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Carbonyl

Aldehydes and ketones undergo a variety of reactions: 1) They can be reduced to alcohols using sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, or hydrogenation over a metal catalyst. 2) They undergo nucleophilic addition reactions with compounds containing active hydrogen such as Grignard reagents, organolithium reagents, or hydride reagents. 3) They undergo oxidation reactions with oxidizing agents such as chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, silver nitrate or hydrogen peroxide to form carboxylic acids.

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Uday Prakash Sahu
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160 views1 page

Carbonyl

Aldehydes and ketones undergo a variety of reactions: 1) They can be reduced to alcohols using sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, or hydrogenation over a metal catalyst. 2) They undergo nucleophilic addition reactions with compounds containing active hydrogen such as Grignard reagents, organolithium reagents, or hydride reagents. 3) They undergo oxidation reactions with oxidizing agents such as chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, silver nitrate or hydrogen peroxide to form carboxylic acids.

Uploaded by

Uday Prakash Sahu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones

OH
OH
A
A
RO C O H(R) RO C O H(R)
A
A
H
R

CH2H(R)

OH
OH
OR
SR
H R
A
A
A
A
N
NR2
G
B
RO C O H(R) RO C O H(R) RO C O H(R) RO C O H(R)
RCH P C
A
A
A
A
C
D
E H
R
OH
OR
OR
SR
R
H(R)

Substrate:
RC6H5

NaBH4
or
LiAlH4

RLi
or
RMgX

Substrate:
O
B
RCH2CR

Zn(Hg), HCl, 

H2O,
H or HO

ROH,
H or HO

ROH, H

RCOOH
B
O

O
B
EC H O
R
O H(R)

RCH2H(R)

OH
(R)H H HR(H)
A
C
B
RO C O H(R)
A
EC H
CN
R
H(R)

O
B
C
E H

RSH, H

RNH2,
H or HO

H2NNH2, H2O
HO, 

NaCN, H

HO, H2O, 

H2, PdOC

H or

Substrate:
O
B
RCH2CR

Substrate:
O
B
C
H
E
G
CP C
D
D

R2 NH,
H or HO

RCHP(C6H5)3

O
B
C
E H
HR
R

Oxidant
(i.e., CrO3, KMnO4, Ag, Cu2,
H2O2, HNO3, O2-Rh3, Br2)

CH3
A
(CH3CH)2NLi
(LDA)

H or HO,
H2O

X2, H

X2, HO

1. NaH
or
LDA
2. RX

Substrate:
O
B
C
E H
R
H

Substrate:
O
A
l
OCO C
A
i
H

Substrate:
O
A
l
OCO C
A
i
H

Substrate:
O
A
l
OCO C
A
i
H

Substrate:
H
O
A
l
OCO C
A
i
H

Substrate:
O
A
l
OCO C
A
i
H

O
B
RCOH

O
G
G
CP C
D
D

OH
G
G
CP C
D
D

O
A
J
OCOC
G
A
X

X
O
A
J
OCOC
G
A
X

O
A
J
OCOC
G
A
R

NuH,
HO

Substrate:
O
B
C
H E
G
CP C
D
D

1. R2 CuLi
2. EX
(EH, R)

Substrate:
O
B
C
H E
G
CP C
D
D

O
R R
O
A A
A A
O
J
J
A A
A A
J
OC OCOC
OC OCOC
RCH2CPCCR O C O C O C
G
G
A A
A A
G
A A
B
R E
Nu H
O
H H
(EH, R)

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