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X X Y XG: Signal Flow Graph

1) Signal flow graphs can be used to represent systems of equations and variables. Nodes represent variables and directed edges represent operations between variables. 2) Mason's gain formula can be used to calculate the forward path gain and loop gain of a signal flow graph. This allows determining the system's transfer function. 3) Multi-input multi-output systems can be analyzed by assuming one input is zero to isolate individual transfer functions between specific inputs and outputs.

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kanchi
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39 views

X X Y XG: Signal Flow Graph

1) Signal flow graphs can be used to represent systems of equations and variables. Nodes represent variables and directed edges represent operations between variables. 2) Mason's gain formula can be used to calculate the forward path gain and loop gain of a signal flow graph. This allows determining the system's transfer function. 3) Multi-input multi-output systems can be analyzed by assuming one input is zero to isolate individual transfer functions between specific inputs and outputs.

Uploaded by

kanchi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Signal flow graph

x
x

G
G

Y = XG

x1

X3
2
x2

x3 = x1 + 2x2

x1

X3

-1

2
x2

x4 = -x3 + x5

x4
1

x5

Let us take
R +

where E = R-CH & C = GE

Equations

E = R - CH
C = GE

Variables

R
E
C

-H

? = C

1 ?

Masons gain formula


Forward path gain =
G
Loop gain = - GH

C/R

Forward path gain


= -----------------------1- loop gain

G
------------------1 - ( - GH )

Equations

Block diagram
graph

Reduction

Signal flow

gain formula

G2

G1

E = R - CH
C = EG1 + EG2

E = R - CH
C = EG1 + EG2
G2
R

C 1
G1

-H

G1 + G 2
C/R =

----------------------1 + G 1 H + G 2H

G2

+
R

E
-

G1

E=R-XH
X = EG1
C=X+E

E = R - XH
X = EG1
C = X + EG2
R

1 E

G2

G1 X 1

-H

C 1
C

G1 + G 2
C / R = -------------1 + G1 H

C R
P

K K

R 1 X1 G1 X2 G2 X3 G3 C
- H1

- H2

- H3

Forward path gain


P1 = G 1 G2
G3

R 1 X1 G1 X2 G2 X3 G3 C
- H1

Loops

- H2

- H3

- G1H1
- G2H2
- G3H3

R 1 X1 G1 X2 G2 X3 G3 C
- H1

- H2

- H3

( loop gains) =
- G1H1 - G2H2 - G3H3

R 1 X1 G1 X2 G2 X3 G3
- H1

- H2

- H3

Out of 3 loops,
2 loops do not
touch each

C 1

X1 G1 X2
- H1

X3 G3
- H3

Their gain product


= (- G1H1) ( - G3 H3 )

= 1 - ( loop gains)
+ gain products
of non touching loops
two taken at a time
- etc.

=
1 - ( - G 1H1 - G 2 H 2 - G 3H3 )
+ (-G1H1 ) (-G3H3 )

Loop not touching


the forward path ?
Nil.

1 = 1

C/R =

P1
1

( G1 G2 G3 ) (1)

=
1 + G1 H1 + G2 H2 + G3 H3 + G1 H1 G3 H3

G2
R

E
+

G1

X+

+ C

E = R-XH
X = EG1
C = RG

E = R - XH
X = EG1
C = RG2 + X
R 1 E
G1 X 1

-H
G2

C 1

G1 + G 2 ( 1 + G 1 H )
C/R =

-------------------------1 + G1 H

Multi input multi output


R1

E1

G1

C1

H1
H2

_
R2 +

E2

G2

C2

To find C1 / R1 ,
assume R2 = 0

R1

E1

C1

G1
H1
-1

G2
H2

C1/ R1 =
G1
1 + ( - G 1 G2 H1 H2 )

By signal flow graph.


R1

E1

G1

C1

C1

-H1

-H2

1
R2

E2

G2

C2

C2

C1 / R 1
forward path gain = G1
loop gain = G1 G2 H1 H2
C1 / R 1 =

G1
1 - G 1 G2 H 1 H2

C2 / R1
forward path gain
= - G1 G2 H1
loop gain = G1 G2 H1 H2

C2 / R1 =

- G1 G2 H1
1 - G1 G2 H1 H2

Ra
Motor

va

Load

eb
1 pt

KA

E = KP ( r - L)
Va = KA E
TM = ( KT/R) (Va - Eb)

L/ T =1/ (J s2 + B s ) = G (say)
M
L
L
1
Eb / L = sKb

= H1 (Say)

Variables : r
E
Va 5 equations
TM
needed
Eb

KA Va KT/R TM G1

- KT/R

sK

KP

Eb

- KP

forward path gain = Kp KA KT G1 /


R
Loop gains
- G1 H1 KT / R
R

KA KT G1 Kp /

forward path gain


L/r = -------------------------1 - ( loop gain )

L / r

Kp KA KT G1/R

= ----------------------------------------------------

1- (-G1H1KT / R) - ( - KA KT G1KP/R )

Disturbance input
TM - TD = TL
TM

TD

TL

------------

Js2 +Bs

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