Detection. The system must be able to distinguish between a voice and the background noise, and this is not so simple as it appears, If the voice signal is misunderstood as noise, the transmitter is off and an irritating clipping effect is perceived by the receiver. On the contrary, if a noise is too often interpreted as voice, the efficiency of the DTX is drastically reduced. A proper bit in the burst period of the BCCH channel is reserved to the DIX, When set at 1, it informs the MS that the network implements the service of discontinuous transmission, 3.17 DISCONTINUOUS RECEPTION (DRX) Another method for saving the power of the MS is the discontinuous reception ‘The paging channel used by the base station to signal the arrival of a call. is configured in sub-channels. Thus every mobile unit must only monitor its own sub-channel. The mobile equipment can be set in sleep mode, without ubsorbing power, in the time interval elapsing between two subsequent paging messages: the saving in stand-by can attain 90%, The DRX value of the network is broadcast on the BCCH channet, and sometimes its is indicated with the acronym BS_PA_MFRM (Base Station-PAging-MultiFRaMe). This 4-bit number expresses the distance between two subsequent paging messages on the PCH channel, in multiples of 51 frames (Muhifiame) Every Multiframe has a duration of 235.4 ms, consequently a DRX value of 4 indicates that the paging messages to a MS follow one another every 235.4x4-941.6 ms: with DRX equal to 9 they follow one another every 235.4x9=2118.6 ms. =63-4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTSYEV 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2/EV 4.1 GENERAL DESCRIPTI ‘The Trainer CTS2/EV is a complete system that reproduces the operation of a GSM mobile phone within a GSM network FDM ans TDM multiplexing techniques are used to send and receive the audio information like in the actual GSM networks, on the ISM (ndustrial-Scientifical-Medical) band. The ISM band is about 2.4 GHz and it can be used freely without any licence nor authorization. In conclusion this trainer can be used 10 study and measure signals analogous tho those examined in the previous chapters. The Fig. 4.1 shows this Trainer and its components: + Schematic diagram: it is available on the internal side of the protection cover and it includes the description of the sections forming the Trainer with the references to the Test Points (numbers between brackets) ‘+ Operator panel: it is available in the intemal part and it includes all the controls and signalling, as well as the Test Points and the Fault ‘Simulator protected by a locked lid # Power socket: it is available in the part. It must be connected with the external multi-volfage power supply supplied with the trainer. There is not any ON-OFF switeh. Schematic Diagram Power Socket Operator Panel Fig. 41 “644, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2iEV 4.2 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM A detailed description of the sections of the schematic diagram is explained here below. 4.2.1 STRUCTURE OF GSM NETWORK This scetion concems the description of the topology the the GSM network used in this Trainer. ‘The various components of the network are clearly shown: * Mobile Stations: this Trainer has been designed for four users (MS1/4). The signal sent by each MSn is marked with TXn, whereas the received signal RX is common for all the MS (a FDM-TDM frame is used); © the BTS of interconnection between the Mobile Stations is realized with a TRX 2.4 GHz in FM, provided with four channels selectable by the operator. STRUCTURE OF GSM NETWORK BTS BTS BTS mss sz re Fig. 4.2 = 65 -A, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTSIEV. 4.2.2 MOBILE PHONE (MS1-4) TIME DI CODECS SION The block diagram of the mobile phone No. 4 (MS4) is displayed in detail, whereas the only CODEC section is displayed for the other three mobile phones. The functional blocks of the mobile phone MS4 will be examined here helow: remember that this is also valid for the other three phones, ‘The Fig. 4.3 shows the four MS. This is the block of Time Division Multiplexing (TDM). It is used to supply the signals of the four users to be transmitted, the frame synchronism signal and any data sequence instead of the voice signal of the iser | (MSI). Five TS are used: + TSO: time slot of synchronism of the sent frame ‘TSI: time slot assigned to the CODECI in transmis ‘TS2: time slot assigned to the CODEC? in transmission ‘TS2: time slot assigned to the CODEC3 in transmis ‘TS4: time slot assigned to the CODEC4 in transn ‘The CODEC is the block of voice coding: it carries out the input/output voice COding/DECoding. I uses a PCM coding with y-law compression, Analog/Digital sampling of 13bit - 8kHz and conversion from 13 to 8 bits The signal enters the TP6: a tone of S00 Hz or an auxiliary signal centering from TPS can be selected via SW4. The signal converted into PCM digital (PCM4) is supplied to the Time Division block The transmission Time Slot (T'S) is selected automatically: the TSn is assigncd: n is equal to the called user. For instance, if MS4 calls MS]. the TSI will be assigned and the PCM signal will be inserted into this TS. The received signal RX-MPX (TP27) is the complete frame of all the TS. The TS4 that is fixed for MS4, is extracted; therefore, every time it is connected with another MS, the signal sent from the remote MS is inserted into TS4. The 8-bit PCM signal extracted undergoes a process opposite to that occurred in transmission and after the Digital/Analog conversion it is seat to the output TP7. = 66-4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTSUEV 7 ~ cy wa f “Sh 89 t,. == ja = ae: re—-8 sete} Jaen oe T cS ‘wSTIOULNODOROIN ee Pe ee 9 =) = Beer, Ter worms a OED cata $ fom |” o@ware| = Ter Savon Tom z ZH sues eT Ee a ese Tae Bh Eo — (ee z a [seseal4 & (LM bet = =f on ns ree re 2-2, (yew aon THROM Pig 4.34, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER © CODECI2-3 BY ‘The TIMING, that is all the selection signals of the transmission and reception TS are supplied by the Microcontroller and they are available for measurements on the following test points: « TP14: Transmit Clock © TP16: syne signal of TSO (frame synchronism) + TP17: sync signal of TSI; it is used by the CODEC of the gencral user to synchronize with the transmission frame in order to send its ‘own data item to the user | (MSI) + TPIS: sync signal of TS2; it is used by the CODEC of the general user to synchronize with the transmission frame in order to send its own data item to the user 2 (MS2) = TP19: sync signal of TS3; it is used by the CODEC of the general user to synchronize with the transmission frame in order to send its ‘own data item to the user 3 (MS3) # TP20: syne signal of TS4; it is used by the CODEC of the general user to synchronize with the transmission frame in order to send its own data item to the user 4 (MS4) « TP2I: sync signal of TS]; it is used by the CODEC! of the user | (MSI) to synchronize in reception with the received frame + TP22: syne signal of TS2; it is used by the CODEC? of the user 2 (MS2) to synchronize in reception with the received frame « TP23: syne signal of TS3; it is used by the CODECS of the user 3 (MS3) to synchronize in reception with the received frame « TP24: syne signal of TS4; it is used by the CODECS of the user 4 (MS4) to synchronize in reveption with the received frame. ‘The CODECS of the other three users MS1-2-3 work like the CODECS. The signals in transmission and in reception undergo the same processing, The TS assigned to tho reception are different and no external signal can be inserted ‘+ MSI: the available tone is of 2 kHz and the received frame signal RX-MPX is the same of the other CODECS ‘+ MS2: the available tone is of 1,6 kHz and the received frame signal RX-MPX is the same of the other CODECS ‘+ MS3: the available tone is of | kHz and the received frame signal RX-MPX is the same of the other CODECS ~6R-4. DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2EV CHANNEL CODING LPF RE MOD RF AMP The TDM frame coming from the TIME DIVISION block is NRZ digital. A channel coding nmust be carried out to adapt the digital signal to the transmission medium: Radio Frequency, in this case. Moreover the channel coding improves the ability of the receiver in synchronizing with the received signal A HDB3 coding is used: this introduces a violation at the fourth bit, if four subsequent zeroes are transmitted Gaussian low-pass filter that “smooths down" the digital signal bifore sending to the modulator. The filtered signal is available on TP25 at the modulator input. RF modulator. uses the frequency modulation for the signal having to be sent. The frequency of the selected RF channels is output by a VCO (Voltage Controlled Oscillator) block and is controlled by a PLL (Phase Locked Loop) circuit. As this is.a multi-channel FDM system, the PLL eircuit enables to select four different RF channels via the CHANNEL SELECTOR. Output RF amplifier. It includes an Automatic Power Control (APC) that enables to control the output level and ensures a protection from malfunction The level of the output signal is extracted by a directional coupler and then it is measured The Microcontroller acts on the APC, in mobile phones, to set the desired power according to the parameters of quality and intensity of the received signal. ‘TX/RX ANTENNA This Trainer uses two antennas: one for transmission and the other for recept The mobile phones use a unique antenna and a Switch that conncets the antenna alternately with the transmitter output or with the receiver input 69)4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2/EV BPE CONVERTER IF DEMOD. Band-pass filter used to discriminate the frequencies out of the used band. Frequency converter. It transkites the frequeney of the RF input signal to the Intermediate Frequeney (IF). The selection of the received channel modifies this operation of frequeney difference, so that the IF is always the same. Thus, even changing channel, the demodulator always works at the same Intermediate Frequenza at whieh it has been optimized. The RSSI (Received Signal Strenght Intensity} signal is extracted from this block; this signal is proportional to the intensity of the received signal that is sent to the Microcontrotter to enable that this intensity is shown on the display. The LEVEL PROCESSING section will process this signal to supply to the Microcontroller in the desired form. IF demodulator: it extracts the transmitted frame from the received signal. The demodulated signal is available at TP26. DATA/SYNC RECOVERY This unit reconstructs the sent frame using the frame synchronism extracted from the demodulated signal. The extracted RC reception clock signal is available at TP15 and it is sent to the Microcontroller together with the Frame Syne Detector (FSD). The Microcontroller uses these signals to generate the different syne signals of the reception TS (TSr1-4). CHANNEL DECODING This unit will carry out the channel decoding (HDB3) on the received frame, ‘The RX-MPX decoded signal including the five I'S (synchronism and the four TS of the different users) is sent to the CODECS to extract the concerned reception TS, The RX-MPX signal is available at TP27. -70-4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2EV MICROCONTROLLER, KEYBOARD LCD DISPLAY This is the heart of the system management. In detail it controls: » the TIMING the dialling the answer to the incoming calls indication LEDs the keyboard the Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) with intemal driver the buzzer: the ringing enabling signal (BUZ, ringing) is available at TP36 the emasurement of the BER (Bit Error Rate) the generation of the test tone TX-TT of 3.4 kHz the system clock CLK also used by the block DSP (section of TX PROCESSING) the communication between Microcontroller and DSP (serial RTX bus) via the UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter) imterface It i used to dial, to select the DTMF tones, and to carry out any other type of selection. Itconsists of a matrix of five lines (RI-RS) and four columns (C1-C4). The signals are supplied by the Microcontroller on the columns C1-C4. When a key is pressed, the column is clectrically connected with the concemed line. The Tine signal arrives at the Microcontroller that identifies which key has been pressed. ‘The supplied signals are of pulsed type. The following test points are involved: © TP37: column | (C1) © TP38: column 2 (C2) = TP39: row 1 (RI) + TPA: row 2(R2) It is used to display all the selections and choices carried out Moreover it also shows: ‘© the level intensita of the received RF signal © the measure of BER ‘+ the quality of the received voice signal QoS (Quality of Service) in test mode. It consists of a matrix of 16 characters on 2 It is controlled by the following signals: + Ezenable © RS: reset «RAW: readiwrite, available on TP41 ¢ DBO-DH7: bidirectional eight-line bus. DBO is available on TP42. “14, DPSCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2EV 4.2.3 MIC/TEST/DTMF PROCESSING psp This section includes the Digital Signal Processor (DSP). the input for microphone and some filters; it is shown in the fig.4.4, MICITESTIDIMF TX PROCESSING Al ar las Fig. 44 Ithas two functions (they both are available in Lest mode): * DTMF (Dual Tone Multi Frequency) generator: tones are output as PWM (PWM-DT) signal available on TP] (with microphone not plugged in the jack) The fig. 4.4 shows the relation between the keys and the two tones ‘output when the key is pressed. 1209 Hz 1336 Hz 1477 Hz 1633 Hz eo7 Hz 1 2 3 A 770Hz 4 6 8 Bs2Hz 7? 3 a ic 94 Hz* 0 # 2 Fig. 4.5 © QoS (Quality of Service) analysis: The DSP carries out a quality control on the test tone received by ‘TP28 analyzing its spectral purity, and it outputs a quality indication that is a quality index of the whole channel including modulation and reception. ~R-4. DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2EV. PWM LPF This filter eliminates the harmonies included in the PWM signals and supplies the two tones. The resulting filtered signal is available on TP2 ‘TT BPR ‘The test tone TX-TT (square wave at 3.4 kHz, available in TP3) generated by the Microcontroller, is sent to the band-pass filter TT BPF to climinate the harmonics and to become a sine-wave tone. When the quality test (QoS) nmust be carried out on the signal, the test tone (3.4 kHz) is supplied from TP4 to TPS and then it is inserted into the CODEC to be transmitted. After a link has been established with another user, the received signal is extracted from the reception TP (TP9, TP11 or TP13), and it is supplied to the TP28, and then to the DSP. 4.2.4 SPEECH/TEST/DTMF RX PROCESSING This is the processing section of the voice, test, DTMF and amplified speaker signals, that is used in reception. Itis shown in the fig.4.6. The signal recived by the CODECs and available at the OUT outputs (CTPWILLL supplicd w the SIGNAL IN input (TP28) and then it reaches the RX-TT input of the DSP and the various filters, SPEECHITESTIDTMF RX PROCESSING SIGNAL, SPEECHIDTMF ‘our Fig. 4.6 “Re4. DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2/EV TYNE LPF HPF PWR AMP This Notch filter is tuned to the frequeney of the Test Tone (3.4 kHz). The signal received and supplied to the TP28 crosses this filter that removes the Test Tone and sends the signal: + to the Speech/DTMF OUT output (TP29) where the clean voice signal or the DTMF tones without Test Tone can be displayed on an oscilloscope ‘+ to the LPF and HPF filters (after setting SWS to ON) This low-pass filter selects and supplies the DTMF tones of the only Low group, that is the frequeneies ranging from 697 Hz to 941 Hz, to the LO-GROUP OUT output (7P30). The High group is removed by the filter. This high-pass filter selects and supplies the DTMF tones of the only High group, that is the frequencies ranging from 1209 Hz to 1633 Hz, to the HI-GROUP OUT output (TP31). The Low group is removed by the filter. This audio amplifier with level control supplies the sound signal to the loudspeaker. The audio signal is supplied to the AMP IN input (TP32), The loudspeaker (SPK) and the level contro] (LEVEL) are available on the Operator Panel 4.2.5 TEST PATTERN GENERATOR / BER MEASURER These digital processing sections for measuring the error rate (BER) are active in the BER TEST mode (SW3 in ON). They are shown in the fig. 4.7. When the Test mode ix enabted the Microcontroller sends the enable command (EN) to the block of 64 kb/s SEQUENCE, The data item of 8 bits / 64 kb/s (SEQ) is inserted into the TS4 instead of a voice signal from the DATA INSERTION block (TS), in the ‘TIME DIVISION block: any link with the MS1 that used the TS1 to send the voice signal to the CODECI are broken and they will be established again when the Test stops. Observe that the EN control disables the CODECI. In seception, the SEQ signal is extracted from the TSI of the RX-MPX signal and sent to the DATA EXTRACTION block (TS1). 774s4.2.6 POWER SUPPLY. 4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2:EV The data item of 8 bits / 64 kb/s is supplied to the SEQUENCE ANALYSIS block where it is compared with the original signal (SEQUENCE). This comparison will detect the presence of any wrong bit. ‘The resulting B-DATA signal is supplied to the Microcontroller that will show the result of the measurement on the LCD DISPLAY, TEST PATTERN GENERATOR SEQUENCE] BER MEASURER Fig, 4.2 B.DATA| This is the power supply section shown in the Fig. 4.8. ‘The power supply consists of an external unit and it is of the S.M.P.S. type (Switching Mode Power Supply). This characteristic enables the use of a power supply coming from the mains and ranging from 90 to 264 Vac (0.8 A). ‘The power supply unit outputs three regulated direct voltages: ‘+ +5 Vde, available on TP33 + +12 Vde, available on TP34 + -12-Vde, available on TP35 POWER SUPPLY +5v0e MULTIVOLTAGE BMPS, (ExT. UNIT) +12 voc “12 voc4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2EV. 4,3 OPERATOR PANEL ‘The sections of the operator pane! are described in detail here below. Follow the correct procedure for switching the Trainer on: 1, DO NOT ENERGIZE, THE POWER SUPPLY (EXTERNAL UNIT) via the power cord before completing the installation correctly: insert the plug of the power supply (external unit) into the rear socket available on the left side of the Trainer (seen from the back); 3. insert the female plug of the power cord into the socket of the power supply (external unit) 4. insert the male plug of the power cord into the mains socket of the laboratory. When the Trainer must be RESET, remove the plug from the mains socket and then insert it again. 43.1 KEYBOARD & DISPLAY Itis the figure representing a mobile phone consisting of «standard telephone keyboard: four rows on four eoturns * Liquid Crystal Display (LCD): two lines per 24 characters * buzzer: call signalling This keyboard includes two function keys: observe the last bottom row of the keyboard (Rd of the Schematic Diagram) +: PROGRESSIVE funetion key: when it is pressed repeatedly, a character identifying the operational cnvironment will appear on the left upper part of the display: - 1: keyboard and display are associated with the user MSI + 2: keyboard and display are associated with the user MS2 3: keyboard and display are associated with the user MS3 4: keyboard and display are associated with the user MS4 = T: keyboard and display are associated with the Test mode. The selection is cyclic: selecting several times will display ... 123.4 T12.. + “#": function key DISCONNECTED, + When the Keyboard is associated with a user (whose identita number from 1 to 4 is shown on the display) it enables the disconnection of the call if a communication is in progress. - When the keyboard is associated with the Test condition (T appearing on the display), it has the function of Enter. Pressing the key DISCONNECTED will give access to the Test mode from the sereen T. Tie4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2EV The display shows the following information: MSn CONN.1 CONN.2 INDICATION INFORMATION Fig. 4.9 © MSn: this is the number (1-4) indicating with which MS the keyboard is associated in that time + CONN.l: it indicates the first connection established between two users. For instance, it can be of the type: - | ->-2: the user MSI calls the user MS2 = 1.><2: connection established beween the users MSI and MS2 * CONN2: it indicates the second connection established * INFORMATION: this is the gencral indication of the operational condition of the system; it concems the connections established or the tests in progress Pressing the PROGRESSIVE key repeatedly enables to set three conditions: - Connection mode: the word Connections is displayed. In this condition it is possible to carry out or sct up a call. MSn identifies the user associated with the keyboard = SLT (Signal Level Test) mode: a test is carried out to assess the quality of the reception on an analog signal. A bar proportional to the intensity of received signal with upper and lower limits is displayed. The voice connection is actived and the LED TS1 of the frame is red lighted. The processing carried out by the DSP is displayed in INDICATION: _/\_sivindicates that the analog signal is received correctly; indicates the poor reception quality of the analog signal. - ELT (Error Level Test) mode: a test of BER is carried out to assess the quality of the reception on a digital data item transmitted on the TSI at 64 kbis, The Test is enabled when SW3 is ON. “17.4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2/EV TEST POL A bar proportional to the error quantity (BER) available on the received signal, with upper and lower limits, is displayed. The voice connection is disabled and the LED TS] of the frame is teen lighted, The processing carried out by the Microcontroller is displayed in INDICATION: _ fs itindicates that the reception quality is high, ___: it indicates that the reception quality is mean, ~ _- it indicates that the reception quality is poor. ‘When SW3 is set to OFF the Test is not carried out any longer and the connection is established again, # INDICATION: as already described, it is a quality indication for the SLT and ELT. Moreover it displays (in test mode) the character pressed on the keybord that is transmitted in DIME format. This section of the panel includes all the test points available in the Trainer. ‘The numbers represented are the same used in the various sections that form the Schematic Diagram. ‘TP4 and TPS are represented in the same area because they are bridged in some exercises. 4.3.3 FAULT SIMULATOR 43.4 USER MODE CONTROLS & INDICATO! This fault simulator protected by a locked lid contains the microswitches that insert the faults or anomalies in the various sections, of the Trainer. ‘The faults are described in the Volume 2/2 only for the Teacher. This section includes all the controls and the indication LEDs of the operating state of the Trainer, for cach user MSn. Everyone of the four users has the follocing controls and indication (in its own column): + CONNECT: this indicator signals that the associated User MSn is, connected. In this condition the indication LED is always on (green- lighted LED) and it signals that the corresponding user is eonnceted + RING: this indicator signals that the associated User MSn is receiving a call, In this condition the LED starts blinking (red-lighted LED) + ANSWER: this key enables the corresponding user MSn to accept the incoming call * TONE GEN. LEVEL: it is the level control of the sine-wave generator associated with every user. ~ 784.3.5 BER TEST 4.3.6 USER 4 SOURCE, 43.7 DIMF DECODER 4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2EV. = User 1 (MSI): Generator 2.0 kHz - User 2 (M82): Generator 1,6 kHz - User 3 (MS3): Generator 1.0 kHz - User 4 (MS4): Generator 0.5 kHz When the trainer is in Test (T) mode, this control starts the BER TEST. In this condition the Display shows a bar that increases as the BER (Bit Error Rate) rises. As this system is digital, the indication is of On/Off type: as the transmission conditions worsen, the trainer will pass from a condition of Jow BER to one of high BER. It is hard to find a condition of intermediate BER. This control switch SW4 enables to send the following information, for the user MS4: » SW4= MIC/TEST = microphone signal, only if the microphone jack is inserted into the MICROPHONE IN socket, or = DTMF signal, only if the microphone jack is not inserted, = Test Tone signal (TT 3.4 kHz), always, in all condition of the Jack © SW4= TONE: sine-wave signal of 500 Hz. This control switch SWS enables the LFP and HPF filters for selecting, the LO/HI groups of the DTMF tone. 4.3.8 RX FRAME SYNC DETECTOR This is the indication of correet frame syne detections - FSD (Frame Syne Detector). When itis on, it indicates the correct reception of the syne signal. 4.3.9 MICROPHONE IN 4s 10 SPEAKER cis the microphone input for the only user MS4. This loudspeaker with level control (LEVEL) amplifies the audio signal supplied to the AMP IN input (TP32). = 79.4, DESCRIPTION OF THE TRAINER CTS2EV 4.3.11 RF TRANSMITTER 4.3.12 RF RECEIVER This is the section conceming the frequency control of the transmitter. sent by the MS to the BTS (TX signal). ‘The FDM can be simulated by four frequencies, that can be selected via two switches: © CHI: 2.400 GHz, with SWI = © CH2: 2.427 GHz, with SW] = OFF; and SW2 = ON # CHS: 2.454 GHz, with SWI = ON; and SW2 = OFF + CHA: 2.481 GHz, with SW = SW2> OFF Observe that the channelling is equal to 27 MHz. One of the whip antennas of the equipment must be serewed onto the connector ANTENNA OUT where the output signal is available (impedance of 50 Ohm). Connecting a spectrum analyzer with input impedance of 50 Ohm will display the output signal. W2 = ON This is the section conceming the frequency control of the receiver, sent by the BTS to the MS (RX signal). The FDM can be simulated by four frequencies, that can be selected via the button PI, corresponding to: * CHI; 2.400 GHz, with CHANNEL SELECTION = | + CH2: 2.427 GHz, with CHANNEL SELECTION © CHS: 2.454 GHz, with CHANNEL SELECIION © CH4: 2.481 GHz, with CHANNEL SELECTION — 4 The selected frequency must be equal to that set in the transmitter to have a right connection. Observe that the channelling is equal to 27 MHz. One of the whip antennas of the equipment must be screwed onto the connector ANTENNA IN where the input signal is available (impedance of 50 Ohm). 43.13 CHANNEL SIMULATOR This section simulates the RF channel present between MS and BTS. ‘The channel is provided with two controls: * NOISE: control of the noise introduced onto the received signal + ATTENUATION: control of the attenuation introduced onto the amplitude of the received signal. The FRAME LED indicates the condition of the differenti five T'S (Time Slots) # TSO: itis the frame syne TS and iis always available « ISL: TS No. | used to transmit the voice information (red-lighted LED) or data information for the test (green-lighted LED) # TS2: TS No. 2 used to transmit the voice information # TS3: TS No. 3 used to transmit the voice information # TS4: TS No, 4 used to transmit the voice information. = 80-5, EXERCISES 5, EXERCISES 5.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE OPERATING MODES ‘The operating modes have heen described exhaustively in the previous chapter where the operation of keyboard and display is explained in detail This charter will explain some examples of use of the trainer. 8.2 EXERCISE 1: INSTALLING AND PREPARIG THE TRAINER Open the upper protection cover. Operator Panel: « Screw the two whip antennas of the equipment onto the sockets ANTENNA IN and ANTENNA OUT Turn all the available potentiometers in clockwise direction Select SWI = SW2 = ON: select the channel CH Sclect SW3 =SW5 = OFF Select SW4 = TONE Check that no fault has been inserted: open the FAULT SIMULATOR and set all its microswitches Sn to OFF. Follow the correet procedure for switching the Trainer on: 5, DO NOT ENERGIZE THE POWER SUPPLY (EXTERNAL UNIT) via the power cord before completing the installation correctly; 6. insert the plug of the power supply (external unit) into the rear socket available on the left side of the Trainer (scen from the back), 7. insert the female plug of the power cord into the socket of the power supply (external unit) 8. insert the male plug of the power cord into the mains socket of the laboratory. When the Trainer must be RESET, remove the plug from the mains socket and then insert it agai 5.3 EXERCISE 2: ENABLING the I" CONNECTION (USERS MS1 and MS2) The display shows 1 to indicate MS1: press the PROGRESSIVE key several times to set the trainer in this condition. Press 2 on the keyboard so that MSI calls MS2. The RING indicator of the user 2 starts blinking to indicate the handling-in of the call and the buzzer will ring with the same rhythm. - aleSLENERCISES Pressing the button ANSWER of the user 2 will accept and enable de oa The CONNECT LEDs of the users 1 and 2 are on (© indicate the enabling of the call. Observe the indication of the connection phases on the display, the user 1 sends the tone of 2 kHz that can be adjusted with its own level control, to the user 2 The user 2 sends the tone of 1.6 kHz that can be adjusted with its own level control, to the user I 5.3.1 ANALYZING THE SIGNALS. Use an oscillaseope. The transmission clock TC (TP14) is the frame syne master clock (SV. 64 ky). ERT coer’ Fig. $1 TPI4 The reception clack RC (TPIS) is reconstructed in teeeption and is shown in the Fig, 8.2 (togethre with the fC),PxTa 2:1P14 TPIS Check the signal sent by MST (2 kHz, max 1.5 Vpp) on TP12, and the same signat reecived by M82. (2 kHz, max 1.5 Vpp)on TPL. Check the signal sent by MS2 (1.6 kHz. max 1.5 Vpp) on FP10, and the same signal eeecived by MSI (1.6 kHz, max 1.5 Vp} on TPI3 Observe the modulating signal MOD {TP25, 2 Vpp, period of 125 1S) thal uses a channel coding HDB3, Use the signal available in TP16 (5 V, 8 kHz) that is the frame syne TSO, as syne signal, eae oe H Mi Fig. 5.3: TPI6 TP25 =eS.EXERO! Observe the demodulated signal DEMOD (P26, 0.5 Vpp) that uses the channel coding HDB3. The fig. $4 shows DEMOD and TP16 (syne signal of the transmission TS10). i } | | cove . ademenneenens mannan ie Cd ere nee eeueCer me TEeeeetTerecenin AT RAAT EU Fig. 5.4: TPIG TP26 Change the frequency of the transmission or reception channel and observe the loss of the received signal: a EDM is simulated Observe how the received sigmals change as the parameters of the RF channel: NOI re modified. The signals sent by the users I and 2 ary encoded by their respective CODFCs. In detail: the user I sends the voice information to the ‘S82 und it uses TS12 (TPIS) as syne signal the user 2 sends the voiee information to the TS] and it uses TStl (TP17) as syne signal The fig. 5.5 shows the delay between TStL (P17) and TS10 (TP16), ¢ shifl occurs for the other TSt and TS The RX-MPX signal (PP27) that includes the complete reception Irame shown in the fig, $.6: TStO (‘TP16) is used as syne signal This is the visible signal in ease of conncetion between the users Land 25 EXERCISES ori) et ee eT * rn Seta ExT Rr) Peary a os | EXTRA 1 RENT REPT ae ea Big. 5.6 1P16. TP27 54 EXERCISE 3: DISABLING the I" CONNEC’ JON (USERS MSI and MS2) Press the key DISCONNECTED of the keyboard. in the mode of user 1 or 2 (1 or 2 indicated on the display), to disable the conneetion in progress between the users! and 2. ‘The CONNECT LEDs are out,5, BXERCISPS 5.8 EXERCISE 4: ENABLING the 2“ CONNECTION (USERS MS3 and MS4) Enable a further connection Press the PROGRESSIVE key several times to set the condition of user 3: the same number will appear on the display. Press 4 on the keyboard so that MS3 calls MS4. The RING indicator of the user 4 starts blinking to indicate the hhandling-in of the call and the buzzer will ring with the same rhythm, Pressing the button ANSWER of the user 4 will accept and enable the call The CONNECT LEDs of the users 3 and 4 are on to indicate the enabling of the call Observe the indication of the connection phases on the display. The user 3 sends the tone of | kHz that can be adjusted with its own level control, to the user 4. The user 4 sends the tone of 0.5 kHz that can be adjusted with its own level control, to the user 3 5.5.1 MICROPHONE SIGNAL and TEST TONE These signals can be supplied only to the user 4 It is necessary: * to insert the jack connector of the microphone into the socket MICROPHONE IN (USER4) connect TP4 with TPS via a lead, select SW4 in MIC/TEST connect TP9 with TP32 via a lead connect TP9 with TP28 via a lead Observe that inserting the jack will exclude the DTMF tones, The MIC signal is added to the Test Tone and they both arrive at the input of the CODEC4 (TPS). The Test Tone is used in reception by the DSP to analyze the quality of the reception. 5.5.2 ANALYZING THE SIGNALS Observe the following test points: * TPL: microphone signal (2 Vpp) ‘TP2: signal after the LPF filter of the microphone (2 Vpp) TP3: Test Tone signal (square wave, 0.8 Vpp - 3.4 kHz) ‘TPA: sum of the previous signals TP9: output signal received by the user 3. ‘The signals sent by the user 4 (MIC and TEST TONE) are available. ‘The Test Tone signal is analyzed by the DSP to assess the quality of the received signal. 7865. EXERCISES If this signal is missing, the DSP sends a data item to the Microcontroller for an analysis of the IF signal level (RSI). 5.6 EXERCISI TEST MODE Being the system in the current conditions (connection enabled between the user 4 and another user), press the PROGRESSIVE key several times until T will appear on the display. Press DISCONNECTED to enter the Test mode. ‘Two Tests are possibile, SLT (Signal Level Test) appears on the display (this is the first Test): * the bar is proportional to the intensity of the received RF signal (Rssl) «the section INDICATION shows the quality of the Test Tone signal reecived and analyzed by the DSP: two states are possibile. Select SW3= ON to enable the second Test (BER). ELT (Error Level Test) will appear on the display’ «the bar is proportional to the BER (Bit Error Rate): the higher the number of errors on the information transmitted in TS] is, the higher the indication will be + The section INDICATION shows « measure of the BER of the information received on TS1 and analyzed by the Microcontroller: three states are possibile. 5.7 EXERCISE 6: DTMF MODE DTMF tones can be sent only in Test condition, For instance, enable a connection between the users 4 and 3. It is necessary: + NOT to insert the jack connector of the microphone into the socket MICROPHONE IN (USER4) connect TP4 with TPS via a cable select SW4 in MIC/TEST connect TP9 with TP28 via a cable enable a connection between the users 4 and 3 ptess the PROGRESSIVE repeatedly until T will appear on the display © enter the test mode by pressing DISCONNECTED Press any key on the keyboard: + the display shows the letter of the presed key in the section of INDICATION and the DTMF signal is supplied by the DSP at the PWM-DT output. TAT5. EXERCISES 5.7.1 ANALYZING THE SIGNALS. Observe the following test points: TP1: DIME signal, sum of square waves TMF signal without harmonies sum of the previous signal and of the Test Tone TP9: receied signal includine the DTMFand Test Tone signals TP29: only DTMF signal. The Notch filter climinates the Test Tone TP30: the only DTMF component of the LOW group of DTMF tones. is available + P31: the only DTMF component of the HIGH group of DTMF tones is available 8 EXERCISE 7: POWER SUPPLY ‘Three test points concer the three regulated voltages supplied by the ‘external Unit (S.M.P.S.) and being always available. 5.8.1 ANALYZING THE SIGNALS Observe the following test points: + TP33: regulated voltage of +5 Vde © TP34: regulated voltage of 412 Vde + TP3S: regulated voltage of -12 Vde 5,9 EXERCISE 8: KEYBOARD “Two test points are available on the columns C1 ¢ C2 and other two test points on the rows RI and R2. Pressing any key will set the communication between row and column of the keyboard matrix, 5.9.1 ANALYZING THE SIGNALS Observe the following test points: « 'TP37: signal of the column 1 (CL); 0 V, in no-load condition; pulsed signal of 5 V when (1,4.7,# and ANSWER 1) are pressed « TP38: signal of the column 2 (C2); 0 V, in no-load condition: pulsed signal of 5 V when (2,5.8.0 and ANSWER?) are pressed + TP39: signal of the row | (RI); 5 V, in no-load condition; pulsed signal of 5 V when (1,2.3,A) are pressed. * TP40: signal of the row 2 (R2}, 5 V, in no-load condition; pulsed signal of 5 V when (4,5,6.B) are pressed. For instance, check whether the same signal is available in TP37 and ‘TP39 when “1” is pressed (see the tig. 5.7), 2885. EXERCISES Canary coca See Cae ea A Fig. 3.7: P3711 5.10 EXERCISE 9: BUZZER ‘The test point of the buzzer control signal BUZ is available. When a call ix enabled the BUZ signal becomes pulsed. 5.10.1 ANALYZING THE SIGNALS Observe the following test points: « TP36: BUZ signal; 5 V without RING; pulse signal (approximately | \Vpp on # continuous signal) durino a call RDI a a Fig, 3.8: TP36 ~89-S. EXERCISES 5.11 EXERCISE 10: DISPLAY Two test points (R/W and DBO, refer to the example of the fig. $.9) are available. When some message is written on the display there is communication on the bus, 5.11.1 ANALYZING THE SIGNALS Observe the following test points: + TP41: RW signal; 0 V, in no-load condition: pulsed signal of 5 V when a key is pressed, Observe that when the Test mode (T} is enabled, a pulsed signal is continuously is available (the information of the SLT level is continuously refreshed) + TP42: data signal DBO (LSB of the 8-Tine data bus; 0/5 V, in no-load condition (random condition), When a key is pressed, a pulse data item of hard acquisition is also available, Observe that when the Test mode (T) is enabled, a pulsed signal is continuously available (the information of the SL level is continuously refreshed) eee Ra REDO we Fig, 5.9: TP41— TP42 30S. EXERCISES 5.12 EXERCISE 11: USING THE SPECTRUM ANALYZER A spectrum analyzer can be used to observe the transmitted signal at the ANTENNA QUT output, The test condtions are: + RF channel: CHI corresponding to the frequency of 2.4 GHz # only TSO: no connection between users is enabled Observe the signal shown in the fig. 5.10 of in the fig. 5.11 (with Positive Detector). In detail (data are indicative): © very narrow frequency band: approximately 4 MHz (-20 dB) «peak power: approximately 8 dBm REE 10.0 in wosey on OFF Ret cane ON/OFF Tine/Date ON/OFF envy By CENTER 2.40000 Sitz Seat 19.09 Mite Inverse eu ion kA? "VBA TO Ete “SAP SB ae Fig. S10 ow 4 09203 REF 10.0 Bm ATT 20s ALurt B bine toss Posi Norm Normat ENTER 2-40009 dite SPAN 10.00 HE RoW 100 Wie VEN 100 kHe SW 50° ne Fig. 5.1 ore