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Physical and Logical Structures : Oracle Database (Commonly Referred To As Oracle RDBMS or Simply As Oracle) Is An

Oracle Database is an object-relational database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. It was originally developed by Larry Ellison and two partners in 1977 as Software Development Laboratories. An Oracle database system comprises at least one instance of the application along with data storage. The instance includes operating system processes and memory structures that interact with storage. Users refer to server-side memory as the System Global Area, which holds cache information like data buffers and SQL commands. The database also consists of online redo logs and archived redo logs to support data recovery and replication.

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13 views

Physical and Logical Structures : Oracle Database (Commonly Referred To As Oracle RDBMS or Simply As Oracle) Is An

Oracle Database is an object-relational database management system produced and marketed by Oracle Corporation. It was originally developed by Larry Ellison and two partners in 1977 as Software Development Laboratories. An Oracle database system comprises at least one instance of the application along with data storage. The instance includes operating system processes and memory structures that interact with storage. Users refer to server-side memory as the System Global Area, which holds cache information like data buffers and SQL commands. The database also consists of online redo logs and archived redo logs to support data recovery and replication.

Uploaded by

Mohd Saqib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Oracle Database (commonly referred to as Oracle RDBMS or simply as Oracle) is an objectrelational database management system [2] produced and

marketed by Oracle Corporation.


Larry Ellison and two friends and former co-workers, Bob Miner and Ed Oates, started a
consultancy called Software Development Laboratories (SDL) in 1977. SDL developed the
original version of the Oracle software. The name Oracle comes from the code-name of a CIAfunded project Ellison had worked on while previously employed by Ampex.[3]

Physical and logical structures[edit]


An Oracle database systemidentified by an alphanumeric system identifier or SID[4]
comprises at least one instance of the application, along with data storage. An instance
identified persistently by an instantiation number (or activation id:
SYS.V_$DATABASE.ACTIVATION#)comprises a set of operating-system processes and
memory-structures that interact with the storage. (Typical processes include PMON (the process
monitor) and SMON (the system monitor).) Oracle documentation can refer to an active database
instance as a "shared memory realm".[5]
Users of Oracle databases refer to the server-side memory-structure as the SGA (System Global
Area). The SGA typically holds cache information such as data-buffers, SQL commands, and
user information. In addition to storage, the database consists of online redo logs (or logs), which
hold transactional history. Processes can in turn archive the online redo logs into archive logs
(offline redo logs), which provide the basis (if necessary) for data recovery and for the physicalstandby forms of data replication using Oracle Data Guard.
If the Oracle database administrator has implemented Oracle RAC (Real Application Clusters),
then multiple instances, usually on different servers, attach to a central storage array. This
scenario offers advantages such as better performance, scalability and redundancy. However,
support becomes more complex, and many sites do not use RAC. In version 10g, grid computing
introduced shared resources where an instance can use (for example) CPU resources from
another node (computer) in the grid.
The Oracle DBMS can store and execute stored procedures and functions within itself. PL/SQL
(Oracle Corporation's proprietary procedural extension to SQL), or the object-oriented language
Java can invoke such code objects and/or provide the programming structures for writing them.

Storage[edit]
The Oracle RDBMS stores data logically in the form of tablespaces and physically in the form
of data files ("datafiles").[6] Tablespaces can contain various types of memory segments, such as
Data Segments, Index Segments, etc. Segments in turn comprise one or more extents. Extents
comprise groups of contiguous data blocks. Data blocks form the basic units of data storage.
A DBA can impose maximum quotas on storage per user within each tablespace.[7]

Partitioning[edit]
The partitioning feature was introduced in Oracle 8.[8] This allows the partitioning of tables based
on different set of keys. Specific partitions can then be easily added or dropped to help manage
large data sets.
Monitoring[edit]
Oracle database management tracks its computer data storage with the help of information stored
in the SYSTEM tablespace. The SYSTEM tablespace contains the data dictionaryand often (by
default) indexes and clusters. A data dictionary consists of a special collection of tables that
contains information about all user-objects in the database. Since version 8i, the Oracle RDBMS
also supports "locally managed" tablespaces that store space management information in bitmaps
in their own headers rather than in the SYSTEM tablespace (as happens with the default
"dictionary-managed" tablespaces). Version 10g and later introduced the SYSAUX tablespace,
which contains some of the tables formerly stored in the SYSTEM tablespace, along with objects
for other tools such as OEM, which previously required its own tablespace.[9]

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