9.
1 Concept of
Enthalpy
9.4 BornHaber Cycle
9.0
THERMOCHEMIS
TRY
9.3 Hesss
Law
9.2
Calorimetry
THERMOCHEMISTRY
THERMOCHEMISTRY
8.4 Born-Haber Cycle
9.1 : Concept of enthalpy
Concept of
Enthalpy
Endothermic & Exothermic
Reaction
Energy Profile
Diagram
Concept of
Enthalpy
Standard Condition of
Reaction
Enthalpy
Standard Enthalpy
Definition of
Enthalpies
Thermochemical
Equation
Formation
Combustion
Atomization
Neutralization
Hydration
Solution/
dissolution
Thermochemistry
A study of heat change in chemical reactions.
Two types of chemical reactions:
Exothermic
Endothermic
Important Terms
Heat is energy transferred between two
bodies of different temperatures.
System is any specific part of the
universe whose change we are going
to observe.
Surroundings is everything that lies
outside the system.
5
Types of System
Open system is a system that can exchange
mass and energy with its surroundings
Closed system is a system that allows the
exchange of energy with its surroundings
Isolated system is a system that does not
allow the exchange of either mass or
energy with its surroundings
6
EXAMPLE: water in a flask
Exchange:
open
closed
isolated
mass &
energy
energy
nothing
Exothermic
Reaction
Any process that release energy from
the system to surrounding.
Results in a decrease in the enthalpy of
the system.
H = negative value (H < 0)
Total energy of products is less than total
energy of reactants.
Energy Profile Diagram
Exothermic reaction
Energy / Enthalpy (kJ)
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(l)
H = 571.6 kJ
2H2(g) + O2(g)
H = 571.6 kJ
2H2O(l)
Progress of reaction
2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(l)
H = 571.6 kJ
Energy / Enthalpy (kJ)
(Ea),
2H2(g) + O2(g)
H = 571.6 kJ
2H2O(l)
Progress of reaction
Endothermic Reaction
Any process that absorb energy from
the surrounding to the system
Results in an increase in the enthalpy of a
system.
H = positive value (H > 0)
Total energy of products is more than
total energy of reactants
Energy Profile Diagram
Endothermic reaction
Energy / Enthalpy (kJ)
Al2O3(s)
2Al(s) + 3/2 O2 (g)
H = + 1676 kJ
H = + 1676 kJ
Al2O3(s)
Progress of reaction
Al2O3(s)
2Al(s) + 3/2 O2 (g)
H = + 1676 kJ
H = + 1676 kJ
Al2O3(s)
Enthalpy (H)
Used to quantify the heat flow into or out
of a system in a constant-pressure
process
Enthalpy is an extensive property, its
magnitude depends on the amount of the
substance present
Enthalpy Change (H)
The difference between the enthalpies
of the products and the enthalpies of
the reactants
H = Hproducts Hreactants
Standard Enthalpy
(Ho)
Enthalpy change measured at standard
conditions (298 K, 1 atm etc)
STANDARD STATES :
Gas: 1 atm and it behave ideally
Aqueous solution: 1 M
Pure substance (element or compound):
Most stable form of substance at 1 atm
and temperature (usually 25oC)
EXAMPLE: (standard states of pure substance)
oxygen
O2(g)
hydrogen
H2(g)
sodium
Na(s)
bromine
Br2(l)
water
H2O(l)
Specify whether the substance
exists as atom/molecule and
its states of matter!
Thermochemical
Equation
The chemical equations that shows the
enthalpy changes
2H2O (l) 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
H = + 572 kJ
(Endothermic)
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l)
H = 572 kJ
(Exothermic)
Note: A forward reaction has opposite sign of the reverse
reaction
STOICHIOMETRY OF
THERMOCHEMICAL EQUATION
CH4 (g) + 2O2 (g)
CO2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
H = 890.4 kJ
Two important aspects of H:
Sign positive or negative
Magnitude stoichiometrical
relationship
Two important aspects ofH
Sign positive or negative
2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) H = 572 kJ endothermic
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) H = 572 kJ exothermic
Magnitude stoichiometrical relationship
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(l) H = 572 kJ
H2(g) +
1 O (g) H O(l) H = 286 kJ
2
2 2
572 2
Type Of Enthalpies
There are many kind of enthalpies such as:
Enthalpy of formation
Enthalpy of combustion
Enthalpy of atomisation
Enthalpy neutralisation
Enthalpy hydration
Enthalpy solution (dissolution)
Enthalpy of Formation, Hf
Heat change when 1 mole of a compound
is formed from its elements in their stable
states.
Example:
H2 (g) + O2(g) H2O (l) H = 286 kJ
Standard Enthalpy
of Formation, Hfo
The standard enthalpy of formation, Hfo is
the heat change when 1 mole of a
compound is formed from its elements in
their stable states at standard conditions
(1 atm and 298 K).
The standard enthalpy of formation of any
element in its most stable state form is ZERO.
o
Hf (O2 ) = 0
Hf (Cl2) = 0
EXAMPLE: (standard states of pure substance)
oxygen
O2(g)
hydrogen
H2(g)
sodium
Na(s)
bromine
Br2(l)
water
H2O(l)
Specify whether the substance
exists as atom/molecule and
its states of matter!
Enthalpy of Combustion,
Hcomb
Heat released when 1 mole of a substance
completely combusted in oxygen gas
under stated condition.
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)
H= 393 kJ
Enthalpy of Atomization,
Hatom
The heat absorbed when 1 mole of
gaseous atoms is formed from its element
under stated condition.
Example:
Na(s) Na(g) H= +109 kJ
Cl2(g) Cl(g)
H= +121 kJ
Enthalpy of Neutralization,
Hneut
Heat released when 1 mole of water
formed when acid reacts with base under
stated condition.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) H= -58 kJ
HNO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) Ba(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) H = Hneut
Enthalpy of Hydration,
Hhyd
Heat released when 1 mole of gaseous
ion is hydrated in aqueous solution under
stated condition
HO
+
Na (g) Na+(aq) H= -406 kJ
2
Enthalpy of Solution,
Hsoln
The heat change when 1 mole of a
substance dissolves in solvent(water)
to form an infinite dilute solution.
KCl(s) K+(aq) + Cl(aq)
H= +690 kJ
Exercise 1
9.1
Write a balanced equation and draw an
appropriate enthalphy diagram for each
of the following:
a) The combustion of 1 mol of methane
in O2
b) The formation of 1 mol of NO2 from its
elements (heat is absorbed)
30
Exercise 2
9.1
Name type of enthalpy change for the
Following reactions. Predict whether
the reactions endothermic or exothermic.
(a)C(graphite) + 2H2(g) CH4(g)
(b)CH2CH2(g) + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) HNO3(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq) + H2O(l)
(d) I2 (s) I (g)
H2O
(e) KCl (s) K+ (aq) + Cl- (aq)
H2O
(f) Cl(g) Cl(aq)
31
END OF CHAPTER 9.1
