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1

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ben)

lYD.{j

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c Frorrt Yz Ptonq
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arcYEes

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=
r, '

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cl

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''-1\'.

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.'

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- '

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li

<

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,, -:,

ve

c-tt{

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A
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qt

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z
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i-r.r

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! '

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get o poJr>t ptu*q+)- ( ** drt ) ,l+ d"t, t, ol Z
o nd

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abe Sfa.{ fJtao5
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pined
paratled
I

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c.lrt d

dt a*

a)sL =

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-T

,+r

il

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noflY &) d

dL=

and

'tr)<

dL
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f3aCK

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ie

u>f<t c,e

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t-fr)

su rLcl

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dse

fron t
grg nt

oa(

oP sutf4 t*

c^r)

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E+ae

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i5

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ff)3

pfp e.jl

rr)c.Ealrs

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CI RCloLAR

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@ ptoae ( /=

c:otcs

bont)

l-. -

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.:

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et

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12

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vecLot

iE Ve-e-&t

to O rrrt a

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{r-toio

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Vecto-/ norrf)d,t rc (==-eorcsrc/nt) P,e,D

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cor?sfdel a trofnL P 13,4"2). cAC nat

each

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a

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calc,s

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:)
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,.
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d:
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a constanl
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(a\

(b)

(c)
Figurc

s constant
(Plane)

(d)

1.8

(a) The three spherical coordinates. (b) The three mutually perpendicular
surfaces of the spherical coordinate system. (c) The three unit vectors of spherical
coordinates: at x q = ao. (d) The differential volume element in the spherical coordinate
system.

A Poinr P
.lhz vecbt
.i

A=

Ar

&+

?-c'pre e.r?be/ g6

co r)

be

co tc

be rc'FrrFe.t>te.O/ e/s

A@

&+ &

aD'

PLr,g,6)

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@,

b)

o poinE P CW).
Const der
e-dcb Z6-o l--d f r>aDe Va tue 6y
g.E

arrt6ur"E2 to
and

Foint

fLce Sur. la Ce a'

iy< r: ol;

sfD@

=72

dsz

t s rn@

d.3

*e

r-->o! f t->lreq

e d f PP<reD H-a I
p'(,-rr-rdr, @+d@, $+d$

di?9+rer:5ro 1 w6turyt<

ore

cpc

?O

dsd$
d'r dd

ri5

forntl6l

of

+t->

is

oluyrt<

olr
06

d"r'do ab
pe.n

dfif,<de-nL'tr-tl

g bt-t

ca

r)

g ivea

6<

Jt = dt&+rdaA+rsinoJdA
d f f f,cr en trol

and
ryeP1,Q Sr?

tAT to

r....li B e s

SpHEnl cAL

jp

aS

iD
t^LCt

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5,Pha

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s tt-,@ drdodb

a e Ert

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A

p C>+-\r?)

urr)e eaD 6

t<cl Os

dv =
Re

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1+)z
J r^crgr a qa

ol f

sYs

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tc

e:J

b.

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.

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ta

o43

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Fv

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@=

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cos

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LOD

**
t

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;ci*1.

'

't,

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ERs

tot'/s Fo.or,o cAP-o s t AN

'To cV Ltn, D Pt ch L (C, RLIL,+AJ

)4= 3 cos, $

S=t

Y=3 sln$
Z;-7

4=

ob

oL

ffi.

cosS

-sin$

o1

SI

D+

cos $

@.
Corr/ veR s roNS
sPHtrQtc;+L

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FO c*P) S" t lal

ce-oR Dr NAa

Fj

&t= rsineo cosd

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t_-

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( n ecrn N b U t,+ f2)

T=

xe+\2+?L

@=

LOS@

ov

b=
Unit

Ea6t J
x,

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Zo-

.O

a>t,

SI .>c9 cos d

&s@ cos d

oY.

Sina stnd

aos@

AZ,

E-3

vtet@rs:-

Uoit

oF

a3

Dob

-6 Ro, vt Ac

Z>Z

Jszod U LL

Dot

C6

CBcrra N6 uLARJ

as50

slo$

- Str?O

sfngf
eos$
O

gR
No.
J

2-

Para rr> etrer

point

Vecrea

P.actuD Ou I ar
Co -ord ino re.

Lr{,.'.lr

cylfnaln'Cal
.$/S &rr> Co-ord f nsl:e

Z)

fi= *xffi +Aydl

F=

j-1

&)

Scsrfqces

Areai

SySe<r.z

AsiZ

-+

Ad od +

7r= ds& + gd+

=drtt*+dv 4
+d

sp/rer-rro

( s, S"z)

A7&

-t-Az&.

o f PQereo LSa I
L.ar-g

u rst-> n^R\ a F rNrRoDt> ( rtoN iro vFccoPS

*fr

+ dz

dlt = dVdZ

c,al

d ie P.ev e.nnat
t0 olu rn
Do b pDoet uct
oP ctoiE

CPo sl;,
PPoD ocf

oF
ON:L:T
v kToP-5

{-rs rno d0 6

dst

dsi= dsdz A

&=

- rzs f aa do dO cF

tsJnac)rd$ ao
ass = Tdr da @

dv = rLsf bo drd @ dO

!I

Veebors

-T

sYs'eQr.,,2.

dt =dr&+rd@6

ds, = ScJOclL oS

= dx dy & ds3 = Sdsd6 &

dr.o=dxdvdt- lJtp'- sd-ed6ct t

t'note

P (r, @, d)
A= Ar& +A@ &+*,+4 &

aZ

ds,3

co -o r.c,,

A?l *.

02{

\
qzlaz

oV

=o
osi x ct\f az
=
_ )rrs

*oy =

F-

CtY*qx=

_G

aZ-eZ=61
As-{F = &'ar z_
qA-aL
=O
dsx d= fux&=

al*a? >o
D

2>>>

'Z-

'Y

A6

dr*Ar= aO *AO =
ab x a Q =O

2T>

.#

A.

\\

vEctof? ANl+LYS'5

2oo vectors

be

Giv cn

A=
b=

-A *34 -+ &qL
2A

ftnd

aPFSs,Ns

s,

za^l

@ FAO

?A

* z

C9

qbd

potnt c (lr3r+)

dnd
CL.A

G:

@ o unfb Veelof altrct<al Frot-ttoOsrds A.

Give,n lcoint-3 A Czr3--)) anel ts (n"

-so6'

z)

Cbe dr3Ec)Dce fron'z

o A F oz'rEfn

ffnd

B b or;g in
@ A "to B.
6D

-T.,..anSlo-.r1r' eaCt-t oF t-h)e Vec-b75

c6 r(")rr.otes

O s A
6 5A

ab t+)e Point

frf

nd

1''1

n d;eal

sPcefPteal

ar ACs,+.-t)
aE

,+ (2,3-

u)e pointrs * Lz-3--r ) anc)

Sp,rcricol eo<rcJircote5 of

COTte.SroD c6<tel fytO te-5 OF A

d f stan

ea frotr> 'A

5)
A (+r2s-1

@ t+.e

tf

ab?(+,tzo1 L)

@ 4;E- zoy-+oZ

Given

ct)

re)

'"o)

rrr)
Vec for-s rO

TvQ t-S

ecrc6

F
.Sphe rica I

.Po

Poing

sP cI Pred

b 5a

'Tb

5a

+ a>t

e 16r

-Tb e

J
>a^l

teol

c (-5, )-e)

L ttS

aL at

, a")
C_rr-3, +J

tvoing) a{e
B (-2t3, +) q nd

RAL

oL

Ve..Ley 4

PrcJ elc o D o, pAB oT)

VLctor

ctt

nd

bbree

L+- "f
at ( z,3o-t )

A n3)e

#)e

c}ing

-PAb
'T-be

Oca

Ft

to

-otel tnO te;

A ( 6,-l,L),

Loco be-ol o t

c (- z, t.5)

C6

Vert>Ce3 oF

ht

tb4.

vev SCeS

of

A(6,*l,z)

(f

bo ro

fr(*zr3r+)

) ore

one/

vrnol

OF"extZ
O

@ A uniE

Veobo,-

PIODz tn
2oco tecl

cPbicb

tz'o

rng

-Rh

.tP,

PerPercd;(u I qY K)
ba f n,g )e t'3
tbe

C-

--.vecte)R
,1 @

A=

AN A LYs 5
'

-oa - g;T -4&

Ftnd

E -p*B=t

+ zoJ+2_oz.
B- LdA
C (',3, +)

-fr

r4 =?

aA = |
OrqB

=.

QcA =l

pa.o= EE- Rh
,_
= (o& +La\

ffi

+z&) IJr-afr -qiz)

-+6

= 3qn -F soY

o [aF @

oL

VG.--

=QA

Qa= 5. to
,-

_cl1 - 3oy_ 4aZ

F.-

oA= .E;,

5.t o

?*

aA =-O.lg(;r{ - o'-188fr-o-'7e+4"
;Eao l= coB

-'

g2+-(2+(t,-r g..,.
H

a*8

?o:,t

E+rd

P4s
oA.B

+-soy +6o?,
F

a-a6

'0'"3158

olt

-'l.,o,S-9

Poy J-

o"z

t7 oZ

@ ?= &r+ aJV + 4oz

tre

RCA

-;-

(arl+

3;- t +

+{e) - G"E"& -4;z)

&= Bs zG+c,iv+a&
t-

a.-

I ec*
L a>l -fGc^"|

AcA = RcA

+eoT

t6'lg6

fLcA

:- in = 6-tgd {u+ o-sge&+ o'7e+ AL

Sot

If :A

'

LL,i,-t)
,. Q Pao
@ RBo

>t>2

Fot

?=A

vl

p6inF

'

rt)
c orte5 faD
C6-or d{nes

I
t

-,-e

e
(

Z =-)

tI-

PAo =
G

Ro-

P_A

o,

o)-

(u,

z)

RAB

@fi'B
Y=3

B (a, -soo

-27>t

Q =.Soo

L=z

C 2"3t-'l

-5;v +&

f:o:-

Point

G
i1-, cVlf
e6-otd frt d

'Cor

RAo= \/ ,'*3o+tL
RBo

=
=-

Pho

g.Z

Ro-R-ts
C6 r o,

o) - L4, -So", z)

A fg in cgtfr>dticat as-ordit :o,t^e.-5

conv<rL ib io to corteston co-ot'clfnoEe,

d= s

coS

=+

Y= 3 sfn5
E--

:.

RBO

Z=z

Coro,

C-ro)
(f ,n (-TDo) )
cos

2-57
-3.o6

(r-"+,, -3'o6,2)

o)

gg5= -2-s7 fr +s.o6oY + LoZ

-

RBo: +.+ 6 e

(r-u7)-g
o'5

-7

;r1

[*"1=

-66

z) - (z'3,-) )

6'o e

PAB =

8 + 2.2
o's?2+6.o6'+

ConveTb fb

cVtrndril4lt

fnbo

6= * fr+

Bb

il+

Co-ordJr=obe6, \+

Bz@,

-1 BS=E-A=SA.

a.-f

= S c6Sg

Bb= E.c,O = -fo2( -oo - -SSiodo z-?S

BL= E-crz = rs&.qz =-o

?=

+oa

EI>Z

{Ea

... g=

Y:3

L (2,3, S)

S = tct 5t -'/
a

V:{

z>7
ib

Ly
C3

f r> d D^Cer

56-soo

=S
CD

-orct i r>a bCb

&+cb&+a&
l-

C5= C. oj:

?.Lo

L4 olr

-zoy
-+o?J. cd

+ cos$
+
CS

Lsf bh - 4 (o1

coS (se.go)

o'.rr.r

-z sirrc-r6',3o)

cq-*

c"c^o

= C+ilx-r-&-+c-Z).ob

r-5!'& -+A-e

ct= + o,4'. &

= +(-Stnd_) *z essb- +co)

= -+ sf o tr6 a") - L .^q!s:e,3 0 - o
cCb=

* 4.43

(+ oo - 2& -+el "or

+ fr.;" - z-6J -dz - +4

F-

Cz= L. AZ
-

* (o) -z

#,

Co) -4L,)

Cz= -L
6.Ji-f-f oJ

* - 4.+3 ao -4o?
-

,4

L"3"-))
S QbeO'QU

G
t

co-o r

X>L,

-.--"#-

= (4rLT1

dinab5

rz-oo;

aF

Y=2, L=_-)

*+.f+rL

= c.i' (+l :

.'- Q=

^5'*

c"S'

= *6t
X

lO

t#) :

(?)

to*.ro8o

= s6'3o6

Spn<ri(at

coorterrnrcer

A (e.14, to.f.*ro8", -16'3oo-)

COrbe SfA

n co-oralinOhes oF

o.-4,

\s

$ = 12-6o/ @=

X=-o.B+S
Y = rsinO Sf nb =- +
t': t'464
?=.76o5@ = +
rA ybS rOn

<_6 . oercI

B (- 6 .84 sr

ir>a

R,B

zS = 3.zS

rc$

eF6

+6+, 3 .< 2*f )

Frora

ol,-S Yglr> c Q

.: R.ag -

).

663

Sf n tzbo

5f n.{"

,+

6e> )

_pA

= [-o'84.r/ 1.4t4 ,3,(2d) - (.,3,-'t)

z.g+sA

= 1.536

il ++.cl-.t A
L

-'- RAB =

P/+B:5.6+

A =sax
I

Il'_t/ _,,
,-

atL4,

2-go, tzoo )

Cot>vrb ft
re fDfu .sPhY,^ccr
sV s tQra>,
Co-o,-d inolre

fu4__aS_+

ff= ArD+ ho &+ 46 o0

A'=7-A = s Bt-&
ftl-= 5r sir:

(".5.0) css ( rzo)

r_ Ar=

AG:

A.

dCO

= Ssin.o. <-ocS $

06

t_

Sot2(

oe z

coso cos 6

S c6s C--f"J c6s ( 1z_oo)

A@

= - Z.zT

Ad = A' ab
fr b = -5
A

s in Lt-ao)

ftbz -+-33
A + l.o aT -L-L7 O6)

B= SEt
T=

c E L zot_r-)

..

il3+va+?7

>Z

=-l

.,- .)r= ?,2+

z 'oJ (?l = cocr (+z : r6s so

)

C-sr)v
co

>t

Y=3

T= tPn*+ft
o

+.33 o6

ert

+n i3 6

V<cfioy

f nCo

orc) t'r) a l:Q 5

?= Br&+

Bo

A + e6a-

phfzJ

$-aY = 5A-oa = SSiPo <6sd

= 5; Sir:(r"S-SooJ .os ( s< t3)
8r = 2-(V

(sr'3)
5 cos(ros'co) ces

=
Ba = -e-7+

G.A = 50? &:

-ssfn$

= -s s-inLC+3) = -+.t6.
A - 2.67 oT -o.7+
aY
x-_Z t

@=

A -+.tc?E,

ab('Lr-3o*J
+aL
-

--3- z= 4'

coS'(?l=
.os,( *il)
\ rJ

=;:t;

:.5 = 4 z-o3 6

g : LaA (+ ) = t-a6' ( +l
= s6, 3,o
cohvel--f fnbo

cr&+.oot

Cr= C. AT :Cy:

sPb<ricol

+ ax
+

"c.1r

Cc'ordfnats
cS

";

- q;
-zoi *4 ea)
fao.

2c)Y ctr *4 c^?-Ar

.-

7r

'

':CT= 4SfnA cos$ - 2sT->@Sr^)r+_4CoS6

:- cv=

sfn@z-oS) cus @<.3t") 2- sih C+"-qsoJ

3 rb ( sc-3, o)
"-

-lcos $z--*")

c-TL -2--6o

cG =

?-;@ = (++qa-zJY -4oe) .aZ

--La'l
A@
O?{.
+
=

=+

.Cro

Lesc coss* Z*-coso

*+ aZ-Oq
-

srnd + + sfno

C+ = ? a6 = l+ ox ^zoY -4
fa--n.

z + G, TO

a_dr

ctz

). o0

+ AE-A-

)
44sil1+
-Z cos$
=

=Z

in

+.+3
sP b'n'Cet

CO-OTd r^raob-e5

.. Z= _2-6o a-+s,6gA

_+-43

't