1

Objective : 1
To find the sum of individual digits of a given number

Description:
Sum of the individual digits means adding all the digits of a number
Ex: 123 sum of digits is 1+2+3=6

Algorithm:

Step 1: start
Step 2: read n
Step 3: initialize the s=0
Step 4: if n<0 goto Step 7
Step 5: if n!=0 goto Step 6 else goto step 7
Step 6: store n%10 value in p
Add p value to s
Assign n/10 value to n
Goto Step 5
Step 7: print the output
Step 8:stop
 2

Flowchart:

START

S=0

READ N

TRUE FALSE
IF N<0

OUTPU WHILE
T
N! =0
TRUE
STOP
P=N%10

S=S+P

N=N/10
 3

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int n,s,p;
clrscr();
printf("enter the vaue for n:\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
s=0;
if(n<0)
printf("The given number is not valid");
else
{
while(n!=0) /* check the given value =0 or not */
{
p=n%10;
n=n/10;
s=s+p;
}
printf("sum of individual digits is %d",s);
}
getch();
}
Output:
1.Enter the value for n: 333
Sum of individual digits is 9
2.Enter the value for n: 4733
Sum of individual digits is 17
3. Enter the value for n: -111
The given number is not valid
Conclusion : The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is the mean of sum of the individual digits?

Ans: Sum of the individual digits means adding each digit in a number

2) What is positive integer?

Ans: if the integer value is grater than zero then it is called positive integer
3) Define preprocessor ?
Ans: Before compiling a process called preprocessing is done on the source code by a
program called the preprocessor.
 4

Objective:2
To print the Fibonacci series for 1 to n value
Description
A fibonacci series is defined as follows
The first term in the sequence is 0
The second term in the sequence is 1
The sub sequent terms 1 found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence
Formula: let t1,t2,…………tn be terms in fibinacci sequence
t1=0, t2=1
tn=tn-2+tn-1……where n>2
algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: initialize the a=0, b=1
Step 3: read n
Step 4: if n== 1 print a go to step 7. else goto step 5
Step 5: if n== 2 print a, b go to step 7 else print a,b
Step 6: initialize i=3
i) if i<= n do as follows. If not goto step 7
c=a+b
print c
a=b
b=c
increment I value
goto step 6(i)
Step 7: stop
 5

Flowchart:

START

A=0,b=1

Read n

True False

If n
==1 True False

If n
Output a ==2
Output a,b Output a,b

False I=2 i++

I<n

C = a+b

Output c

Stop
A=b
B= c
 6

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a,b,c,n,i;
clrscr();
printf("enter n value");
scanf("%d",&n);
a=0;
b=1;
if(n==1)
printf("%d",a);
else
if(n==2)
printf("%d%d",a,b);
else
{
printf("%d%d",a,b);
//LOOP WILL RUN FOR 2 TIME LESS IN SERIES AS THESE WAS
PRINTED IN ADVANCE
for(i=2;i<n;i++)
{
c=a+b;
printf("%d",c);
a=b;
b=c;
}
getch();
}
}

Output:
1. Enter n value : 5
01 1 2 3
2. Enter n value : 7
0 1 1 2 3 5 8
3. Enter n value : -6
0 1
Conclusion : The program is error free
 7

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is Fibonacci series ?

Ans: A fibonacci series is defined as follows
The first term in the sequence is 0
The second term in the sequence is 1
The sub sequent terms 1 found by adding the preceding two terms in the sequence
Formula: let t1,t2,…………tn be terms in fibinacci sequence
t1=0, t2=1
tn=tn-2+tn-1……where n>2
2) What are the various types of unconditional statements?
Ans: goto,Break and continue

3)What are the various types of conditional statements?

Ans: if , if else ,switch statements
4) Expand <STDIO.H >?
Ans: standard input output header file
 8

Objective :3

To print a prime numbers up to 1 to n

Description:
Prime number is a number which is exactly divisible by one and itself only
Ex: 2, 3,5,7,………;
Algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: read n
Step 3: initialize i=1,c=0
Step 4:if i<=n goto step 5
If not goto step 10
Step 5: initialize j=1
Step 6: if j<=1 do as the follow. If no goto step 7
i)if i%j==0 increment c
ii) increment j
iii) goto Step 6
Step 7: if c== 2 print i
Step 8: increment i
Step 9: goto step 4
Step 10: stop
 9

Flow chart:

Start

Read n

false I=1
I<=n

I++

false J = 1 J++

J<=i
false true

false
If
fact==2 If I % j ==
0

Output true
fact
Fact ++

stop
 10

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,fact,j;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
fact=0;
//THIS LOOP WILL CHECK A NO TO BE PRIME NO. OR NOT.
for(j=1;j<=i;j++)
{
if(i%j==0)
fact++;
}
if(fact==2)
printf("\n %d",i);
}
getch( );
}

Output:
Enter the number : 5
2 3 5
Enter the number : 10
2 3 5 7
Enter the number : 12
2 3 5 7 11

Conclusion : The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) What is prime number ?
Ans: Prime number is a number which is exactly divisible by one and itself only

2)What is an algorithm?
Ans : A step by step procedure is called algorithm

3)What is flow chart?

Ans: A pictorial representation an algorithm is called a flow chart
4)What is program?
Ans : A collection of statements is called
 11

Objective:4
To find the roots of the quadratic equation
Description:
Nature of roots of quadratic equation can be known from the quadrant  = b2-4ac
If b2-4ac >0 then roots are real and unequal
If b2-4ac =0 then roots are real and equal
If b2-4ac <0 then roots are imaginary
Algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: read the a,b,c value
Step 3: if b*b-4ac>0 then
Root 1= (-b+ pow((b*b-4*a*c),0.5))/2*a
Root 2= (-b-pow((b*b-4*a*c),0.5))/2*a
Step 4: if b*b-4ac=0 then
Root1 = Root2 = -b/(2*a)
Step 5: Otherwise Print Imaginary roots. Goto step 7.
Step 6: print roots
Step 7: stop
 12

Flowchart:

Start

Read a,b,c

D = pow(b*b-4*a*c),0.5

false

If d > 0

true
If d== 0
R1 = ((-b+D) / (2*a))

R2 = ((-b-D) /(2*a))
R1=-b / (2 * a )

R2= -b / (2 * a)

Output
R1, R2

Imaginary
roots

Stop
 13

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void main()
{
float a,b,c,r1,r2,d;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the values for equation:");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&c);
/* check the condition */
if(a==0)
printf("Enter value should not be zero ");
else
{
d=b*b-4*a*c;
/* check the condition */
if(d>0)
{
r1=(-b+sqrt(d)/(2*a));
r2=(-b-sqrt(d)/(2*a));
printf("roots are real and unequal\n");
printf("%f\n%f\n",r1,r2);
}
else
if(d==0)
{
r1=-b/(2*a);
r2=-b/(2*a);
printf("roots are real and equal\n");
printf("root=%f\n",r1);
printf("root=%f\n",r2);
}
else
printf("roots are imaginary");
}
getch();
}

Output:
1. Enter the values for equation: 1, 6, 9
Roots are real and equal
Root= -3.0000
Root= -3.0000
 14

2. Enter the values for equation: 2, 7, 6

Roots are real and unequal
Root= -6.75
Root= -7.25
3. Enter the values for equation: 1, 2, 3
Roots are imaginary

Conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What are various types of loop statements?

Ans : While, do- while, for loop statements

5) What is the difference between while and do-while statements?

Ans: In while the condition will be checked first and then enter into a loop.
But in do- while the statements will be executed first and then finally check the
Condition.
3) How to find the roots of qudratric equtations ?
Ans: Nature of roots of quadratic equation can be known from the quadrant
 = b2-4ac
If b2-4ac >0 then roots are real and unequal
If b2-4ac =0 then roots are real and equal
If b2-4ac <0 then roots are imaginary

4) List out the C features ?

Ans: Portability,flexibility, wide acceptability etc..,
 15

Objective:5
To calculate the sum. Sum=1-x2/2!+ x4/4!- x6/6!+ x8/8!- x10/10!

Algorithm: main program:

Step 1: start
Step 2: declare x,i,n,s=0,c
Step 3: read x value
Step 4: for i=0 , n=0; i<=10; i=i+2, n++ goto step 5
Step 5: s=s+(pow(-1,n)*pow(x,i)/fact(i))
Step 6: print s value
Step 7: stop

Sub program:
Step 1: while x!=0 goto Step 2
Step 2: y=y+x; x—
Step 3: return y
Step 4: return to main program
 16

Flowchart:

Start

Read x,I,n,c

S=0

I=0,n=0 i<=10

I = I + 2, n++

S=s+(pow(-1,n)*pow(x,i) / fact(i))

Print s Sub Program

Stop Fact ()

While x!
=0

Y=y*x
x--

Return y

Return to main
program
 17

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
long fact(int);
void main()
{
int x,i,n;
float s=0,c;
clrscr();
printf("\n enter the value of x\t");
scanf("%d",&x);
/*perform the looping operation*/
for(i=0,n=0;i<=10;i=i+2,n++)
s=s+(pow(-1,n)*pow(x,i)/fact(i));
printf("\n the result is %f",s);
getch();
}
/* calling sub program*/
long fact(int x)
{
long int y=1;
while(x!=0)
{
y=y*x;
x--;
}
return y;
}
Output:
1.Enter the value of x : 1
The result is 0.540302
2 Enter the value of x: 2
The result is -0.416155
Conclusion: The program is error free
VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is function ?
Ans: A function is a sub program it returns a value.

2) What is procedure ?
Ans: A procedure is a sub program it does not returns a value

3) What are the basic data types in C ?

Ans: int, char, float, double
4) How to define preprocessor ?
Ans: By using the # symbal Ex: #include<stdio.h>
 18

Objective: 6
Programs that use recursive function to find the factorial of a given integer.

Description:
Factorial of a number is nothing but the multiplication of numbers from a given
number to 1

Algorithm: main program

Step 1: start
Step 2: read n
Step 3: call sub program as f=fact(n)
Step 4: print f value
Step 5: stop

Sub program:
Step 1: initialize the f
Step 2: if n= = 0 or n == 1 return 1 to main program if not goto step 3
Step 3: return n*fact(n-1) to main program
 19

Flowchart:

Start

Read n

Call subprogram
F = fact(n)

output

Stop

Sub program

Fact ()

false
If n=0 || n=1

true Return
n*fact(n-1)

Return to main
program
 20

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fact(int n)
{
int f;
if((n==0)||(n==1)) // check the condition for the n value
return(n);
else
f=n*fact(n-1); //calculate the factorial of n
return(f);
}
void main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number :");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("factoria of number%d",fact(n));
getch();
}
Output:
1. Enter the number : 5
Factorial of number: 120
2. Enter the number : 3
Factorial of number: 6
3. Enter the number : 9
Factorial of number: -30336

Conclusion: the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is the meaning of factorial number?

Ans : Factorial of a number is nothing but the multiplication of numbers from a given
number to 1
2) What is the meaning of recusive function ?
Ans: A function call it self is called recursive function
3) define library functions ?
Ans: The functions have already been written, compiled and placed in libraries and are
called library functions.
4) Define formal parameters ?
Ans: Formal parameters are the parameters given in the function declaration as
function definition.
 21

Objective : 7
Program that use non recursive function to find the factorial of a given integer.
Description:
Factorial of a number is nothing but the multiplication of numbers from a given
number to 1
Ex: 5! =5*4*3*2*1= 120
Algorithm: main program
Step 1: start
Step 2: read n
Step 3: call the sub program fact(n)
Step 4: print the f value
Step 5: stop
Sub program:
Step 1: initialize the f=1
Step 2: if n==0 or n=1 return 1 to main program. If not goto step 3
Step 3: perform the looping operation as follows
For i=1 i<=n; i++
Step 4: f=f*i
Step 5: return f value to the main program
 22

Flowchart:

Factorial nonrecursive

start

Read i

Call subprogram
Fact(n)

Print output
Value of fact

Stop

Sub program
Fact ( )

F = 1, i

If n == 0 ||
n == 1

I=1 i++
I<=n

Return to main F=f*i

program
 23

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int fact(int n) //starting of the sub program
{
int f=1,i;
if((n==0)||(n==1)) // check the condition for n value
return(1);
else
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) // perform the looping operation for calculating the factorial
f=f*i;
return(f);
}
void main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("enter the number :");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("factoria of number%d",fact(n));
getch();
}

Output:
1.Enter the number: 7
Factorial of number: 5040
2. Enter the number: 6
Factorial of number: 720
3. Enter the number: 8
Factorial of number: -25216

Conclusion:
The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is meant by call by value ?

Ans: passing values to the function as arguments
2) What is meant by call by reference ?
Ans: passing address to the function as arguments
3)define actual parameters ?
Ans: The actual parameters often known as arguments are specified in the function call.
 24

Objective: 8
To find the GCD of two given integers by using the recursive function

Description:
GCD means Greatest Common Divisor. i.e the highest number which divides the
given number
Ex: GCD(12,24) is 12
Formula: GCD= product of numbers/ LCM of numbers

Algorithm: main program

Step 1: start
Step 2: read a,b
Step 3: call the sub program GCD(a,b) for print the value
Step 4: stop

Sub program:
Step 1: if n>m return GCD(n,m)
Step 2: if n==0 return m else goto step 3
Step 3: return GCD (n,m%n)
Step 4: return to main program
 25

Flowchart:

Start

Read a,b

Call sub program

G=gcd(a,b)

Print gcdvalue

Stop

Gcd( )

false true
If
n>m
true
F Return
Gcd (n,m)
If
n==0

Return m Call the same function

Return gcd ( n,m%n)

Return to main
program
 26

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
int gcdrecursive(int m,int n) // starting of the sub program
{
if(n>m)
return gcdrecursive(n,m);
if(n==0)
return m;
else
return gcdrecursive(n,m%n); // return to the main program
}
void main()
{
int a,b,igcd;
clrscr();
printf("enter the two numbers whose gcd is to be found:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("GCD of a,b is %d",gcdrecursive(a,b)); // return to the sub program
getch();
}
Output:
1. enter the two numbers whose gcd is to be found:5,25
GCD of a,b is : 5
2. enter the two numbers whose gcd is to be found:36,54
GCD of a,b is : 18
3. enter the two numbers whose gcd is to be found:11,13
GCD of a,b is : 1
Conclusion:
The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is meaning of GCD ?

Ans: GCD means Greatest Common Divisor. i.e the highest number which divides
the given number
2) Define scope of a variable ?
Ans: The scope of a variable can be define as the region over which the variable is
accessible
3) Show an scope resolution operator ?
Ans: double colon(::)

4) Define extent of a variable ?

Ans: The period of time during which memory is associated with a variable is called
extent of the variable.
 27

Objective: 9
To find the GCD of two given integers by using the non recursive function

Description:
GCD means Greatest Common Divisor. i.e the highest number which divides the
given number
Ex: GCD(12,24) is 12
Formula: GCD= product of numbers/ LCM of numbers

Algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: read a,b
Step 3: call sub program g=GCD(a,b)
Step 4: print the g value
Step 5: stop
Sub program:
Step 1: initialize the p=1, q, remainder
Step 2: remainder=p-(p/q*q)
Step 3: remainder=0 return q else goto step 4
Step 4: GCD(q,remainder) return to main program
 28

Flowchart:

start

Read a, b

Call subprogram g=gcd(a,b)

output

stop

Gcd ( )

Remainder=p-(p/q*q)

false True

If
remainder==0

Gcd(q,remainder) Return q

Return to main program

 29

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
int gcdnonrecursive(int m,int n)
{
int remainder;
remainder=m-(m/n*n);
if(remainder==0)
return n;
else
gcdnonrecursive(n,remainder);
}

void main()
{
int a,b,igcd;
clrscr();
printf("enter the two numbers whose gcd is to be found:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("GCD of %d",gcdnonrecursive(a,b));
getch();
}

Output:
1. enter the two numbers whose gcd is to be found:5,25
GCD of a,b is : 5
2. enter the two numbers whose gcd is to be found:36,54
GCD of a,b is : 18
3. enter the two numbers whose gcd is to be found:11,13
GCD of a,b is : 1

Conclusion:
The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1)What is meaning of GCD ?

Ans:
GCD means Greatest Common Divisor. i.e the highest number which divides the
given number
 30

Objective :10

To solve the towers of Hanoi problem by using the recursive function

Description:
Towers of Hanoi problem means we have three towers

Source intermediate destination

Here source ,intermediate and destination are the three towers. We have to
transfer all the disks from source to destination towers. Here the restriction is not
to place a big disk on smaller one . for this we use intermediate tower. Finally the
arrangements in the destination tower must be as same as the disks in the source
tower at first.
Algorithm: main program
Step 1: start
Step 2: initialize the source=a, intermediate=c, destination = d
Step 3: read n
Step 4: call the sub program Hanoi recursion (n value,a ,b, c)
Step 5: stop
Sub program:
Step 1: if n== 1 call the sub program Hanoi recursion (num-1, a, c, b)
Step 2: print the output from a to b
Step 3: call the sub program Hanoi recursion(num-1, b, c, a)
Step 4: return to main program
 31

Flowchart:

START

SOURCE = A
INTERMEDIATE = C
DESTINATION = B

READ n

Call subprogram
Hanoi(num,source,intermediate,destination) A,C, B

Stop

hanoirecursive( )

false true

If num==1

Call sbgroram Print A,C

Num-1,source “A”

Return to main
Call ubprogram program
Print A,C Hanoi(num-1,B,C,A))
 32

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void Hanoirecursion(int num,char ndl1,char ndl2,char ndl3)
{
if(num==1)
{
printf("Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c",ndl1,ndl2);
return;
}
Hanoirecursion(num-1,ndl1,ndl3,ndl2);
printf("Move top dis from needle %c to needlle %c",ndl1,ndl2);
Hanoirecursion(num-1,ndl3,ndl2,ndl1);
}

void main()
{
int no;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of disk to be transferred:");
scanf("%d",&no);
if(no<1)
printf("\n There's nothing to move");
else
printf("\n recursive");
Hanoirecursion(no,'A','B','C');
getch();
}
Outputs:
1. Enter the no. of disk to be transferred :3
Move top disk from needle a to needle b
Move top disk from needle a to needle c
Move top disk from needle b to needle c
Move top disk from needle a to needle b
Move top disk from needle c to needle a
Move top disk from needle c to needle b
Move top disk from needle a to needle b
Conclusion:
The program is error free
VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) What is purpose of towers of Hanoi ?
Ans: We have to transfer all the disks from source to destination towers. Here the
restriction is not to place a big disk on smaller one . for this we use intermediate
tower. Finally the arrangements in the destination tower must be as same as the
disks in the source tower at first.
 33

Objective :11

To solve the towers of Hanoi problem by using the non recursive function
Description:
Towers of Hanoi problem means we have three towers

Source intermediate destination

Here source ,intermediate and destination are the three towers. We have to
transfer all the disks from source to destination towers. Here the restriction is not
to place a big disk on smaller one . for this we use intermediate tower. Finally the
arrangements in the destination tower must be as same as the disks in the source
tower at first.

Algorithm:

Step 1: start
Step 2: declare the no
Step 3: read the no value
Step 4: if (no<1) Print nothing to move
Else Print nonrecursion
Step 5:Hanoi non recursion(no,.A’,’B’,’C’)
Step 6:stop
Sub program:
Step 1: Declare num,sndl,indl,dndl,
stkn[ ],stksndl[ ],stkdndl [ ],stkadd[ ],
temp,top,add
Step 2: declare the top=NULL
Step 3: one:
If(num==1)then
Print the out put value
Goto four
Step 4: two:
Top=top+1
Stkn[top]=num
Stksndl[top]=sndl
Stkindl[top]=indl
Stkdndl[top]=dndl
Stkadd[top]=3
Num=num-1
 34

Sndl=sndl
Temp=indl
Indl=dndl
Dndl=temp
Goto one. Goto step 3
Step 5:
Three:
Print the output
Top=top+1
Stkn[top]=num
Stksndl[top]=sndl
Stkindl[top]=indl
Stkdndl[top]=dndl
Stkadd[top]=5
Num=num-1
temp=sndl
sndl=indl
Indl=temp
Dndl=dndl
Goto one. Goto step 3

Step 6:
Four:
If(top==NULL)
Return to main program
Num= stkn[top]
Sndl= stksndl[top]
Indl= stkindl[top]
Dndl=stkdndl[top]
Add=stkadd[top]
Top=top-1
If(add==3)
Goto three. Goto step 5
Else
If(add==5)
Goto four. Goto step 6.
Step 7: return to main program
 35

Flow chart:

Start

Read no

false true
If no< 1 Print nothing to
move

Print
nonrecursion

Hanoinonrecursion
(no,.A’,’B’,’C’)

Stop
 36

Hanoi nonrecursion ( )

Declare num,sndl,indl,dndl,
stkn[ ],stksndl[ ],stkdndl [ ],stkadd[ ],
temp,top,add

Top = NULL

one true

If num==1 Print the value

two

Top=top+1
Stkn[top]=num If
Stksndl[top]=sndl top=NUL
Stkindl[top]=indl L
Stkdndl[top]=dndl four
Stkadd[top]=3
Num=num-1 Num= stkn[top]
Sndl=sndl
Sndl= stksndl[top]
Temp=indl
Indl=dndl Indl= stkindl[top]
Dndl=temp Dndl=stkdndl[top]
Add=stkadd[top]
Top=top-1
Print value

Top=top+1
Stkn[top]=num If
Stksndl[top]=sndl add==3
Stkindl[top]=indl
Stkdndl[top]=dndl
Stkadd[top]=5
Num=num-1 false
temp=sndl
sndl=indl
Indl=temp
Dndl=dndl If
Top=top+1 add==
5
 37

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void Hanoinonrecursion(int num,char sndl,char indl,char dndl)
{
char stkn[100],stksndl[100],stkindl[100],stkdndl[100],stkadd[100],temp;
int top,add;
top=NULL;
one:
if(num==1)
{
printf("\n Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c",sndl,dndl);
goto four;
}
two:
top=top+1;
stkn[top]=num;
stksndl[top]=sndl;
stkindl[top]=indl;
stkdndl[top]=dndl;
stkadd[top]=3;
num=num-1;
sndl=sndl;
temp=indl;
indl=dndl;
dndl=temp;
goto one;

three:
printf("\n Move top disk from needle %c to needle %c",sndl,dndl);
top=top+1;
stkn[top]=num;
stksndl[top]=sndl;
stkindl[top]=indl;
stkdndl[top]=dndl;
stkadd[top]=5;
num=num-1;
temp=sndl;
sndl=indl;
indl=temp;
dndl=dndl;
goto one;

four:
if(top==NULL)
return;
 38

num=stkn[top];
sndl=stksndl[top];
indl=stkindl[top];
dndl=stkdndl[top];
add=stkadd[top];
top=top-1;
if(add==3)
goto three;
else if(add==5)
goto four;
}
void main()
{
int no;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the no. of diss to be transferred:");
scanf("%d",&no);
if(no<1)
printf("\n There's nothing to move");
else
printf("\n nonrecursive");
Hanoinonrecursion(no,'A','B','C');
getch();
}

Output:
1.Enter the no. of diss to be transferred:3
nonrecursive
Move top disk from needle A to needle C
Move top disk from needle A to needle B
Move top disk from needle C to needle B
Move top disk from needle A to needle C
Move top disk from needle B to needle A
Move top disk from needle B to needle C
Move top disk from needle A to needle C
Conclusion: The program is error freed

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) What is purpose of towers of Hanoi ?
Ans: We have to transfer all the disks from source to destination towers. Here the
restriction is not to place a big disk on smaller one . for this we use intermediate
tower. Finally the arrangements in the destination tower must be as same as the
disks in the source tower at first.
2) What is an array ?
Ans: An array is a sequence of memory location of same data type.
 39

Objective: 12
The total distance travelled by vehicle in 't' seconds is given by distance =
ut+1/2at2 where 'u' and 'a' are the initial velocity (m/sec.) and acceleration
(m/sec2). Write C program to find the distance travelled at regular intervals of
time given the values of 'u' and 'a'. The program should provide the flexibility to
the user to select his own time intervals and repeat the calculations for different
values of 'u' and 'a'.
Description:
The total distance travelled by vehicle in 't' seconds is given by distance =
ut+1/2at2 where 'u' and 'a' are the initial velocity (m/sec.) and acceleration
(m/sec2).
Algorithm:

Step 1:Start

Step2 : Read t ,dt

Step 3: Set i to 1

Step 4:Set k to dt

Step 5: Read u,a

Step 6: set s to u*k+0.5*d*k*k

Step 7: Write s

Step 8: If(k<=t) and i=1 then

Begin
Step 8.1 go to step 6
And
Else
Begin
Step 8.2 :read
Step 8.3 :if(j=0) then
Begin
Step 8.3.1:Set I to 0
End
Else
Begin
Step 8.3.2: Set I to 1
Step 8.3.3: go to step 4
End
Step 9: Stop

Step 10: End

 40

Flowchart:
 41

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int a,u,t,t1,t2,i;
float s;
clrscr();
printf("ENTER THE VALUES OF a,u,t,t1,t2:");
scanf("%d%d%d%d%d",&a,&u,&t,&t1,&t2);
for(i=t1;i<=t2;i=i+t) // performing the looping operation for time intervals
{
s=(u*i)+(0.5*a*i*i); // calculate the total distance
printf("\n\nthe distance travelled in %d seconds is %f ",i,s);
}
getch();
}

Input/Output:

1.ENTER THE VALUES OF a,u,t,t1,t2:1

2
3
1
5
the distance travelled in 1 seconds is 2.500000

the distance travelled in 4 seconds is 16.000000

2.ENTER THE VALUES OF a,u,t,t1,t2:0
1
2
3
4
the distance travelled in 3 seconds is 3.000000
conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) How many types of arrays are there ?
Ans: Three types. They are one dimensional ,two dimensional and multi dimensional
arrys
 42

Objective:13

Two integer operands and one operator form user, performs the operation
and then prints the result.
(Consider the operators +,-,*, /, % and use Switch Statement)
Description:
To take the two integer operands and one operator from user to perform
the some arithmetic operations by using the following operators like
+,-,*, /, %
Ex: 2+3=5
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start

Step 2: Read the values of a,b and operator

Step 3: if the operator is ‘+’ then

R=a+b
Go to step 8
Break

Step 4: Else if the operator is ‘-‘ then

R=a-b
Go to step 8

Step 5: Else if the operator is ‘*‘ then

R=a*b
Go to step 8

Step 6: Else if the operator is ‘/‘ then

R=a/b
Go to step 8

Step 7: Else if the operator is ‘%‘ then

R=a%b
Go to step 8

Step 8: write R

Step 9:End
 43

Flowchart:
 44

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
char op;
float a,b,c;
clrscr();
printf("enter two operands:");
scanf("%d%d",&a,&b);
printf("enter an operator:");
scanf(" %c",&op);
switch(op) // used to select particular case from the user
{
case '+':printf("sum of two numbers %2d %2d is: %d",a,b,a+b);
break;
case '-':printf("subtraction of two numbers %2d %2d is:
%d",a,b,a-b);
break;
case '*':printf("product of two numbers %2d %2d is:
%d",a,b,a*b);
break;
case '/':printf("quotient of two numbers %2d %2d is:
%d",a,b,a/b);
break;
case '%':printf("reminder of two numbers %2d %2d is:
%d",a,b,c);
break;
default:printf("please enter correct operator");
break;
}
getch();
}

Input/Output:

1.enter two operands:2 3

enter an operator:+
sum of two numbers 2 3 is: 5

2.enter two operands:3 4

enter an operator: -
subtraction of two numbers 3 4 is: -1

3.enter two operands:3 5

 45

enter an operator:*
product of two numbers 3 5 is: 15

4.enter two operands:5 2

enter an operator:/
quotient of two numbers 5 2 is: 2
5. enter two operands:5 2
enter an operator:%
reminder of two numbers 5 2 is: 1
conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What are the various types of arithemetic operators ?

Ans: addition (+), multiplication(*), subtraction (-), division(/) , modulo(%).
2) What are the types of relational operators ?
Ans: less than(<), grater than(>), less than or equal to(<=),equal to(==), etc..,
3) 3) What are the types of logical operators ?
Ans: logical AND (&&), logical OR(||), logical NOT(!)
 46

Objective : 14
To find both the largest and smallest number in a list of integers
Description:
This program contains n number of elements, in these elements we can find the
largest and smallest numbers and display these two numbers
Algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: read n
Step 3: initialize i=0
Step 4: if i<n do as follows. If not goto step 5
Read a[i]
Increment i
Goto step 4
Step 5: min=a[0], max=a[0]
Step 6: initialize i=0
Step 7: if i<n do as follows. If not goto step 8
If a[i]<min
Assign min=a[i]
Increment i goto Step 7
Step 8: print min,max
Step 9: stop
 47

Flowchart: Start

Read n,
a[i],min,max,

Min = a[0]
Max = a[0]

I= 0
I<n i++

Read a[i]

false
I=0 i++

I< n
true

false
Max<min
true

Min=a[i]
false
A[i]>ma
x

true
Print
min,max Max=a[i]

stop
 48

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int a[10],i,n,min,max;
clrscr();
printf("enter the array size:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the elements of array");
for(i=0;i<n;i++) // read the elements of an array
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
min=a[0];
max=a[0];
for(i=0;i<n;i++)// read the elements of an array
{
if(a[i]<min)// check the condition for minimum value
min=a[i];
if(a[i]>max)//check the condition for maximum value
max=a[i];
}
printf("maximum value is:%d\n",max);
printf("minimum value is:%d\n",min);
getch();
}
Output:
1.enter the array size:4
Enter the elements of array 36 13 2 45
maximum value is:45
minimum value is:2
2.enter the array size:5
Enter the elements of array 6 2 1 3 8
maximum value is:8
minimum value is:1
3.enter the array size:5
Enter the elements of array-6 9 -9 2 5
maximum value is:9
minimum value is:-9
conclusion: the program is error free
VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) What is an array ?
Ans: The collection of similar elements is called array
2) How many types of arrays are there ?
Ans: Three types. They are one dimensional ,two dimensional and multi dimensional
arrys
 49

Objective:15
To perform the addition of two matrices
Description:
program takes the two matrixes of same size and performs the addition an also
takes the two matrixes of different sizes and checks for possibility of
multiplication and perform multiplication if possible.
algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: read the size of matrices A,B – m,n
Step 3: read the elements of matrix A
Step 4: read the elements of matrix B
Step 5: select the choice for you want. If you select case 1 then goto matric
addition. Else goto Step 7.
Step 6: print Sum of matrix A and B
Step 7: if you select case 2 then goto matrix multiplication
Step 8: check if n=p, if not print matrices can not be multiplied
Step 9: Otherwise perform the multiplication of matrices
Step 10: Print the resultant matrix
Step 11: Stop
 50

start
Flow chart:

Declare a[][],b[]
[],c[]
[],ch,I,j,k,m,n,p,q,r1,
c1

Read the choice ch

If ch<=2
&ch>0

Printvalid
choice
Case 1
Case 2
Switch
ch

Read the size

Read the size of A matrix
of A,B matrix m,n
m,n

I=0
I=0
I< r1 i++
I< r1 i++

j=0
J=0
j<c1 j++
jI< c1 ji++

Read A[i][j]
Read A[i][j]

Read size of
I=0 matrix B: p.q

I< r1 i++
I=0

I< p i++
j=0

jI<c1 j++

B
Read B[i[j]
 B
51

B
I=0

I< r1 i++
j=0

j< q j++

j=0
Read B[i][j]
j< c1 j++

Print A[i][j]+B[i][j]
If
n==p

Matrix cannot i=0

be mutiplied
i<m i++

Stop
j=0

j< q j++

C[i][j]=0

k0

j< n k++

Print C[i][j]
C[i][j]=C[i][j]+A[i][k]*B[k][j]

j=0 i=0

j<q j++ i<m i++

j++
 52

Program:

#include<stdio.h>

void main()
{
int ch,i,j,m,n,p,q,k,r1,c1,a[10][10],b[10][10],c[10][10];
clrscr();
printf("************************************");
printf("\n\t\tMENU");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n[1]ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[2]MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES");
printf("\n[0]EXIT");
printf("\n**********************************");
printf("\n\tEnter your choice:\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);

if(ch<=2 & ch>0)

{
printf("Valid Choice\n");
}

switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("Input rows and columns of A & B Matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&r1,&c1);
printf("Enter elements of matrix A:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
}
printf("Enter elements of matrix B:\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<c1;j++)
scanf("%d",&b[i][j]);
}
printf("\n =====Matrix Addition=====\n");
for(i=0;i<r1;i++)
{
For(j=0;j<c1;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]+b[i][j]);
 53

printf("\n");
}
break;

case 2:
printf("Input rows and columns of A matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&m,&n);
printf("Input rows and columns of B matrix:");
scanf("%d%d",&p,&q);
if(n==p)
{
printf("matrices can be multiplied\n");
printf("resultant matrix is %d*%d\n",m,q);
printf("Input A matrix\n");
read_matrix(a,m,n);
printf("Input B matrix\n");
/*Function call to read the matrix*/
read_matrix(b,p,q);
/*Function for Multiplication of two matrices*/
printf("\n =====Matrix Multiplication=====\n");
for(i=0;i<m;++i)
for(j=0;j<q;++j)
{
c[i][j]=0;
for(k=0;k<n;++k)
c[i][j]=c[i][j]+a[i][k]*b[k][j];
}

printf("Resultant of two matrices:\n");

write_matrix(c,m,q);
}
/*end if*/
else
{
printf("Matrices cannot be multiplied.");
}
/*end else*/
break;

case 0:
printf("\n Choice Terminated");
exit();
break;

default:
printf("\n Invalid Choice");
 54

}
getch();
}

/*Function read matrix*/

int read_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
return 0;
}

/*Function to write the matrix*/

int write_matrix(int a[10][10],int m,int n)
{
int i,j;
for(i=0;i<m;i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
printf("%5d",a[i][j]);
printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

Output:
1.
************************************
MENU
**********************************
[1]ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES
[2]MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
[0]EXIT
**********************************
Enter your choice:
1
Valid Choice
Input rows and columns of A & B Matrix:2
2
Enter elements of matrix A:
2
2
2
 55

2
Enter elements of matrix B:
2
2
2
2

=====Matrix Addition=====
4 4
4 4
************************************
MENU
**********************************
[1]ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES
[2]MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
[0]EXIT
**********************************
Enter your choice:
2
Valid Choice
Input rows and columns of A matrix:2
3
Input rows and columns of B matrix:2
2
Matrices cannot be multiplied.

************************************
MENU
**********************************
[1]ADDITION OF TWO MATRICES
[2]MULTIPLICATION OF TWO MATRICES
[0]EXIT
**********************************
Enter your choice:
2
Valid Choice
Input rows and columns of A matrix:2
2
Input rows and columns of B matrix:2
2
matrices can be multiplied
resultant matrix is 2*2
Input A matrix
2
2
2
 56

2
Input B matrix
2
2
2
2

=====Matrix Multiplication=====
Resultant of two matrices:
8 8
8 8
Conclusion : The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is condition for performing an matric addition ?

Ans: program takes the two matrixes of same size and performs the addition
2) What is condition for performing an matric addition ?
Ans: The two matrixes of different sizes and checks for possibility of multiplication
and perform multiplication if possible
 57

Objective :16

Functions to insert a sub string into given main string from a given position
Description:
in this program we need to insert a string into another string from a specified
position.
Algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: read main string and sub string
Step 3: find the length of main string(r)
Step 4: find length of sub string(n)
Step 5: copy main string into sub string
Step 6: read the position to insert the sub string( p)
Step 7: copy sub string into main string from position p-1
Step 8: copy temporary string into main string from position p+n-1
Step 9: print the strings
Step 10: stop
 58

Flow chart: Start

Read the strings A

&
B

I=0

I<r

C[i] = A[i]

I ++

S=n+r
O=p+n

I =p I++

I<s B

X= C[i]

If t < n

A
 59

B
A

A[i] = B[t]

T=t+1

A[o]=x

O=o+1

Print output

Stop
 60

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>

void main()
{
char a[10];
char b[10];
char c[10];
int p=0,r=0,i=0;
int t=0;
int x,g,s,n,o;
clrscr();

puts("Enter First String:");

gets(a);
puts("Enter Second String:");
gets(b);
printf("Enter the position where the item has to be inserted: ");
scanf("%d",&p);
r = strlen(a);
n = strlen(b);
i=0;

// Copying the input string into another array

while(i <= r)
{
c[i]=a[i];
i++;
}
s = n+r;
o = p+n;

// Adding the sub-string

for(i=p;i<s;i++)
{
x = c[i];
if(t<n)
{
a[i] = b[t];
t=t+1;
}
a[o]=x;
o=o+1;
 61

printf("%s", a);
getch();
}

Output:
1.enter first string:
computer
2.enter second string:
gec
3.enter the position where the item has to be inserted:3
comgecputer
conclusion : the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is string ?
Ans: A string is an collection of characters
2) Which command is used to combined the two strings ?
Ans: Strcat()
3) Which command is used to copy the strings ?
Ans: By using the strcpy() function copies one string to another
 62

Objective:17
To delete n characters from a given position in a given string
Description:
in this program we need to delete a string from the given string at a specified
position.
Algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: read string
Step 3: find the length of the string
Step 4: read the value of number of characters to be deleted and positioned
Step 5: string copy part of string from position to end, and (position+number of
characters to end)
Step 6: stop
 63

Flow chart: Start

Read string

Read position, no of
characters

Delchar( string, n, pos)

Stop

Subprogram
Delchar( )

If ((a+b-1_<=

strlen(x))

Strcpy(&x[b-1],&x[a+b-1])

Puts(x)

Return to
mainprogram
 64

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>

void delchar(char *x,int a, int b);

void main()
{
char string[10];
int n,pos,p;
clrscr();

puts("Enter the string");

gets(string);
printf("Enter the position from where to delete");
scanf("%d",&pos);
printf("Enter the number of characters to be deleted");
scanf("%d",&n);
delchar(string, n,pos);
getch();
}

// Function to delete n characters

void delchar(char *x,int a, int b)
{
if ((a+b-1) <= strlen(x))
{
strcpy(&x[b-1],&x[a+b-1]);
puts(x);
}
}
Output:
1.enter the string
nagaraju
Enter the position from where to delete:4
Enter the number of charcters to be deleted3
nagju
2. enter the string
kaliraju
Enter the position from where to delete:0
Enter the number of charcters to be deleted4
Raju
Conclusion: the program is error free
 65

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) Which command is used to delete the strings ?
Ans: delstr();
2) What are the various types of string functions ?
Ans: Strcat(), strcpy(), delstr(), substr() ,strlen()etc..,
 66

Objective: 18
To determine if the given string is a palindrome or not

Description:
if the reverse of a string is equal to original string then it is called palindrome

Algorithm:

Step 1:start
Step 2: read the string
Step 3: store reverse of the given string in a temporary string
Step 4: compare the two strings
Step 5: if both are equal then print palindrome
Step 6: otherwise print not palindrome
Step 7: stop
 67

Flow chart: Start

Read string

Ispalindrome(string)

true
Print not If(Ispalindro Print
palindrome me(string) palindrome

Stop
 68

Ispalindrome( )

Enum Boolean matched= true

If len== 0

Return 0

Left = 0

Right=len-1

While(left<ri
ght&&match
ed

If(string[left]!
=string[right])
true
Left ++
Right -- Matched=false

Return
matched

Return to main
program
 69

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>

enum Boolean{false,true};
enum Boolean IsPalindrome(char string[])
{
int left,right,len=strlen(string);
enum Boolean matched=true;
if(len==0)
return 0;
left=0;
right=len-1;

/* Compare the first and last letter,second & second last & so on */
while(left<right&&matched)
{
if(string[left]!=string[right])
matched=false;
else
{
left++;
right--;
}
}
return matched;
}

int main()
{
char string[40];
clrscr();
printf("****Program to test if the given string is a palindrome****\n");
printf("Enter a string:");
scanf("%s",string);
if(IsPalindrome(string))
printf("The given string %s is a palindrome\n",string);
else
printf("The given string %s is not a palindrome\n",string);
getch();
return 0;
}
 70

Output:
1. Enter the string:malayalam
The given string malayalam is a palindrome
2. Enter the string:india
The given string india is not a palindrome
Conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is meant by palindrome ?

Ans: If the reverse of a string/number is equal to original string/ number then it is
called palindrome.

2) What is the use of gets() function ?

Ans: To read the string at a time
3) What is the use of puts() function ?
Ans: To write the string at a time
 71

Objective: 19
Program that displays the position or index in the string S where the string T
begins , or -1 if S doesn’t contain T
Algorithm:
Step 1: start
Step 2: read the string and then displayed
Step 3: read the string to be searched and then displayed
Step 4: searching the string T in string S and then perform the following steps
i. found=strstr(S,T)
ii. if found print the second string is found in the first string at the
position. If not goto step 5
Step 5: print the -1
Step 6: stop
 72

Flow chart: Start

Initialize s[ ],t[ ], found variables

Read first string

Display the
string

Read string to be
searched

Display the
string

Found=strstr(s,t)

no yes

If found

Print -1
Print the string
Found-s

Stop
 73

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
char s[30], t[20];
char *found;
clrscr();

/* Entering the main string */

puts("Enter the first string: ");
gets(s);

/* Entering the string whose position or index to be displayed */

puts("Enter the string to be searched: ");
gets(t);

/*Searching string t in string s */

found=strstr(s,t);
if(found)
printf("Second String is found in the First String at %d position.\n",found-s);
else
printf("-1");
getch();
}

Output:
1.enter the first string:
kali
Enter the string to be seareched:
li
second string is found in the first string at2position
2.enter the first string:
nagaraju
Enter the string to be seareched:
raju
second string is found in the first string at4position
3.enter the first string:
nagarjuna
Enter the string to be seareched:
ma
-1
Conclusion: The program is error free
 74

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is the difference between printf() and puts() ?

Ans: puts() is used to display the string at a time and it doesn’t take any integers
values but printf() takes any values as defined by the user
2) define pointer variable ?
Ans: pointer variables are defined as variable that contain the memory addresses of
data or executable code.
3) What is use of the strcmp() function ?
Ans: This function compares two strings character by character and returns a value 0
if both strings are equal and non zero value if the strings are different.
 75

Objective: 20
To count the lines,words & charcters in a given text
Description:
In this program we have to count the no of lines, no of words and no of
characters in a given program or given text by using the string function
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read the text until an empty line
Step 3: Compare each character with newline char ‘\n’ to count no of lines
Step 4: Compare each character with tab char ‘\t\’ or space char ‘ ‘ to count no
of words
Step 5: Compare first character with NULL char ‘\0’ to find the end of text
Step 6: No of characters = length of each line of text
Step 7: Print no of lines, no of words, no of chars
Step 8: Stop
 76

Flow chart: Start

Initialize end=0,chars=0,words=0,lines=0

While
End==
0
true

C=0

false

If (ctr=getchar())!
=’\n’

true Line[c]=’\0’

Line[c++]=ctr

true
If
line[0]=’\0
’
false
Print lines,
Words,chars
I=0 Words ++

I ++ line[i]!=’\0\
stop
Lines++
Chars+=strlen(line)
If line[i]==’ ‘||
Line[i]==’\t’

Words ++
 77

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
main()
{
char line[81], ctr;
int i,c,
end = 0,
characters = 0,
words = 0,
lines = 0;
printf("KEY IN THE TEXT.\n");
printf("GIVE ONE SPACE AFTER EACH WORD.\n");
printf("WHEN COMPLETED, PRESS 'RETURN'.\n\n");
while( end == 0)
{
/* Reading a line of text */
c = 0;
while((ctr=getchar()) != '\n')
line[c++] = ctr;
line[c] = '\0';
/* counting the words in a line */
if(line[0] == '\0')
break ;
else
{
words++;
for(i=0; line[i] != '\0';i++)
if(line[i] == ' ' || line[i] == '\t')
words++;
}
/* counting lines and characters */
lines = lines +1;
characters = characters + strlen(line);
}
printf ("\n");
printf("Number of lines = %d\n", lines);
printf("Number of words = %d\n", words);
printf("Number of characters = %d\n", characters);
}
Output
1.KEY IN THE TEXT.
GIVE ONE SPACE AFTER EACH WORD.
WHEN COMPLETED, PRESS 'RETURN'.
Admiration is a very short-lived passion.
Admiration involves a glorious obliquity of vision.
Always we like those who admire us but we do not
 78

like those whom we admire.

Fools admire, but men of sense approve.
Number of lines = 5
Number of words = 36
Number of characters = 205
Conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is use of strlen() ?

Ans: to read a string length
2) what is the use of getc() function ?
Ans: To read the character one by one.
3) What is the use of strstr () ?
Ans: The function strstr() searches one string for the occurrence of another.It accepts
two strings as parameters and searches the first string for an occurrence of the
second
 79

Objective 21:
To generate Pascal’s triangle
Description:
Pascal’s triangle which is used for a coefficient in the equation in
polynominals.
Alogrithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Initialize m=0
Step 3: Read n
Step 4: If m<n goto step 5.if not goto step 12
Step 5: initialize i=40-m
Step 6: If i>0 is true do as follows. If not goto step 7
i. print white space
ii. decrement i
iii. goto Step 6
Step 7: Initialize j=0
Step 8: If j=m do as follows. If not goto Step 10
i) if(j==0||m==0)
ii) Initialize b=1 if not b=b*(m-j+1)/j
iii) Print white space, b .
iv) Goto Step 9
Step 9: increment j, goto Step 8
Step 10: print new line control
Step 11: increment m, goto step 4
Step 12: Stop
 80

Flow chart:

Start

Read p

true
I=0 I<p R=40-I r--

I++ r>0
false
false

Print true
newlin
e Print white
F space
X=0 x<=i
true
Stop
X++

false
true
If x==0
||
I==0
B=1 B=b*(i-x+1)/x

Ptint b
 81

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int i,p,r,x,binom=1;
clrscr();
printf("enter the how many lines to print");
scanf("%d",&p);
i=0;
while(i<p) // check the condition
{
for(r=40-i;r>0;r--) // perform the looping operation until 0
printf(" ");
for(x=0;x<=i;x++)
{
if((x==0)||(i==0)) // check the condition
binom=1;
else
binom=binom*(i-x+1)/x;
printf("%d",binom);
printf(" ");
}
printf("\n");
i++;
}
getch();
}

Output:
1.enter the how many lines to print5
1
11
121
1331
14641

2.enter the how many lines to print3

1
11
121
Conclusion: the program is error free
 82

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) What is meant by Pascal’s triangle ?

Ans: Pascal’s triangle which is used for a coefficient in the equation in polynominals
2)define structure ?
Ans: A structure in c is a heterogenous user efined data type. A structure may contain
different data types.It groups variables into a single entity.
 83

Objective 22:
To construct a pyramid of numbers
Description:
In this program the we have to construct output in the pyramid shape manner
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step2: initialize the num,I,y, x=35
Step3: read the num
Step4:perform the loop operation
For(y=0;y<=num;y++)
Step5:Gotoxy(x,y+1)
Step6: perform the loop operation for displaying digits towards the left and right
For(i=0-y;i<=y;i++)
Step7: print abs(i);
Step8: x=x-2;
Step9: Stop
 84

Flow chart:

Start

Initialize
num,I,y,x=35

Read num

Y=0 y<=num

y ++

true
Gotoxy(x,y+1)

I=0 i++

I<=y

X=x-2 Print
abs(i)

Stop
 85

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void main()
{
int num,i,y,x=35;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number to generate the pyramid:\n");
scanf("%d",&num);

for(y=0;y<=num;y++)
{
/*(x-coordinate,y-coordinate)*/
gotoxy(x,y+1);

/*for displaying digits towards the left and right of zero*/

for(i=0-y;i<=y;i++)

printf("%3d",abs(i));
x=x-3;
}
getch();
}

Output:

1.enter the number: 0

4 101
21012
3210123
432101234

2.enter the number: 0

3 101
21012
3210123
Conclusion: The program is error free
VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) What is the use of dot operator in structures ?
Ans: The use of dot(.) operator to access the members of a structure independently.
The dot operator connects a member with the structure variable.
2) Define unions ?
Ans: A union is a data type in c which allows the overlay of more than one variable in
the same memory area.
 86

Objective 23:
To read in two numbers x and n and then compute the sum of this geometric
progression 1+x+x2+x3+……….+xn
Description:
In this program we have to read the two numbers and the calculate the sum of this
geometric progression in above mention .
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: read values of x and n, sum-1, i=1
Step 3: check for n & X
i) if n<=0 || x<=0
ii) print values are not valid
iii) read values of x and n
Step 4: perform the loop operation
i) for(i=1;i<=n;i++) then follows
ii) sum=sum+pow(x,i)
Step 5: print sum
Step 6: Stop
 87

Flow chart: Start

Initialize
Sum,I,x,n

Read x,n

false true
If
n<=0||
x<=0

Sum = 1
Print not
valid
false
I=1 i<=n

I++

true

Sum=sum+pow(x,i)

Print sum

Stop
 88

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

void main()
{
int s_sum,i,x,n;

clrscr();
printf("Enter the values for x and n:");
scanf("%d %d",&x,&n);

if(n<=0 || x<=0)
{
printf("Value is not valid\n");
}
else
{
printf("Value is valid\n");
s_sum=1;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
s_sum=s_sum+pow(x,i);
}
printf("Sum of series=%d\n",s_sum);
}
getch();
}

Output:
1.Enter the values for x and n:2
3
Value is valid
Sum of series=15
2.Enter the values for x and n:4
9
Value is valid
Sum of series=21845
3.Enter the values for x and n:0
1
Value is not valid
Conclusion: the program is error free
 89

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) what are the difference between structures and unions ?

Ans: Here the major difference is with in the structure all elements must be allocated
memory. But in union highest memory allocation must be allocated the all these
elements.
 90

Objective 24:
To convert the given binary number to 2’s complement
Description:
In this program the given binary number is first covert the numbers 0 to1 and
1 to 0. And finally add the 1 to the converted number. Then we will get the
2’s complement number.
Algorithm: main program
Step 1: Start
Step 2: declare the subprogram “complement(char *a)”
Step 3: initialize the variable i
Step 4: read the binary number
Step 5: perform the loop operation. if it is true then follows. if not goto step 7
i) for(i=0;a[i]!=’\0’;i++)
ii) if(a[i]!=’0’&&a[i]!=’1’) then displayed the number is not valid.
enter the correct number.
iii) Exit the loop
Step 6: call sub program ‘complemt(a)’
Step 7: stop
Sub program:
Step 1: initialize the variable I,c=0,b[160
Step 2: 1=strlen(a)
Step 3: perform the loop operation. if it is true then follows. if not goto
i)for(i=l-1;i>=0;i--)
ii)if(a[i]==’0’) then b[i]=’1’ else
iii)b[i]=’0’
Step 4: for(i=l-1;i>=0;i--) is true
i) if(i==l-1) then
ii) if(b[i]==’0’) then b[i]=’1’ else
iii) b[i]=’0’,c=1 if not goto step 5

Step 5: if(c==1&&b[i]==’0’) is true then

i) b[i]=’1’, c=0 if not goto Step 6
Step 6: if(c==1&&b[i]==’1’) then b[i]=’0’,c=1
Step 7: displayed b[l]=’\0’
Step 8: print b and return to main program
 91

Flow chart:

Start

Initialize I, a[ ]

Read a

I=0 i++
false
A[i]!=’\0’

true

false
If a[i]!
=’0’&&a[i]!=’1’

Call sub program true

Complement(a)
Number is
not valid

Stop
 92

Complement(
)

Initialize
,I,c=0,b[ ]

1=strlen(a)

I=i-1 I--
false
i>=0

true

If
a[i]==’
0’ true

B[i]=]0] B[i]=’1’

I=l-1 i--

i>=0

C true
false true
If i==l-
1
false true
If b[i]=’0’
If B[i]=’1’
c==1&& C=1
b[i]==’0’
B[i]==’0’ true
A B
B[i]=’1’
C=0
 93

C A

true
If c==1 B[i]=’0] B
&& C=1
b[i]==1

B[i]=’\0’

Print ‘b’

Return to
main
program

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void complement (char *a);

void main()
{
char a[16];
int i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the binary number");
gets(a);
for(i=0;a[i]!='\0'; i++)
{
if (a[i]!='0' && a[i]!='1')
{
printf("The number entered is not a binary number. Enter the
correct number");
exit(0);
}
}
complement(a);
getch();
 94

}
void complement (char *a)
{
int l, i, c=0;
char b[16];
l=strlen(a);
for (i=l-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if (a[i]=='0')
b[i]='1';
else
b[i]='0';
}
for(i=l-1; i>=0; i--)
{
if(i==l-1)
{
if (b[i]=='0')
b[i]='1';
else
{
b[i]='0';
c=1;
}
}
else
{
if(c==1 && b[i]=='0')
{
b[i]='1';
c=0;
}
else if (c==1 && b[i]=='1')
{
b[i]='0';
c=1;
}
}
}
b[l]='\0';
printf("The 2's complement is %s", b);
}
 95

Output:

1.Enter the binary number101010

The 2's complement is 010110

Enter the binary number11111

The 2's complement is 00001
Enter the binary number2222
The number entered is not a binary number. Enter the correct number
Conclusion: the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) Expand ASCII ?
Ans: American standarad code for information interchange
2)What is binary number ?
Ans: The number which contains only 0 and 1 is called binary number.
3) Define 2”s complement ?
Ans: The given binary number is first covert the numbers 0 to1 and 1 to 0. And finally
add the 1 to the converted number. Then we will get the 2’s complement number.
 96

Objective 25:
To convert roman number to it’s decimal equivalent
Description:
In this program we have to take the roman value. This value is converted into a
it’s equivalent decimal number.
Ex: X=10
Algoritham:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: read the roman numerical as string
Step 3: find length of roman numerical
Step 4: for each charcter in the string
i) if(char=I) then decimal=1
ii) if(char=V) then decimal=5
iii) if(char=X) then decimal=10
iv) if(char=L) then decimal=50
v) if(char=C) then decimal=100
vi) if(char=D) then decimal=500
vii) if(char=M) then decimal=1000
viii) otherwise invalid character
Step 5: repeat step 4 until the length of the string
Step 6: k=char[length-1]
Step 7: for each character of decimal string
i) if(decimal[i]>dec[i-1]) then k=k-decimal[i-1]
ii) else if(decimal[i]=decimal[i-1 or decimal[i]<decimal[i-1) then
k=k+decimall[i-1]
Step 8: repate step 7 until the length of decimal string
Step 9: print decimal value
Step 10: Stop
 97

Flow chart:
Start

Read
roman
value

Len=strlen(rom)

I=0 i++

I< len

K=a[len-1] True

If A[i]=1
I=len-1 i— rom[i]==’I’

I>0
false
true
true
A[i] If A[i]=5
>a[i- rom[i]==’V’
1]
k=k-a[i-1]
true
F false
true

If A[i]=10
A[i]= rom[i]==’X’
=a[i-
1]||
a[i]<a false
[i-1]
B
true C
k=k+ai-1]

A
 98

B
A C

true
If A[i]=50
rom[i]==’L’

Print k false

true
If
A[i]=100
rom[i]==’C’

Stop false

true
If A[i]=500
rom[i]==’D’

false

true
If A[i]=1000
rom[i]==’C’

Print
invalid
 99

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

void main()
{

int *a,len,i,j,k;
char *rom;

clrscr();

printf("Enter the Roman Numeral:");

scanf("%s",rom);

len=strlen(rom);

for(i=0;i<len;i++) // loop will continue until I is not graterthan length.

{
if(rom[i]=='I')
a[i]=1;
else if(rom[i]=='V')
a[i]=5;
else if(rom[i]=='X')
a[i]=10;
else if(rom[i]=='L')
a[i]=50;
else if(rom[i]=='C')
a[i]=100;
else if(rom[i]=='D')
a[i]=500;
else if(rom[i]=='M')
a[i]=1000;
else
{
printf("\nInvalid Value");
getch();
exit(0);
}
}
k=a[len-1];
for(i=len-1;i>0;i--) // loop will continue until I lessthan zero
 100

{
if(a[i]>a[i-1]) // check the condition
k=k-a[i-1];
else if(a[i]==a[i-1] || a[i]<a[i-1])
k=k+a[i-1];
}
printf("\nIts Decimal Equivalent is:");
printf("%d",k);
getch();
}

Output:

Enter the Roman Numeral:D

Its Decimal Equivalent is:500

Enter the Roman Numeral:X

Its Decimal Equivalent is:10

Enter the Roman Numeral:23

Invalid Value
Conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is difference between structure and unions ?

Ans : The amount of memory required to store a structure variable is the sum of size all
the members in addition to the padding bytes that may be provided by the compiler. In
case of a union the amount of memory required is the same as that required by its largest
member.
2) What are various operations performed on union ?
Ans: i)An union variable can be assigned to another union variable
ii) A union variable can be passed to a function as a parameter
iii) The address of the union variable can be extracted by using the address of
operator (&).
 101

Objective 26:
To read the two complex numbers and perform the addition and multiplication
of these two numbers.
Description:
In this program the complex number means it contains the two parts . first one is
real part and second one is imaginary part(2+3i).by taking these two complex
numbers we can perform the addition and multiplication operation.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: declare structure for complex numbers
Step 3: read the complex number
Step 4: read choice
Step 5: if choice=1 then addition operation will perform and it contains following
steps
i) w.realpart = w1.realpart+w2.realpart;
ii) w.imgpart = w1.imgpart+w2.imgpart; goto step 4
Step 6: if choice=2 then multiplication operation will perform and it contains
following steps
i) w.realpart=(w1.realpart*w2.realpart)-(w1.imgpart*w2.imgpart);
ii) w.imgpart=(w1.realpart*w2.imgpart)+(w1.imgpart*w2.realpart); goto
step 4
Step 7: if choice=0 then exit operation will perform

Step 8:if w.imgpart>0 then print realpart+imgpart else

Print realpart.
Step 9: Stop
 102

Flow chart: Start

Declare structure

Read
option

false true Read real part of first number

If image part of first number
option=(add Read real part of second number
or mul) image part of second number

false

If
option=ad
d
w.realpart=w1.realpart+w2.realpart
w.imgpart=w1.imgpart+w2.imgpart If
option=mu
l

false w.realpart=(w1.realpart*w2.realpart)
If w.imgpart=(w1.imgpart*w2.imgpart)
w.imgpart>0
Print real
part
true

Print
w.realpart+w.img
part i

Stop
 103

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
void arithmetic(int opern);
struct comp
{
double realpart;
double imgpart;
};
void main()
{
int opern;
clrscr();
printf("\n\n \t\t\t***** MAIN MENU *****");
printf("\n\n Select your option: \n 1 : ADD\n 2 : MULTIPLY\n 0 : EXIT \n\n\t\t Enter
your Option [ ]\b\b");
scanf("%d",&opern);
if(opern>2)
{
printf("invalid option");
}
else
{
switch(opern)
{
case 0:
exit(0);
case 1:
case 2:
arithmetic(opern);
default:
main();
}
}
getch();
}
void arithmetic(int opern)
{
struct comp w1, w2, w;
printf("\n Enter two Complex Numbers (x+iy):\n Real Part of First Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w1.realpart);
printf("\n Imaginary Part of First Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w1.imgpart);
printf("\n Real Part of Second Number:");
scanf("%lf",&w2.realpart);
 104

printf("\n Imaginary Part of Second Number:");

scanf("%lf",&w2.imgpart);
switch(opern)
{
/*addition of complex number*/
case 1:
w.realpart = w1.realpart+w2.realpart;
w.imgpart = w1.imgpart+w2.imgpart;
break;
/*multiplication of complex number*/
case 2:
w.realpart=(w1.realpart*w2.realpart)-(w1.imgpart*w2.imgpart);
w.imgpart=(w1.realpart*w2.imgpart)+(w1.imgpart*w2.realpart);
break;
}
if (w.imgpart>0)
printf("\n Answer = %lf+%lfi",w.realpart,w.imgpart);
else
printf("\n Answer = %lf%lfi",w.realpart,w.imgpart);
getch();
main();
}

Output:

***** MAIN MENU *****

Select your option:

1 : ADD
2 : MULTIPLY
0 : EXIT
Enter your Option [ 1]

Enter two Complex Numbers (x+iy):

Real Part of First Number:2

Imaginary Part of First Number:2

Real Part of Second Number:2

Imaginary Part of Second Number:2

Answer = 4.000000+4.000000i

***** MAIN MENU *****

 105

Select your option:

1 : ADD
2 : MULTIPLY
0 : EXIT

Enter your Option [ 2]

Enter two Complex Numbers (x+iy):

Real Part of First Number:2

Imaginary Part of First Number:2

Real Part of Second Number:2

Imaginary Part of Second Number:2

Answer = 0.000000+8.000000i
***** MAIN MENU *****

Select your option:

1 : ADD
2 : MULTIPLY
0 : EXIT

Enter your Option [ 3]

invalid option

***** MAIN MENU *****

Select your option:

1 : ADD
2 : MULTIPLY
0 : EXIT

Enter your Option [ 0]

Conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) Define structure ?
Ans: Structure is amethod for packing data of different types. Structure help to organize
complex data in a more meaninigful way.

2) What is use of <math.h> header file ?

Ans: It is used to access the mathematical functions in programs.
 106

Objective 27:
Program which copies one file to another
Description:
In this program we have to use the file functions to perform the copy
operation from one file to another file.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: read command line arguments
Step 3: check if no of arguments =3 or not. If not print invalid no of arguments
Step 4: open source file in read mode
Step 5: if NULL pointer, then print source file can not be open
Step 6: open destination file in write mode
Step 7: if NULL pointer, then print destination file can not be open
Step 8 : read a character from source file and write to destination file until EOF
Step 9: Close source file and destination file
Step 10: Stop
 107

Flow chart: Start

Read arguments
from command line

false
true
If Fs=fopen(arg[1],”r”
arg!
=3
true
Print invalid no
of arguments Print source If
file can not fs=NUL
be opened L
false

Ft=fopen(arg[2],”w”

Print target file If

can not be opened ft==NUL
L

false
Fclose(fs)

Ch=fgetc(fs)

true
Fclose(fs) If
Stop Fclose(ft) ch==EO
F
false

Fputc(ch,ft)
 108

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <process.h>

void main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
FILE *fs,*ft;
char ch;
clrscr();
if(argc!=3)
{
puts("Invalid number of arguments.");
exit(0);
}
fs = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(fs==NULL)
{
puts("Source file cannot be opened.");
exit(0);
}
ft = fopen(argv[2],"w");
if (ft==NULL) // check the condition if the file pointer is NULL or not

{
puts("Target file cannot be opened.");
fclose(fs);
exit(0);
}
while(1)
{
ch=fgetc(fs);
if (ch==EOF) // check the condition if the file is end or not
break;
else
fputc(ch,ft);
}
fclose(fs);
fclose(ft);
getch();
}
 109

Output:
source.c
this is source text
ouput.c

Command line arguments

source.c ouput.c
source.c
this is source text
ouput.c
this is source text

Command line arguments

source.c
Invalid number of arguments.

Conclusion: the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) What is file ?
Ans: The collection of alphabets is called file

2) What are the various operations performed on the file ?

Ans: fopen(), fread(), fwrite(), fclose() etc..,

3) What is the use of file pointer ?

Ans: The file pointer must be used in subsequent operations on the file
 110

Objective 28:
To reverse the first n characters in afile
Description:
This program perform the reverse operation of n characters in the file
Algorithm:
Step 1: Star
Step 2: read the command line arguments
Step 3: check if arguments=3 or not
If not print invalid no of arguments
Step 4: open source file in read mode
Step 5: if NULL pointer, then print file can not be open
Step 6: Store no of chars to reverse in k
K= *argv[2]-48
Step 7: read the item from file stream using fread
Step 8: Store chars from last position to initial position in another string(temp)
Step 9: print the temp string
Step 10: Stop
 111

Flow chart: Start

Read command
line args

false
Print invalid If Fp=fopen(argv[1],”r
no of args argc! ”
=3
true
Print file can If
not be fp==NUL
opened L

false

k=*argv[2]-48
n = fread(a,1,k,fp)
a[n]='\0'
len=strlen(a)

I = len-1 i—
false
I >=0
S[j+1]=’\0’

true

S[j]=a[i]

Print s[j]
Stop

J++
 112

Program:

#include <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <process.h>

void main(int argc, char *argv[])

{
char a[15];
char s[20];
char n;
int k;
int j=0;
int i;
int len;
FILE *fp;

if(argc!=3)
{
puts("Improper number of arguments.");
exit(0);
}
fp = fopen(argv[1],"r");
if(fp == NULL)
{
puts("File cannot be opened.");
exit(0);
}

k=*argv[2]-48;
n = fread(a,1,k,fp);
a[n]='\0';
len=strlen(a);
for(i=len-1;i>=0;i--)
{
s[j]=a[i];
printf("%c",s[j]);
j=j+1;
}
s[j+1]='\0';
getch();
}
 113

Output:
source.c
this is source
ouput.c

Command line arguments

source.c ouput.c
source.c
this is source

ecruos si siht

Command line arguments

source.c
Invalid number of arguments.

Conclusion: the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) List out the file handling functions ?
Ans: fopen(), fprintf(),fclose(),fscanf(),fgetc(),fputc(), etc..,

2) What is the use of fseek() function ?

Ans: The function fseek sets the file pointer associated with a stream to a new position

3) What is use of the fflush() function ?

Ans: If the given stream has a buffered output, fflush writes the output of the stream to
the associate file.
 114

Objective 29:
Program that uses functions to perform the following operations on single linked
lists. i) creation ii) insertion iii) deletion iv) traversal
Description:
In this program we have to create a single linked list, insert the elements into that
list ,delete the some elements from that list and then perform the sorting operation
and traversal operation on that created linkedlist
Algorithm :

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Declare a structure named linked-list

Step 3: Declare the pointers next, first, fresh, ptr

Step 4: Print main menu

Step 5: Read choice

Step 6: Switch(choice)

Step 7: If(choice==1)
7.1 Assign fresh=malloc(size of (node))
7.2 Read the element fresh->data
7.3 Read the choice where to insert
7.4:Switch(choice)
7.4.1: If choice==1
7..4.2: Call the function IBegin()
7.4.3: If choice==2
7.4.4: Call the function Iend()
7.4.5: If choice==3
7.4.6: Call the function Imiddle()

Step 8: If(choice==2)
8.1: Read the position to delete
8.2: Switch(choice)
8.2.1: If choice==1
8..2.2: Call the function DBegin()
8.2.3: If choice==2
8.2.4: Call the function Dend()
8.2.5: If choice==3
8.2.6: Call the function Dmiddle()

Step 9: If choice==3
9.1 Call function view
 115

Step 10: If choice==4

10.1 Exit()

Step 11: Start insert function

Step 12: If(first==null)

Step 13: First->data=e

Step 14: First->next=null

Step 15: Else declare new node

Step 16:fresh->data=e

Step 17: If choice=1

Step 18: frsh->next=first

Step 19: first=fresh

Step 20:if choice=2

Step 21: ptr=first

Step 22: ptr->next=fresh

Step 23: fresh->next=full

Step 24: If choice =3

Step 25: Enter the position

Step 26:at p-1 node

Step 27: fresh->next= ptr->next

Step 28: ptr->next=fresh

Step 29: for delete function

Step 30: If first!=null

Step 31: Enter the position to delete

Step 32: If choice=1

 116

Step 33: d=first->data

Step 34: first=first->next

Step 35: if choice=2

Step 36: ptr=first

Step 37: Traverse to last node

Step 38: d=ptr->next->data

Step 39: ptr ->next=ptr->next->next

Step 40: Print d value

Step 41: for function view

Step 42: for ptr=first and ptr!=null and ptr=ptr->next

Step 43: Print ptr->data

Step 44: End

 117

Flowchart:
 118

Program:

# include<stdio.h>
# include<malloc.h>

int ch,i,n,j,p,item; /* VARIABLE DECLARATION */

/* START OF STRUCTURE DEFINITION */

struct link
{
int data;
struct link *next;
}*start,*new,*l,*l1,*start1,*t;

/* END OF STRUCTURE DEFINITION */

/* START OF MAIN FUNCTION */

main()
{
clrscr();
start=NULL;
start1=NULL;
printf(" **** MENU **** ");
printf("\n 1.Insertion\n 2.Deletion\n 3.Traverse\n 4.Search\n 5.Sort\n 6.Merge\n
7.Reverse\n");
while(1)
{
printf("enter the choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: insert();
break;
case 2: delete();
break;
case 3: traverse();
break;
case 4: search();
break;
case 5: sort();
break;
case 6: merge();
break;
case 7: reverse();
 119

break;
case 8:exit();
}
}
getch();
}

/* END OF MAIN FUNCTION */

/* START OF INSERT FUNCTION */

insert()
{
l=start;
printf("enter the item to be inserted:");
scanf("%d",&item);
new=malloc(sizeof(struct link));
new->data=item;
if(start==NULL)
{
new->next=NULL;
start=new;
}
else
{
printf("1.start\n2.middle\n3.end\n");
printf("enter the place to place the item:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
new->next=start;
start=new;
}
if(ch==2)
{
printf("enter the position to place item:");
scanf("%d",&p);
for(i=1;i<p-1;i++)
l=l->next;
new->next=l->next;
l->next=new;
}
if(ch==3)
{
while(l->next!=NULL)
l=l->next;
 120

new->next=NULL;
l->next=new;
}
}
}
/* END OF INSERT FUNCTION */

/* START OF DISPLAY FUNCTION */

traverse()
{
if(start==NULL)
printf("LIST IS EMPTY\n");
else
{
for(l=start;l->next!=NULL;l=l->next)
if(l==start)
printf("\nstart:%d->",l->data);
else
printf("\n%7d->",l->data);
if(l->next==NULL)
printf("\n last:%d->\n",l->data);
}
}

/* END OF DISPLAY FUNCTION */

/* START OF DELETE FUNCTION */

delete()
{
l=start;
if(start==NULL)
printf("NO ITEMS IN THE LIST\n");
else
{
printf("1.start\n2.middle\n3.end\n");
printf("enter the place to delete the item:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
item=start->data;
printf("deleted item is:%d\n",item);
start=start->next;
}
if(ch==2)
 121

{
printf("enter the position to delete item:");
scanf("%d",&p);
if(l->next==NULL)
{
item=l->data;
printf("deleted item is:%d\n",item);
l=start=NULL;
}
else
{
for(i=1;i<p-1;i++)
l=l->next;
item=l->next->data;
printf("deleted item is:%d\n",item);
l->next=l->next->next;
}
}
if(ch==3)
{
if(l->next==NULL)
{
item=l->data;
printf("deleted item is:%d\n",item);
l=start=NULL;
}
else
{
while(l->next->next!=NULL)
l=l->next;
item=l->next->data;
printf("deleted item is:%d\n",item);
l->next=NULL;
l=l->next;
}
}
}
}

/* END OF DELETE FUNCTION */

/* START OF SEARCH FUNCTION */

search()
{
int f=0;
 122

printf("enter the search item:");

scanf("%d",&item);
if(start==NULL)
printf("LIST IS EMPTY");
else
{
for(l=start,i=1;l!=NULL;l=l->next,i++)
if(l->data==item)
{
f=1;
break;
}
if(f==1)
printf("item %d found at position :%d\n",item,i);
else
printf("item %d not found\n",item);
}
}

/* END OF SEARCH FUNCTION */

/* START OF SORT FUNCTION */

sort()
{
int t;
if(start==NULL)
printf("LIST IS EMPTY");
else
{
for(l1=start;l1->next!=NULL;l1=l1->next)
{
for(l=start;l->next!=NULL;l=l->next)
if(l->data > l->next->data)
{
t=l->data;
l->data=l->next->data;
l->next->data=t;
}
}
printf("THE SORTED ORDER IS:");
for(l=start;l!=NULL;l=l->next)
printf("%3d",l->data);
}
printf("\n");
}
 123

/* END OF SORT FUNCTION */

/* START OF MERGE FUNCTION */

merge()
{
printf("enter no of elements to be inserted in second list :");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
l1=start1;
printf("enter the item to be inserted:");
scanf("%d",&item);
new=malloc(sizeof(struct link));
new->data=item;
new->next=NULL;
if(start1==NULL)
start1=new;
else
{
printf("1.start\n2.middle\n3.end\n");
printf("enter the place to place the item:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
new->next=start1;
start1=new;
}
if(ch==2)
{
printf("enter the position to place item:");
scanf("%d",&p);
for(i=1;i<p-1;i++)
l1=l1->next;
new->next=l1->next;
l1->next=new;
}
if(ch==3)
{
while(l1->next!=NULL)
l1=l1->next;
l1->next=new;
}
}
}
 124

if(start==NULL)
start=start1;
else
{
l=start;
while(l->next!=NULL)
l=l->next;
for(l1=start1;l1->next!=NULL;l1=l1->next)
{
l->next=l1;
l=l->next;
}
}
printf(" *** LIST IS MERGED *** \n");
}

/* END OF MERGE FUNCTION */

/* START OF REVERSE FUNCTION */

reverse()
{
if(start==NULL)
printf("LIST IS EMPTY\n");
else
{
l=start;
l1=t=NULL;
while(l!=NULL)
{
l1=t;
t=l;
l=l->next;
t->next=l1;
}
start=t;
printf(" *** LIST IS REVERSED ***\n");
}
}

/* END OF REVERSE FUNCTION */

***** OUTPUT *****

**** MENU ****
1.Insertion
 125

2.Deletion
3.Traverse
4.Search
5.Sort
6.Merge
7.Reverse
enter the choice:1
enter the item to be inserted:1
enter the choice:1
enter the item to be inserted:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to place the item:1
enter the choice:1
enter the item to be inserted:3
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to place the item:3
enter the choice:1
enter the item to be inserted:4
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to place the item:2
enter the position to place item:3
enter the choice:3

start:2->
1->
4->
last:3->
enter the choice:4
enter the search item:4
item 4 found at position :3
enter the choice:6
enter no of elements to be inserted in second list :3
enter the item to be inserted:5
enter the item to be inserted:6
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to place the item:1
enter the item to be inserted:7
1.start
 126

2.middle
3.end
enter the place to place the item:2
enter the position to place item:2
*** LIST IS MERGED ***
enter the choice:3

start:2->
1->
4->
3->
6->
7->
last:5->
enter the choice:7
*** LIST IS REVERSED ***
enter the choice:3

start:5->
7->
6->
3->
4->
1->
last:2->
enter the choice:4
enter the search item:1
item 1 found at position :6
enter the choice:5
THE SORTED ORDER IS: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
enter the choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:1
deleted item is:1
enter the choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:3
deleted item is:7
enter the choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
 127

enter the place to delete the item:2

enter the position to delete item:4
deleted item is:5
enter the choice:3

start:2->
3->
4->
last:6->
enter the choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:1
deleted item is:2
enter the choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:2
enter the position to delete item:2
deleted item is:4
enter the choice:3
start:3->
last:6->
enter the choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:2
enter the position to delete item:2
deleted item is:6
enter the choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:1
deleted item is:3
enter the choice:3
LIST IS EMPTY
enter the choice:2
NO ITEMS IN THE LIST
enter the choice:8
conclusion: the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:
 128

1) List out the memory allocation functions ?

Ans: malloc(), calloc(),free(), realloc() etc..,

2) Define linked list ?

Ans: Linked list is list whose order is given by links from one item to the next

3) List out the advantages of linked list ?

Ans: i) Dyanamic data structure
ii) no waste memory space
iii) flexibility
 129

Objective 30:
Program that uses functions to perform the following operations on doubly
linked list i) creation ii) insertion iii) deletion iv) traversal
Description : In this program we have to create a doubly linked list, insert the
elements in to a doubly linked list, delete the elements from that list and finally
perform the traversal operation
ALGORITHM :

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Declare a structure with *next, *pre

Step 3: Declare *start, *new ,*l as structure pointers

Step 4: Print main menu

Step 5: Read choice

Step 6: Switch choice

6.1: call insert function if choice==1
6.2: call delete function if choice==2
6.3: call view function if choice==3

Step 7: Stop

Step 8: Start of insert function

Step 9: Read e

Step 10: If start==null

Step 11: Create a new node

Step 12: Start->data=e

Step 13: Start->next=null

Step 14: Start->pre=null

Step 15: read choice, where to insert

Step 16: if choice==1

Step 16.1: Create a new mode

Step 16.2: new -> data=e

 130

Step 16.3: new -> next=start

Step 16.4: start->pre=new

Step 16.5: new->pre=null

Step 16.6: Start->new

Step 17: otherwise if choice==2

17.1: read position p

17.2: l=start

17.3: while i<(p-1)

17.4: incrent i

17.5: l=l->next

17.6: new -> data =e

17.7: new -> pre=l

17.8: new->next=new

17.9: l-> next=new

17.10: l->next->pre=new

Step 18: if choice==3

18.1: l=start

18.2: while l->next!=null

18.3: l=l->next

18.4: create a new mode

18.5: new->data=e

18.6: new->next=null

18.7: l->next=new
 131

18.8: new->pre=l

Step19: end of insert function

Step20: start of deletion function

Step21: write menu

Step22: read choice

Step23: if choice==1

23.1: temp=start->data

23.2: start=start->next

23.3: start->pre=null

Step24: if choice==2

24.1: read position

24.2: l=start

24.3: while (i=1 <p-1)

24.4: l=l->next

24.5: increment I by 1

24.6: temp=l-next->data

24.7: l->next=l->next->next

24.8: l->next->pre=l

Step25: if choice==3

25.1: read l=start

25.2: while l->next->next!= null

25.3: l=l->next

25.4: temp=l->next->data
 132

25.5: l->next=null

Step26: end of delete function

Step27: start of view function

Step28: read choice

Step29: if choice==1

29.1: l=next

29.2: while (l->next!= null)

29.3: write l-> data, l=l->next

29.4: write l->data

Step30: if choice==2

30.1: l=start

30.2: while l!=start

30.3: write l->data

30.4: l=l->pre

30.5: write l->data

Step31: end of function view

Flowchart:
 133

Program:
 134

#include<stdio.h>
#include<malloc.h>

/* START OF STRUCTURE DEFINITION */

struct link
{
int data;
struct link *next;
struct link *prev;
}*start,*new,*temp,*l,*l1,*t,*start1;

/* END OF STRUCTURE DEFINITION */

int item,ch,i,j,p,n; /* VARIABLE DECLARATION */

/* START OF MAIN FUNCTION */

main()
{
start=NULL;
start1=NULL;
clrscr();
printf(" **** MENU ****");
printf("\n1.Insertion\n2.Deletion\n3.Traverse\n4.search\n5.sort\n6.merge\n
7.reverse\n8.exit\n");
while(1)
{
printf("enter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:insert();
break;
case 2:delete();
break;
case 3:display();
break;
case 4:search();
break;
case 5:sort();
break;
 135

case 6:merge();
break;
case 7:reverse();
break;
case 8:exit();
}
}
getch();
}

/* END OF MAIN FUNCTION */

/* START OF INSERT FUNCTION */

insert()
{
l=start;
printf("enter an item to be inserted:");
scanf("%d",&item);
new=malloc(sizeof(struct link));
new->data=item;
if(start==NULL)
{
new->prev=NULL;
new->next=NULL;
start=new;
}
else
{
printf("1.start\n2.middle\n3.end\n");
printf("enter the place to insert item:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
new->next=start;
new->prev=NULL;
start=new;
}
if(ch==2)
{
printf("enter the position to place item:");
scanf("%d",&p);
for(i=1;i<p-1;i++)
l=l->next;
new->prev=l;
 136

new->next=l->next;
l->next=new;
}
if(ch==3)
{
while(l->next!=NULL)
l=l->next;
new->prev=l;
new->next=NULL;
l->next=new;
}
}
}

/* END OF INSERT FUNCTION */

/* START OF DELETE FUNCTION */

delete()
{
l=start;
if(start==NULL)
printf("*** LIST IS EMPTY ***");
else
{
printf("1.start\n2.middle\n3.end");
printf("enter the place to delete the item:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
item=start->data;
printf("deleted item is :%d",item);
start=start->next;
start->prev=NULL;
}
if(ch==2)
{
printf("enter the position to delete an item:");
scanf("%d",&p);
if(l->next==NULL)
{
item=l->data;
printf("deleted item is:%d",item);
l=start=NULL;
}
else
 137

{
for(i=1;i<p-1;i++)
l=l->next;
item=l->next->data;
printf("deleted item is:%d",item);
l->next=l->next->next;
l->next->prev=l;
}
}
if(ch==3)
{
if(l->next==NULL)
{
item=l->data;
printf("deleted item is :%d",item);
l->prev=NULL;
l=start=NULL;
}
else
{
while(l->next->next!=NULL)
l=l->next;
item=l->next->data;
printf("deleted item is:%d",item);
l->next=NULL;
}
}
}
}

/* END OF DELETE FUNCTION */

/* START OF DISPLAY FUNCTION */

display()
{
if(start==NULL)
printf("*** LIST IS EMPTY ***\n");
else
{
for(l=start;l->next!=NULL;l=l->next)
if(l==start)
printf("\nstart:%d",l->data);
else
printf("\n %8d",l->data);
if(l->next==NULL)
printf("\n last:%d",l->data);
 138

}
}

/* END OF DISPLAY FUNCTION */

/* START OF SEARCH FUNCTION */

search()
{
int f=0;
if(start==NULL)
printf(" *** LIST IS EMPTY *** ");
else
{
printf("enter the search item:");
scanf("%d",&item);
for(l=start,i=1;l!=NULL;l=l->next,i++)
if(item==l->data)
{
f=1;
break;
}
if(f==1)
printf("item %d found at position %d",item,i);
else
printf("item %d not found in list",item);
}
}

/* END OF SEARCH FUNCTION */

/* START OF SORT FUNCTION */

sort()
{
int t;
if(start==NULL)
printf(" *** LIST IS EMPTY *** ");
else
{
for(l1=start;l1->next!=NULL;l1=l1->next)
for(l=start;l->next!=NULL;l=l->next)
if(l->data > l->next->data)
{
t=l->next->data;
l->next->data=l->data;
l->data=t;
 139

}
printf("THE SORTED ORDER IS:");
for(l=start;l!=NULL;l=l->next)
printf("%3d",l->data);
}
printf("\n");
}

/* END OF SORT FUNCTION */

/* START OF MERGE FUNCTION */

merge()
{
printf("enter number items to be inserted in second list:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{
l1=start1;
printf("enter an item:");
scanf("%d",&item);
new=malloc(sizeof(struct link));
new->data=item;
if(start1==NULL)
{
new->prev=NULL;
new->next=NULL;
start1=new;
}
else
{
printf("1.start\n2.middle\n3.end\n");
printf("enter the place to insert item:");
scanf("%d",&ch);
if(ch==1)
{
new->next=start1;
new->prev=NULL;
start1=new;
}
if(ch==2)
{
printf("enter the position to place item:");
scanf("%d",&p);
for(i=1;i<p-1;i++)
 140

l1=l1->next;
new->prev=l1;
new->next=l1->next;
l1->next=new;
}
if(ch==3)
{
while(l1->next!=NULL)
l1=l1->next;
new->prev=l1;
new->next=NULL;
l1->next=new;
}
}
}
if(start==NULL)
start=start1;
else
{
l=start;
while(l->next!=NULL)
l=l->next;
for(l1=start1;l1->next!=NULL;l1=l1->next)
{
l->next=l1;
l=l->next;
}
}
printf(" *** LIST IS MERGED *** \n");
}

/* END OF MERGE FUNCTION */

/* START OF REVERSE FUNCTION */

reverse()
{
if(start==NULL)
printf(" *** LIST IS EMPTY ***\n ");
else
{
l=start;
l1=t=NULL;
while(l!=NULL)
{
l1=t;
 141

t=l;
l=l->next;
t->next=l1;
}
start=t;
printf(" *** LIST IS REVERSED *** \n");
}
}

/* END OF REVERSE FUNCTION */

Input/Output:

**** MENU ****

1.Insertion
2.Deletion
3.Traverse
4.search
5.sort
6.merge
7.reverse
8.exit
enter your choice:1
enter an item to be inserted:10
enter your choice:1
enter an item to be inserted:20
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to insert item:1
enter your choice:1
enter an item to be inserted:30
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to insert item:3
enter your choice:1
enter an item to be inserted:40
1.start
2.middle
3.end
 142

enter the place to insert item:2

enter the position to place item:3
enter your choice:1
enter an item to be inserted:50
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to insert item:2
enter the position to place item:2
enter your choice:3

start: 20
50
10
40
last: 30
enter your choice:6
enter number items to be inserted in second list:3
enter an item:60
enter an item:70
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to insert item:3
enter an item:80
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to insert item:1
*** LIST IS MERGED ***
enter your choice:3
start:20
50
10
40
30
80
60
last:70
enter your choice:4
enter the search item:80
 143

item 80 found at position 6

enter your choice:4
enter the search item:10
item 10 found at position 3
enter your choice:7
*** LIST IS REVERSED ***
enter your choice:3
start:70
60
80
30
40
10
50
last: 20
enter your choice:5
THE SORTED ORDER IS: 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:1
deleted item is :10
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:3
deleted item is:80
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:2
enter the position to delete an item:3
deleted item is:40
enter your choice:3

start:20
30
50
60
last: 70
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
 144

3.end
enter the place to delete the item:2
enter the position to delete an item:4
deleted item is:60
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:4
enter your choice:3

start:20
30
50
last: 70

enter your choice:2

1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:2
enter the position to delete an item:3
deleted item is:50
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:2
enter the position to delete an item:3
deleted item is:50
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:2
enter the position to delete an item:1
deleted item is:30
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:1
deleted item is :20
enter your choice:3
 145

last:70
enter your choice:2
1.start
2.middle
3.end
enter the place to delete the item:1
deleted item is :70
enter your choice:3
*** LIST IS EMPTY ***
enter your choice:2
*** LIST IS EMPTY ***
enter your choice:8

conclusion: the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) List out the ypes of linked lists ?
Ans: i) circular linked lists ii) doubly linked lists, iii) circular doubly linked list
2) What are the various operations performed on the linked lists ?
Ans: i) creating a list, ii) traversing the list iii) inserting an item etc..,
3) Another name for doubly linked list ?
Ans: two-way linked list.

Objective 31:
 146

Program that implement stack and its operation by using the arrays
Description:
In this program we have to implement the stack operation by using the
arrays. Here they stack operation are push and pop. Push operation is used
to insert the elements into a stack and pop operation is used to remove the
elements in to a stack
ALGORITHM FOR INSERTING AN ELEMENT IN A STACK:

Function Push(s,top,x)
Step 1: [Check for stack overflow]
If top>=n
Then printf(“stack overflow”)
Return
Step 2: [Increment Top]
Top<-top+1

Step 3: [ Insert element]

S[top]<-x

Step 4:[finished]
Return

ALGORITHM FOR DELETING AN ELEMENT FROM A STACK:

Function POP(s,top)
Step 1: [Check for stack underflow]
If top=0
Then printf(“stack underflow”)
Exit
Step 2: [Decrement Top]
Top<-top-1

Step 3: [Return former top element of stackwwwww]

Return(S[top+1])

Step 4:[finished]
Return

Flowchart:
 147

Program:
 148

# include <stdio.h>
# define size 4
int choice,top=0,a[size],item;
main()
{
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf(" *** MENU ***\n 1. PUSH\n 2. POP\n 3.
TRAVERSE\n 4. EXIT\n");
printf("enter your choice from menu:");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:push();
break;
case 2:pop();
break;
case 3:traverse();
break;
case 4:exit();
default:printf("wrong choice\n");
}
}
getch();
}
push()
{
if(size==top)
printf("*** stack is full ***\n");
else
{
printf("enter the item to be pushed into the stack:");
scanf("%d",&item);
top++;
a[top]=item;
}
}

pop()
{
if(top==0)
printf("*** stack is empty ***\n");
else
{
 149

item=a[top];
top--;
printf("the deleted item from stack is %d\n",item);
}
}
traverse()
{
int i;
if(top==0)
printf("**** stack is empty ****");
else
{
printf("*** stack display ***\n");
for(i=1;i<=top;i++)
if(i==top)
printf("%d at %d ->top\n",a[i],i);
else
printf("%d at %d\n",a[i],i);
}
}

Input/Output:

*** MENU ***

1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:1
enter the item to be pushed into the stack:11
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:1
enter the item to be pushed into the stack:12
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:1
enter the item to be pushed into the stack:13
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
 150

2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:1
enter the item to be pushed into the stack:14
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:1
*** stack is full ***
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:3
*** stack display ***
11 at 1
12 at 2
13 at 3
14 at 4 ->top
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:2
the deleted item from stack is 14
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:2
the deleted item from stack is 13
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:2
the deleted item from stack is 12

*** MENU ***

 151

1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:2
the deleted item from stack is 11
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:2
*** stack is empty ***
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:3
**** stack is empty ****
*** MENU ***
1. PUSH
2. POP
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice from menu:4

conclusion: the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) Define Stack ?
Ans: A stack is a linear data structure in which a data item is inserted and deleted at one
end
2) Define data structure ?
Ans: A data structure is a collection of organized data that are related to each other

3) What are the various operation performed on the stack ?

Ans: push(), pop()

Objective 32:
 152

Program that implement stack operations by using the pointers.

Description:
In this program we have to implement the stack operation by using the pointers.
Here they stack operation are push and pop. Push operation is used to insert the
elements into a stack and pop operation is used to remove the elements in to a
stack.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Declare the structure for the stack pointers.
Step 3: Define the push function
Step 4: Define the pop function
Step 5: Define the display function
Step 6: Read the choice
Step 7: if choice = push
Create a cell for the TOP cell in the stack.
Place the date in the TOP cell
Place the TOP pointer to the new cell
Step 8: if choice=pop
Check if empty stack. If so, print stack is empty.
Otherwise, remove the TOP cell.
Step 9: if choice=display
Display all the elements in the Stack.
Step 10: Stop
 153

Flowchart: Start

Define structure for st_point

pointer

Define push( )

Define pop( )

Define display ( )

Read choice,
num1=0,num2=0

While(1
)

Read choice

Switch choice

Push( ) Pop( ) Display( ) Exit( )

break break break break

stop
 154

PUSH( )

Read
element,st_point
er
M=(struct st_point*)malloc(sizeof(struct st_point))

M ->elec=j

M -> l=t

T=m

Return to main
program

Pop ( )

F T
If
t=NULL
I = t->ele Print stack is
empty

T =t -> l

Return i

Return to main
program
 155

Display ( )

Define st_point * pointer= NULL

Pointer = t

While(pointer!
=
NULL)
true

Print the element

Pointer=pointer->1

Return to main program

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

struct st_point
{
int ele;
struct st_point *l;
}

*t;
int i;
 156

void push_ele(int j);

int pop_ele();
void display_ele();

void main()
{
char choice,num1=0,num2=0;
int i;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("======================================");
printf("\n\t\t MENU ");
printf("\n======================================");
printf("\n[1] Using Push Function");
printf("\n[2] Using Pop Function");
printf("\n[3] Elements present in Stack");
printf("\n[4] Exit\n");
printf("\n\tEnter your choice: ");
fflush(stdin);
scanf("%c",&choice);

switch(choice-'0')
{
case 1:
{
printf("\n\tElement to be pushed:");
scanf("%d",&num1);
push_ele(num1);
break;
}

case 2:
{
num2=pop_ele(1);
printf("\n\tElement to be popped: %d\n\t",num2);
getch();
break;
}

case 3:
{
printf("\n\tElements present in the stack are:\n\t");
display_ele();
getch();
 157

break;
}

case 4:
exit(1);
break;

default:
printf("\nYour choice is invalid.\n");
break;
}
}
}
/*Inserting the elements using push function*/
void push_ele(int j)
{
struct st_point *m;
m=(struct st_point*)malloc(sizeof(struct st_point));
m->ele=j;
m->l=t;
t=m;
return;
}

/*Removing the elements using pop function*/

int pop_ele()
{
if(t==NULL)
{
printf("\n\STACK is Empty.");
getch();
exit(1);
}
else
{
int i=t->ele;
t=t->l;
return (i);
}
return 0;
}

/*Displaying the elements */

void display_ele()
{
struct st_point *pointer=NULL;
 158

pointer=t;
while(pointer!=NULL)
{
printf("%d\t",pointer->ele);
pointer=pointer->l;
}
}

Output:

======================================
MENU
======================================
[1] Using Push Function
[2] Using Pop Function
[3] Elements present in Stack
[4] Exit

Enter your choice: 1

Element to be pushed:23

======================================
MENU
======================================
[1] Using Push Function
[2] Using Pop Function
[3] Elements present in Stack
[4] Exit

Enter your choice: 3

Elements present in the stack are:

23
======================================
MENU
======================================
[1] Using Push Function
[2] Using Pop Function
[3] Elements present in Stack
[4] Exit

Enter your choice: 2

Element to be popped: 23
 159

======================================
MENU
======================================
[1] Using Push Function
[2] Using Pop Function
[3] Elements present in Stack
[4] Exit

Enter your choice: 4

Exit the program

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) Define Stack ?
Ans: A stack is a linear data structure in which a data item is inserted and deleted at one
end
2) Define data structure ?
Ans: A data structure is a collection of organized data that are related to each other

3) What are the various operation performed on the stack ?

Ans: push(), pop()
 160

Objective 33:
Program that implement Queue operation by using the arrays
Description: In this program we have to implement the Queue operation by using the
arrays. Here they Queue operation are push and pop. Push operation is used to insert the
elements into a Queue and pop operation is used to remove the elements in to a Queue.
ALGORITHM FOR INSERTING AN ELEMENT IN TO A QUEUE:

Function QINSERET(Q,F,R,N,Y)
Step 1: [overflow]
If R>=N
Then printf(“ overflow”)
Return
Step 2: [Increment rear pointer]
R<-R+1

Step 3: [ Insert element]

Q[R]<-y

Step 4: [Is front pointer properly set?]

If F=0
Then f<-1
Return

ALGORITHM FOR DELETING AN ELEMENT FROM A STACK:

Function QDELETE(Q,F,R)

Step 1: [Underflow]
If F=0
Then printf(“Queue underflow”)
Return(0)
Step 2: [Delete element]
y<-q[f]

Step 3: [Is Queue Empty?]

If F=R
Then F=R=0
Else
F=F+1

Step 4:[Return element]

Return(r)
 161

Flowchart:
 162

Program:

# include <stdio.h>
# define size 4
int front=0,rear=-1,item,choice,a[size];
main()
{
clrscr();
while(1)
{
printf("*** MENU ***\n 1. INSERTION\n 2. DELETION\n
3.TRAVERSE\n 4. EXIT\n");
printf("enter your choice:");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:insertion();
break;
case 2:deletion();
break;
case 3:traverse();
break;
case 4:exit();
default:printf("*** wrong choice ***\n");
}
}
getch();
}
insertion()
{
if(rear==size-1)
printf("*** queue is full ***\n");
else
{
printf("enter item into queue:");
scanf("%d",&item);
rear++;
a[rear]=item;
}
}
deletion()
{
if(front==rear+1)
printf("*** queue is empty ***\n");
else
{
 163

item=a[front];
front++;
printf("the deleted item from queue is %d\n",item);
}
}
traverse()
{
int i;
if(front==rear+1)
printf("*** queue is empty ***\n");
else
{
for(i=front;i<=rear;i++)
if(i==front && rear==i)
printf("%d at %d ->front=rear\n",a[i],i);
else
if(i==rear)
printf("%d at %d ->rear\n",a[i],i);
else
if(i==front)
printf("%d at %d ->front\n",a[i],i);
else
printf("%d at %d\n",a[i],i);
}
}

Input/Output:

*** MENU ***

1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:1
enter item into queue:11
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:1
enter item into queue:12
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
 164

3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:1
enter item into queue:13
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:1
enter item into queue:14
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:1
*** queue is full ***
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:3
11 at 0 ->front
12 at 1
13 at 2
14 at 3 ->rear
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:2
the deleted item from queue is 11
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:2
the deleted item from queue is 12
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
 165

4. EXIT
enter your choice:2
the deleted item from queue is 13

*** MENU ***

1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:2
the deleted item from queue is 14
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:2
*** queue is empty ***
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:3
*** queue is empty ***
*** MENU ***
1. INSERTION
2. DELETION
3. TRAVERSE
4. EXIT
enter your choice:4

conclusion: the program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) Define queue ?
Ans: A queue is a linear, sequential list of that are accessed in the oeder first in first
out(FIFO).
2) Define circular queues ?
Ans: A queue can also be circular in which case, it is called as a circular queue
3) What are the various stack oriented notations ?
Ans: i) infix ii) prefix iii) postfix
 166

Objective 34:
Program that implement Queue operation by using the pointers
Description:
In this program we have to implement the Queue operation by using the pointers.
Here they Queue operation are push and pop. Push operation is used to insert the
elements into a Queue and pop operation is used to remove the elements in to a
Queue.

Algorithm:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: define structure for queue
Step 3: read choice
Step 4: if choice = insert
i) read the element
ii) create a data structure
iii) if empty queue then front of queue pinter points to newly created data
structure
iv) otherwise end of the queue points to newly created data structure
Step 5: if choice= remove
i) check if queue is empty . if so, print queue is empty
ii) otherwise read the element pointed by front of the queue temp pointer
points to front of queue
iii) front of queue points to next element
iv) free the element pointed by temp pointer
v) return the element
vi) print the element
Step 6: if choice = display
i) check of empty queue if so, print queue empty
ii) otherwise print the elements from front of the queue until the end of the
queue
step 7: if choice=exits stop
 167

Flowchart: start

Define the structure for queue

B Read the choice

T F
If
choice=inse
rt
T
Read the element F
to be inserted If
choice=remo
ve
Queue ->ele=ele F
Queue ->n=NULL If !
e_que()
Print
queue is
T
T F empty
If
f_ptr=NUL
L T
B
F+ptr=queue
Ptr=f_ptr ptr ->n!=NULL
Ptr->n=queue

Ptr = ptr -> n

B

Print j
F
If
choice=displ
ay B
T
F
T If
choice=ex
Ptr=f_ptr it
Print invalid
stop choice

A
 168

T F
If
empty
queue

If ptr!
Print empty =NULL
queue
T

Print ptr ->

ele
B
Ptr= ptr-> n

program:
#define true 1
#define false 0

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<process.h>

struct q_point
{
int ele;
struct q_point* n;
};

struct q_point *f_ptr = NULL;

int e_que(void);
void add_ele(int);
int rem_ele(void);
void show_ele();

/*main function*/
void main()
{
 169

int ele,choice,j;
while(1)
{
clrscr();
printf("\n\n****IMPLEMENTATION OF QUEUE USING
POINTERS****\n");

printf("==============================================");
printf("\n\t\t MENU\n");

printf("==============================================");
printf("\n\t[1] To insert an element");
printf("\n\t[2] To remove an element");
printf("\n\t[3] To display all the elements");
printf("\n\t[4] Exit");
printf("\n\n\tEnter your choice:");
scanf("%d", &choice);

switch(choice)
{
case 1:
{
printf("\n\tElement to be inserted:");
scanf("%d",&ele);
add_ele(ele);
getch();
break;
}

case 2:
{
if(!e_que())
{
j=rem_ele();
printf("\n\t%d is removed from the queue",j);
getch();
}
else
{
printf("\n\tQueue is Empty.");
getch();
}
break;
}

case 3:
 170

show_ele();
getch();
break;

case 4:
exit(1);
break;

default:
printf("\n\tInvalid choice.");
getch();
break;
}

}
}

/* Function to check if the queue is empty*/

int e_que(void)
{
if(f_ptr==NULL)
return true;
return false;
}

/* Function to add an element to the queue*/

void add_ele(int ele)
{
struct q_point *queue = (struct q_point*)malloc(sizeof(struct q_point));
queue->ele = ele;
queue->n = NULL;
if(f_ptr==NULL)
f_ptr = queue;
else
{
struct q_point* ptr;
ptr = f_ptr;
for(ptr=f_ptr ;ptr->n!=NULL; ptr=ptr->n);
ptr->n = queue;
}
}

/* Function to remove an element from the queue*/

int rem_ele()
{
struct q_point* queue=NULL;
 171

if(e_que()==false)
{
int j = f_ptr->ele;
queue=f_ptr;
f_ptr = f_ptr->n;
free (queue);
return j;
}
else
{
printf("\n\tQueue is empty.");
return -9999;
}
}

/* Function to display the queue*/

void show_ele()
{
struct q_point *ptr=NULL;
ptr=f_ptr;
if(e_que())
{
printf("\n\tQUEUE is Empty.");
return;
}
else
{
printf("\n\tElements present in Queue are:\n\t");
while(ptr!=NULL)
{
printf("%d\t",ptr->ele);
ptr=ptr->n;
}
}
}

Output:

****IMPLEMENTATION OF QUEUE USING POINTERS****

==============================================
MENU
==============================================
[1] To insert an element
[2] To remove an element
[3] To display all the elements
 172

[4] Exit

Enter your choice:1

Element to be inserted:23

****IMPLEMENTATION OF QUEUE USING POINTERS****

==============================================
MENU
==============================================
[1] To insert an element
[2] To remove an element
[3] To display all the elements
[4] Exit

Enter your choice:

3

Elements present in Queue are:

23

****IMPLEMENTATION OF QUEUE USING POINTERS****

==============================================
MENU
==============================================
[1] To insert an element
[2] To remove an element
[3] To display all the elements
[4] Exit
Enter your choice:2
23 is removed from the queue
****IMPLEMENTATION OF QUEUE USING POINTERS****
==============================================
MENU
==============================================
[1] To insert an element
[2] To remove an element
[3] To display all the elements
[4] Exit

Enter your choice:4

Exit

Conclusion : the program is error free

 173

VIVA QUESATIONS:
1) Define queue ?
Ans: A queue is a linear, sequential list of that are accessed in the oeder first in first
out(FIFO).
2) Define circular queues ?
Ans: A queue can also be circular in which case, it is called as a circular queue
3) What are the various stack oriented notations ?
Ans: i) infix ii) prefix iii) postfix
 174

Objective 35: Program that uses the stack operation to perform the following
i) converting infix expression into postfix expression
ii) evaluating the postfix expression
Description:
In this program we have to covert the given infix expression to postfix expression
and the finally evaluating that postfix expression. Here we made use of stack
operations. The property of stacks is last in first out. i.e., the item that is inserted
last will be the firt item remove.
ALGORITHM:

Step 1. start
Step 2. first initialize the stack to be empty
Step 3. for each character in the input string
If input string is an operand, append to the output
if the input string is a left paranthesis , push it onto the stack
else
if stack is empty or the operator has higher priority than the operator on
the topof stack or
the top of the stack is opening parenthesis
then
push the operator onto the stack
else
pop the operator from the stack and append to the output
Step 4. if the input string is a closing parenthesis , pop operators from the stack
and append the operators
to the output until an opening parenthesis is encountered. Pop the
opening parenthesis from the stack
and discard it.
Step 5. if the end of the input string is encountered , then iterate the loop until the
stack is not empty. Pop
the stack and append the remaining input string to the output.
Step 6. stop
 175

2 + (5-8)/3 = 258-3/+
Input 2 input 5 input 8

8
5
5
2 2
2

Input pop 8,5 push result input 3

3
-3 -3
2 2
2

Input 1 input +

-1 1
2

Program:
 176

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>
static char str[20];
int top=-1;
main()
{
char in[20],post[20],ch;
int i,j,l;
clrscr();
printf("enter the string");
gets(in);
l=strlen(in);
for(i=0,j=0;i<l;i++)
if(isalpha(in[i]))
post[j++]=in[i];
else
{
if(in[i]=='(')
push(in[i]);
else if(in[i]==')')
while((ch=pop())!='(')
post[j++]=ch;
else
{
while(priority(in[i])<=priority(str[top]))
post[j++]=pop();
push(in[i]);
}
}
while(top!=-1)
post[j++]=pop();
post[j]='\0';
printf("\n equivalent infix to postfix is:%s",post);
getch();
}
priority (char c)
{

switch(c)
{
case'+':
case'-': return 1;
 177

case'*':
case'/':
return 2;
case'$':
return 3;
}
return 0;
}
push(char c)
{
str[++top]=c;
}
pop()
{
return(str[top--]);
}

Input/Output:

enter the string(a+b)-(c-d)*e/f

equivalent infix to postfix is:ab+cd-e*f/-

enter the stringa+b/c*d

equivalent infix to postfix is:abc/d*+

Conclusion: the program is error free.

ii)ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Assign top=-1

Step 3: Read the input expression

Step 4: for i=0;s[i]!=’\0’ in steps of 1

Step 5: If isdigit(ch)
 178

Step 5.1:Push(ch)

Step 6: otherwise

Step 6.1:op1=pop()

Step 6.2: op2=pop()

Step 7: c=op2+op1

Step 8: Push(c)

Step 9: c=op2-op1

Step 10: Push(c)

Step 11: c=pow(op2,op1)

Step 12: Push(c)

Step 13: c=op2/op1

Step 14:Push(c)

Step 15: Print the result

Step 16:Push(int x)

Step 17:Increment top by 1

Step 18: s1.item(s1.top3)=x

Step 19:pop()

Step 20: Read x

Step 21: x1=s1.item[s1.top]

Step 22:s1.top—

Step 23:return x

Step 24: Stop

 179

Flowchart:

a+b = ab+

Push a Pop a

Push + Push b

+ +

Pop ab+

Program:
 180

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
int stk[10],top=0,op1,op2,i;
main()
{
char postexp[10];
clrscr();
printf("enter the postfix expression:");
gets(postexp);
for(i=0;postexp[i]!='\0';i++)
{
if(isdigit(postexp[i]))
push(postexp[i]-48);
else
{
op1=pop();
op2=pop();
switch(postexp[i])
{
case '+':push(op1+op2);
break;
case '-':push(op1-op2);
break;
case '*':push(op1*op2);
break;
case '/':push(op1/op2);
break;
case '%':push(op1%op2);
break;
case '.':exit();
}
}
}
printf("the result of postfixexpression is: %d",pop());
getch();
}

pop()
{
return(stk[top--]);
}

push(int x)
{
 181

top++;
stk[top]=x;
}

Input/Output:

enter the postfix expression:234+-

the result of postfix expression is: 5
Conclusion: the program is error free.

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) Define Stack ?
Ans: A stack is a linear data structure in which a data item is inserted and deleted at one
end
2) Define data structure ?
Ans: A data structure is a collection of organized data that are related to each other

3) What are the various operation performed on the stack ?

Ans: push(), pop()

Objective 36: Program to

 182

i) create a binary tree of integers

ii) Traversing the above binary tree in preorder, inorder and post
order

Description: The data structure tree is of non linear type. Binary tree is bit special. The
proparty of a binary tree is the value at the root must be grater than the left node and less
than the right node. The binary tree consist of almost two childrens. Tree is a recursive
data structure and recursive programming techniques are popularly used in trees. A tree
can can be traversed in three major ways
i) Inorder traversal: here left child is visited first followed by root and finally by
right child.
ii) Preorder traversal: Here root is visitedfirst follwed by left child and finally by
right child.
iii) Postorder traversal: Here left child is visited first followed by right child
finally by the root.
ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Start

Step 2: Define a structure btree

Step 3: Type define struct btree as node

Step 4: While(tree), begin

Step 5: Print MENU

Step 6: Write your choice

Step 7: If choice=1

Step 8: Enter your no of nodes

Step 9:Read nodes n

Step 10: for i=1 to n in steps of 1 do

Step 11: Print enter item

Step 12: Read item

Step 13: Root =call create (root, item).end for

Step 14: if choice=2

Step15: Read element to be deleated

 183

Step 16: Call delete(root, item) end for

Step 17: If choice=3

Step 18: Call preorder(root)

Step 19: Call postorder(root)

Step 20: Call inorder(root)

Step 21: Break, end of switch

Step 22: Stop

For insert function

Step 1: Start

Step 2: If t= null

Step 3: Allocate memory to temp

Step 4: Temp->data =item

Step 5: Temp-> lc=null

Step 6: Temp->rc=null

Step 7: return t to main and end

Step 8: If item< (l->data)

Step 9: T->lc=call insert(e->lc, t)

Step 10: T->rc=call isert(e->lc,t)

Step 11:Return t

Step 12: Stop

For DELETION function

Step 1: Start

Step 2: x=d
 184

Step 3: while x!=null

Step 4: If x->data =t

Strep 5:Break

Step 6: Parent =x

Step 7: if t<x->data

Step 8: t=tlc

Step 9: t=lrc

Step 10: If xlc!=null &&xrc!=null

Step11: parent =x

Step12: If parent==null

Step 13: parentlc==null

Step 14: parentrc==null

Step 15: If p->lc=x->rc

Step 16: If p->rc=x->rc

Step 17: While insert->lc=null

Step 18: Insert=insert->la

Step 19:x->data=insert->data

Step 20:x=insert

Step 21: Return d

Step 22: Stop

For INORDER function

Step 1: Start

Step 2: If t!=null
 185

Step 3: Call inorder(t->lc)

Step 4: Write t->data

Step 5: Call inorder(t->rc)

Step 6: Stop

For POSTORDER function

Step 1: Start

Step 2: If t!=null

Step 3: Call postorder(t->lc)

Step 4: Call postorder(t->rc)

Step 5: Write data

Step 6: Stop

For PREORDER function

Step 1: Start

Step 2: If t!=null

Step 3: Write data

Step 4: Call postorder(t->lc)

Step 5: Call postorder(t->rc)

Step 6: Stop

Flowchart:
186
 187

Program:
 188

#include<stdio.h>
#include<alloc.h>
struct bstnode
{
int data;
struct bstnode *lc,*rc;
}*root,*a[20],*b[20];
int top=-1,top1=-1,n,i;
main()
{
int ch,ele;
struct bstnode *t,*insert(),*pop();
clrscr();
t=root=NULL;
while(1)
{
printf("\n **** M E N U **** \n");
printf("1.INSERT\n2.RECURSSIVE TRAVERSE\n3.NON-RECURSIVE
TRAVERSE\n4.EXIT\n");
printf("Enter your choice: ");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: printf("Enter how many elements u want to insert:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter tree elements: ");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
{
scanf("%d",&ele);
t=insert(t,ele);
}
break;
case 2: /* RECURSSIVE TRAVERSE */
if(t==NULL)
printf("**** TREE IS EMPTY ****");
else
{
printf("INORDER :");
inorder(t);
printf("\nPREORDER :");
preorder(t);
printf("\nPOSTORDER :");
postorder(t);
}
break;
 189

case 3: /* NON-RECURSSIVE TRAVERSE */

if(t==NULL)
printf("TREE IS EMPTY");
else
{
printf("INORDER :");
nrinorder(t);
printf("\nPREORDER :");
nrpreorder(t);
printf("\nPOSTORDER :");
nrpostorder(t);
}
break;
case 4:
exit();
}
}
}
struct bstnode *insert(struct bstnode *x,int y)
{
if(x==NULL)
{
x=malloc(sizeof(struct bstnode));
x->data=y;
x->lc=NULL;
x->rc=NULL;
}
else
{
if(y<x->data)
x->lc=insert(x->lc,y);
else
x->rc=insert(x->rc,y);
return(x);
}
}
inorder(struct bstnode *x)
{
if(x!=NULL)
{
inorder(x->lc);
printf("%3d",x->data);
inorder(x->rc);
}
}
preorder(struct bstnode *x)
 190

{
if(x!=NULL)
{
printf("%3d",x->data);
preorder(x->lc);
preorder(x->rc);
}
}
postorder(struct bstnode *x)
{
if(x!=NULL)
{
postorder(x->lc);
postorder(x->rc);
printf("%3d",x->data);
}
}
nrinorder(struct bstnode *x)
{
struct bstnode *l;
l=x;
do
{
while(l!=NULL)
{
push(l);
l=l->lc;
}
while(top>-1)
{
l=pop();
printf("%d",l->data);
if(l->rc!=NULL)
{
l=l->rc;
break;
}
else
l=NULL;
}
}while(l!=NULL);
}
nrpreorder(struct bstnode *x)
{
struct bstnode *l;
l=x;
 191

do
{
printf("%d",l->data);
if(l->rc!=NULL)
push(l->rc);
l=l->lc;
if(l==NULL&&top>-1)
l=pop();
}while(l!=NULL);
}
nrpostorder(struct bstnode *x)
{
struct bstnode *l;
l=x;
do
{
while(l!=NULL)
{
push(l);
if(l->rc!=NULL)
{
push(l->rc);
b[++top1]=l->rc;
}
l=l->lc;
}
do
{
l=pop();
if(l!=b[top1])
printf("%3d",l->data);
else
{
top1-=1;
break;
}
} while(top>-1);
}while(l!=NULL&&top>-1);
}
push(struct bstnode *y)
{
top+=1;
a[top]=y;
}
struct bstnode *pop()
{
 192

return a[top--];
}

Input/Output:

Enter your choice

1.Insert 2.Delete 3.Traversal
Enter the element 92
Enter your choice
1. Insert 2.Delete 3. Traversal
Enter the element 26
Enter your choice
1.Insert 2.Delete 3.Traversal
Enter the element 12
Enter your choice
1.Insert 2.Delete 3.Traversal
Enter the element 123
Enter your choice
1.Insert 2.Delete 3.Traversal
Enter the element 135
Enter your choice
1.Insert 2.Delete 3.Traversal
Enter the element 128
Enter your choice
1.Insert 2.Delete 3.Traversal
3
InorderSequence: 12 26 92 123 128 135
Preorder sequence:92 26 12 123 135 128
Postorder sequence: 12 26 128 135 12 92
Conclusion: the program is error free.

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) Define Binary tree ?

Ans: Binary tree is a bit special, because whan they are in the sorted form, they facilitate
quick search, insertion, and deletion.
2) How many ways a tree can be traversed ?
Ans: In three ways. They are i) In-order ii) pre-order iii) post-order
3) define graph ?
Ans: A graph is a set of nodes(vertices) and a set of arcs(edges). A graph is connected if
there is a path between any two nodes of the graph.

Objective 37:
 193

To perform the linear search operation

Description: The linear search is most simple serching method. It does not expect the list

to be sorted. The key which is to be searched is compared with each element of the list

one by one. If a match exists, the search is terminated. If the end of list is reached it

means that the search has failed and key has no matching in the list.

ALGORITHM:

LINEAR SEARCH

1. Start

2. Read the value of n

3. for i=1 to n increment in steps of 1

Read the value of ith element into array

4. Read the element(x) to be searched

5. search<--linear(a,n,x)

6. if search equal to 0 goto step 7 otherwise goto step 8

7. print unsuccessful search

8. print successful search

9. stop

LINEAR FUNCTION

1. start
2. for i=1 to n increment in steps of 1
3. if m equal to k[i] goto step 4 otherwise goto step 2
4. return i
5. return 0
6. stop

Flowchart:
 194

start

Read n

i=1
i<=n i++

Read a[i]

Read b

C=linear search(a,b)

T F
If c!
=0

Print c Print element is

not found

stop
 195

start

F
For(i=1;i<n;i++)

F
If
m==k[i]

stop
 196

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,n,a[10],key;
clrscr();
printf("enter range for array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter elements into array:");
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("enter the search element:");
scanf("%d",&key);
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
if(key==a[i])
{
printf("element %d found at %d",key,i);
break;
}
else
if(i==n)
printf("element %d not found in array",key);
}
getch();
}
Input/Output:
enter range for array:4
enter elements into array:56
43
12
88
9
enter the search element:9
element 9 found at 4

enter range for array:5

enter elements into array:23
12
56
34
3
8
enter the search element:3
element 3 found at 4
conclusion: the program is error free
 197

VIVA QUESATIONS:

1) Define linear search ?

Ans : The linear search is most simple serching method. It does not expect the list to be

sorted. The key which is to be searched is compared with each element of the list one by

one. If a match exists, the search is terminated. If the end of list is reached it means that

the search has failed and key has no matching in the list.
 198

Objective 38:

To perform the binary search operation

Description: Binary search is a vast improvement over the sequential search. For binary

search to work, the item in the list must be in assorted order. The approach employed in

the binary search is divid and conquer. If the list to be sorted for a specific item is not

sorted, binary search fails.

ALGORITHM:

BINARY SEARCH

1. Start
2. Read the value of n
3. for i=1 to n increment in steps of 1
Read the value of ith element into array
4. Read the element(x) to be searched
5. search<--binary(a,n,x)
6. if search equal to 0 goto step 7 otherwise goto step 8
7. print unsuccessful search
8. print successful search
9. stop

BINARY SEARCH FUNCTION

1. start
2. initialise low to 1 ,high to n, test to 0
3. if low<= high repeat through steps 4 to 9 otherwise goto step 10

4. assign (low+high)/2 to mid

5. if m<k[mid] goto step 6 otherwise goto step 7
6. assign mid-1 to high goto step 3
7. if m>k[mid] goto step 8 otherwise goto step 9
8. assign mid+1 to low
9. return mid
10. return 0
11.stop
 199

Flowchart:
200
 201

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,n,key,a[10],low,high,mid;
clrscr();
printf("enter range for array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter elements into array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
printf("the search element:");
scanf("%d",&key);
low=0;
high=n-1;
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
mid=(low+high)/2;
if(a[mid]==key)
{
printf("element %d found at %d",key,mid);
break;
}
if(key<a[mid])
high=mid;
else
low=mid+1;
if(i==n-1)
printf("element %d not found in array",key);
}
getch();
}
Input/Output:

enter range for array:4

enter elements into array:12 23 34 45
the search element:45
element 45 found at 3

enter range for array:5

enter elements into array:1 34 56 78 88
the search element:45
element 45 not found in array

conclusion: the program is error free

 202

VIVA QUESATIONS

1) Define Binary search ?

Ans: Binary search is a vast improvement over the sequential search. For binary search to

work, the item in the list must be in assorted order. The approach employed in the binary

search is divid and conquer. If the list to be sorted for a specific item is not sorted, binary

search fails.
 203

Objective 39:
Program that implements the bubble sort method
Description: Bubble sort is the simplest and oldest sorting technique. This method takes
two elements at a time. It compare these two elements. If first elements is less than
second one, they are left undistrurbed. If the first element is greater then second one then
they are swapped. The procedure continues with the next two elements goes and ends
when all the elements are sorted.
But bubble sort is an inefficient algorithm. The order of
bubble sort algorithm is O(n2).
Algorithm:
i)Bubble Sort:

1. start
2. read the value of n
3. for i= 1 to n increment in steps of 1
Read the value of ith element into array
4. call function to sort (bubble_sort(a,n))
5. for i= 1 to n increment in steps of 1
print the value of ith element in the array
6. stop

BUBBLE SORT FUNCTION

1. start
2. initialise last to n
3. for i= 1 to n increment in steps of 1
begin
4. initialise ex to 0
5. for i= 1 to last-1 increment in steps of 1
begin
6. if k[i]>k[i+1] goto step 7 otherwise goto step 5
begin
7. assign k[i] to temp
assign k[i+1] to k[i]
assign temp to k[i+1]
increment ex by 1
end-if
end inner for loop
11. if ex!=0
assign last-1 to last
end for loop
12. stop
 204

Flowchart:
 205

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,t,a[5],n;
clrscr();
printf("enter the range of array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter elements into array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
for(i=0;i<n-1;i++)
for(j=i+1;j<n;j++)
if(a[i]>a[j])
{
t=a[i];
a[i]=a[j];
a[j]=t;
}
printf("the sorted order is:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\t%d",a[i]);
getch();
}

Input/Output:
enter the range of array:3
enter elements into array:3
2
1
the sorted order is: 1 2 3

enter the range of array:5

enter elements into array:56
23
34
12
8
the sorted order is: 8 12 23 34 56

conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS
 206

1) Define bubble sort ?

Ans: : Bubble sort is the simplest and oldest sorting technique. This method takes two
elements at a time. It compare these two elements. If first elements is less than second
one, they are left undistrurbed. If the first element is greater then second one then they are
swapped. The procedure continues with the next two elements goes and ends when all the
elements are sorted.
2) display the efficiency of bubble sort ?
Ans : O(n2)

Objective 40:
 207

Program that implements the Quick sort method

Description: This method is invented by hoare, considered to be fast method to sort the
elements. The method is also called partition exchange sorting. The method is based on
divide and conquer technique. i.e., the entire list is divided into various partitions and
sorting is applied again and again on the partition.
In this method the list is divided into two baesd on an element called pivot
element. Usually the first element is considerd to be the pivot element. Now move the
pivot element to its correct position in the list. The elements to the left and pivot element
are less that this while the elements to the right of pivot are greater than the pivot. The
process is reapplied to each of these partitions till we got the sorted list of elements.

Algorithm:
Quick Sort:

1. start
2. if lowerbound < upperbound repeat through steps 3 to 13 otherwise
goto step 14
begin
3. assign lowerbound to i,upperbound to j, i to pivot
4. if i<j repeat through steps 5 to 10 otherwise goto step _
Begin
5. if a[i]<=k[pivot] and i< upperbound repeat through step 6 otherwise
goto step 7
begin
6. assign i+1 to i
end if
7. if k[j] > k[pivot] repeat through step 8 otherwise goto step 9
begin
8. assign j-1 to j
end if
9. if i< j goto step 10 other wise goto step 4
Begin
10. call function to swap k[i] and k[j]
end if
end if
11. call function to swap k[pivot] and k[j]
12. call function qsort(x,lowerbound,j-1)
13. call function qsort(x,j+1,upperbound)
end if
14. stop

Flowchart:
 208

Program:
 209

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int x[10],i,n;
clrscr();
printf("enter no of elements:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter %d elements:",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
scanf("%d",&x[i]);
quicksort(x,1,n);
printf("sorted elements are:");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
printf("%3d",x[i]);
getch();
}
quicksort(int x[10],int first,int last)
{
int pivot,i,j,t;
if(first<last)
{
pivot=first;
i=first;
j=last;
while(i<j)
{
while(x[i]<=x[pivot] && i<last)
i++;
while(x[j]>x[pivot])
j--;
if(i<j)
{
t=x[i];
x[i]=x[j];
x[j]=t;
}
}
t=x[pivot];
x[pivot]=x[j];
x[j]=t;
quicksort(x,first,j-1);
quicksort(x,j+1,last);
}
}
 210

***** OUTPUT *****

enter no of elements:6
enter 6 elements:23
12
45
34
21
87
sorted elements are: 12 21 23 34 45 87
conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS

1) Define quick sort ?

Ans:
This method is invented by hoare, considered to be fast method to sort the elements. The
method is also called partition exchange sorting. The method is based on divide and
conquer technique. i.e., the entire list is divided into various partitions and sorting is
applied again and again on the partition.
In this method the list is divided into two baesd on an element called pivot
element. Usually the first element is considerd to be the pivot element. Now move the
pivot element to its correct position in the list. The elements to the left and pivot element
are less that this while the elements to the right of pivot are greater than the pivot. The
process is reapplied to each of these partitions till we got the sorted list of elements.

2) Efficiency of quick sort ?

Ans: O(n log n)

Objective 41:Program that implements the insertion sort method

 211

Description: Insertion sort is similar to playing cards. To sort the cards in yourhand you
extrat a card shift the remaining cards and then insert the extracted card in its correct
place. The efficiency of insertion sort is O(n2).

Algorithm:

ii) Insertion Sort:

1. start
2. for i= 1 to n increment in steps of 1
begin
assign k[i] to temp
3. forj=i-1 down to j>=0 and temp<k[j]
begin
assign k[j] to k[j+1]
end inner for loop
4. assign temp to k[j+1]
end for loop
5. stop

Flowchart:
 212

Program:
 213

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int i,j,t,a[10],n,p=0;
clrscr();
printf("enter the range of array:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("enter elements into array:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
for(i=1;i<n;i++)
{
t=a[i];
for(p=i;p>0 && a[p-1]>t;p--)
a[p]=a[p-1];
a[p]=t;
}
printf("the sorted order is:");
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
printf("\t%d",a[i]);
getch();
}
***** OUTPUT *****

enter the range of array:5

enter elements into array:5
4
3
2
1
the sorted order is: 1 2 3 4 5

enter the range of array:6

enter elements into array:23
12
89
45
67
34
the sorted order is: 12 23 34 45 67 89

conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS
 214

1) Define insertion sort ?

Ans: Insertion sort is similar to playing cards. To sort the cards in yourhand you extrat a
card shift the remaining cards and then insert the extracted card in its correct place.

2) Efficiency of the insertion sort ?

Ans: The efficiency of insertion sort is O(n2).

Objective 42:
 215

Program to implement the merge sort method

Description:

The merge sort splits the list to be sorted into two equal halves, and places them
in separate arrays. Each array is recursively sorted, and then merged back together
to form the final sorted list. Like most recursive sorts, the merge sort has an
algorithmic complexity of O(n log n).

Algorithm: main program

Step1: Start
Step2: declare the merge sort function
Step3: Declare the array and their size and initailaze the j=0
Step4: read the array elements and then sort these elements.
Step5: read the array elements before the merge sort and then display the
elements.
Step6: call the merge sort function
Step7: display the array elements after merge sort by using the following stament.
for( j=0;j<Max_ary;j++)
Step8: Stop
Subprogram
Step1:initialize the array excuting[MAX_ARY] and
j=0,mid=0,mrg1=0,mrg2=0,size=start-end+1
Step2: check the condition if(end==start) then return
Step3: calculate the mid value
Mid=(end+start)/2
Step4: call themerge_sort(x,end,mid)
Step5:merge_sort(x,mid+1,start)
Step6: performing the looping operation
For(j=0;j<SIZE;j++) then its true
Executing[j]=x[end+1]
Mrg1=0;
Step7: calculate the mrg2=mid-end+1
Step8: performing the looping operation
For(j=0;j<SIZE;j++) then its true then goto step9
Step9: check the condition
i) if(mrg2<=start-end) is true goto ii). If not goto Step12.
ii) If(mrg1<=mid-end) is true goto iii). If not goto step11
iii) If(executing[mrg1]>executing[mrg2]) is true then follows. If not
goto step10.
X[j+end]= executing[mrg2++]
Step10: x[j+end]=executing[mrg1++]. If not goto Step11
Step11: x[j+end]= executing[mrg2++]
Step12: x[j+end]=executing[mrg1++]
Step13: return to main program

Flow chart:
 216

Start

Define merge_sort function

Declare the array and array size

Read the array elements

False J=0 j++

j<MAX_ARY

True

Display the
elements before
merge sort

Mergesort(ary,0,MAX_ARY-1)

J=0 j++

False j<MAX_ARY

True

Display the
elements after
merge sort

Stop
 217

Merge_sort()

Size=start-end+1
Mid=0 Mrg1=0 Mrg2=0

If end==start

Mid=(end+start)/2

Call merge_sort(x,end,mid)

Call merge_sort(x,mid+1,start)

j=0
j++
j<size
False

True
j++ Executing[j]=x[end+j]
j=0 Mrg1=0
j<size
F
T True
If mrg2<=start- If mrg1<=mid-
end end
False False
True
X[j+end]=executing[mrg1++] X[j+end]=executing[mrg2++]

False
X[j+end]=executing[mrg1++] If executing[mrg1]>
executing[mrg2]

Return to X[j+end]=executing[mrg2++] True

main program
 218

Program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#define MAX_ARY 10

void merge_sort(int x[], int end, int start);

int main(void) {
int ary[MAX_ARY];
int j = 0;

printf("\n\nEnter the elements to be sorted: \n");

for(j=0;j<MAX_ARY;j++)
scanf("%d",&ary[j]);

/* array before mergesort */

printf("Before :");
for(j = 0; j < MAX_ARY; j++)
printf(" %d", ary[j]);

printf("\n");

merge_sort(ary, 0, MAX_ARY - 1);

/* array after mergesort */

printf("After Merge Sort :");
for(j = 0; j < MAX_ARY; j++)
printf(" %d", ary[j]);

printf("\n");
getch();
}

/* Method to implement Merge Sort*/

void merge_sort(int x[], int end, int start) {
int j = 0;
const int size = start - end + 1;
int mid = 0;
int mrg1 = 0;
int mrg2 = 0;
int executing[MAX_ARY];

if(end == start)
return;
 219

mid = (end + start) / 2;

merge_sort(x, end, mid);

merge_sort(x, mid + 1, start);

for(j = 0; j < size; j++)

executing[j] = x[end + j];

mrg1 = 0;
mrg2 = mid - end + 1;

for(j = 0; j < size; j++) {

if(mrg2 <= start - end)
if(mrg1 <= mid - end)
if(executing[mrg1] > executing[mrg2])
x[j + end] = executing[mrg2++];
else
x[j + end] = executing[mrg1++];
else
x[j + end] = executing[mrg2++];
else
x[j + end] = executing[mrg1++];
}
}
Output:
Enter the elements to be sorted:
8234157690
Before : 8 2 3 4 1 5 7 6 9 0
After Merge Sort : 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Enter the elements to be sorted:

7654843213
Before : 7 6 5 4 8 4 3 2 1 3
After Merge Sort : 1 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 8
Conclusion: the program is error free
VIVA QUESATIONS

1) Define merge sort ?

Ans: The merge sort splits the list to be sorted into two equal halves, and places
them in separate arrays. Each array is recursively sorted, and then merged back
together to form the final sorted list.

2) Efficiency of merge sort ?

Ans: O(n log n).
 220

Objective 43:
To implements the Lagrange interpolation and Newton Gregory forward interpolation
Lagrange Interpolation :

Algorithm:

Step 1. Read x,n

Step2. for i=1 to (n+1) is steps of 1 do Read xi,fi end for {the above
statements reads x,s and the corresponding values of f is }

Step 3. Sum=0

Step 4. for i=1 to (n+1) in steps of 1 do

Step 5. Profvnc=1

Step 6. for J=1 to (n+1) in steps of 1 do

Step 7. If (j≠i) then prodfunc=prodfunc X(x-xj) / (xi-xj) endfor

Step 8. Sum=Sum+fi x Prodfunc {sum is the value of f at x} end for

Step 9. Write x, sum

Step 10. STOP

 221

Flow chart:
 222

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
Main()
{
Float y, x[20],f[20],sum,pf;
Int I,j,n;
Printf(“enter the value of n”);
Scanf(“%d”,&n);
Printf(“enter the value to be found”);
Scanf(“%f”,&y);
Printf(“enter the values of xi’s & fi’s”);
For(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
Pf=1;
For(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
If(j!=i)
Pf *= (y-x[j])/(x[i] – x[j]);
}
Sum += f[i] *pf;
}
Printf(“\nx = %f ”,y);
Printf(“\n sum =%f ”,sum);
}

Input/Output:

Enter the value of n 4

Enter the value to be found 2.5
Enter the values for xi’s & fi’s
1 1
2 8
3 27
4 64
X = 2.500000
Sum = 15.625000
Conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS

1) Define storage class ?

Ans: Storage class specifiers inform the complier how to store the variable; the
storage clas specifiers in the c language are : auto, register, static,extern, typedef
 223

Newton gregory forward interpolation.

Algorithm:

Step1: START

Step2: Read n

Step3: for i=0 to (n-1) do read xi,yi

Step4: read x

Step5: h←xi-x0

Step6: p←(x-xo)/n

Step7: for j=0 to n-2 do

∆1yj←yj+1-∆i-1

Step8: k←n-2

Step9: for i=2 to (n-1)do

Step9.1: k←k-1
Step9.2:for j=0 to k do
∆iyj←∆i-1 yj+1-∆i-1yj

Step10: Sumy←y0

Step11: Pvalue←1

Step12: Fact value←1

Step13: for l=1 to (n-1) do

Step13.1: Pvalue←pvalue x (p-(l-1))
Step13.2: factvalue←factvaluex1
Step13.3: term←(pvalue x ∆ly) / factvalue
Step13.4: Sumy←Sumy+term

Step14: Print x,SUMY

Step15: STOP
 224

Flowchart:
 225

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
Main()
{
Int i, j, n, k, l;
Float sumy, h, term, p, z, pvalue;
Float x[25], y[25], d[25][25], factvalue;
Printf(“enter the value of n”);
Scanf(“%d”,&n);
Printf(“enter %d values for x, y \n”,n);
For(i=0;i<n;i++)
Scanf(“%f %f”, &x[i], &y[i]);
Printf(“\n enter z”);
Scanf(“%f”,&z);
h = x[1] – x[0];
p = (z - x[0] )/ h;
for(j=0; j<n-2; j++)
d[i][j] =y[j+1] – y[j];
k=n-2;
for(i=2; i<n; i++)
{
k++;
for(j=0; j<=k; j++)
d[i][j] =d[i-1][j+1] – d[i-1][j];
}
For(l=1; l<n; l++)
{
Pvalue *= (p-(l - 1));
Factvalue *= 1;
Term = pvalue* d[l][0] / factvalue;
Sumy += term;
}
Printf(“\n y value at z = %f is %f”, z, sumy);
}
 226

Input/Output:

Enter n 7
Enter 7 data values for x, y

1921 35
1931 42
1941 58
1951 84
1961 120

1971 165
1981 220

Enter z 1925
Y value at z = 1925.000000 is 36.756710
Conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS

1) What is the use of goto statement ?

Ans: The goto statement is used to alter the normal sequence of the program execution
by unconditionally transferring control to some other part of the program.
2) What is the use of continue statement ?
Ans: The continue statement is used to bypass the remainder of the current pass through
a loop
 227

Objective 44:
Implement in ‘C’ the linear regression and polynomial regression algorithms

Linear regression

Algorithm:

Step 1. Read n

Step 2. Sumx=0

Step 3. Sumxsq=0

Step 4. Sumy=0

Step 5. Sumxy=0

Step 6. fori=1 to n do

Step 7. Read x,y

Step 8. Sumx=sumx+x

Step 9.Sumxsq=Sumxsq+x2

Step 10.Sumy=Sumy+y

Step 11.Sumxy=sumxy+x x y end for

Step 12. denom=n x sumxsq – sumx x sumx

Step 13. a0=(sumy x sumxsq – sumx x sumxy) / denom

Step 14. a1=(n x sumxy-sumx x sumy)/ denonm

Step 15. Write a1,a0

Step 16. STOP

228
 229

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
Main()
{
Int n,I;
Float sumx, sumxsq, sumy, sumxy, x, y, a0, a1, denom;
Printf(“enter the n value”);
Scanf(“%d”,&n);
Sumx=0;
Sumsq=0;
Sumy=0;
Sumxy=0;
For(i=0;i<n;i++)
{
Scanf(“%f %f”,&x, &y);
Sumx +=x;
Sumsq += pow(x, 2);
Sumy +=y;
Sumxy +=x * y;
}
Denom = n * sumxsq – pow(sumx, 2);
A0 = (sumy * sumxsq –sumx *sumxy)/denom;
A1 = (n * sumxy –sumx *sumy)/denom;
Printf(“y= %fx + %f”,a1,a0);
}
Input/Output:
Enter the n value 7
1 2
2 5
4 7
5 10
6 12
8 15
9 19
Y = 1.980769x + 0.096154
Conclusion: The program is error free
VIVA QUESATIONS

1) What is the use of goto statement ?

Ans: The goto statement is used to alter the normal sequence of the program execution
by unconditionally transferring control to some other part of the program.
2) What is the use of continue statement ?
Ans: The continue statement is used to bypass the remainder of the current pass through
a loop
 230

Polynomial regression

Algorithm:

Sep 1: Strart

Step 2: Read n

Step 3: Initialize sumx = 0, sumxsq = 0, sumy = 0, sumxy = 0, sumx3 = 0,

sumx4 = 0, sumxsq =0

Step 4: Intialize i=0

Step 5: Repeat steps 5 to 7 until i<n

Step 6: Read x,y

Step 7: Sumx = sumx + x

Sumxsq =sumxsq + pow(x,2)
Sumx3 = sumx3 + pow(x,3)
Sumx4 = sumx4 + pow(x,4)
Sumy = sumy + y
Sumxy = Sumxy + x*y
Sumxsqy = Sumxsqy + pow(x,2) *y

Step 8: Increment I by 1

Step 9: Assign
a[0][0] = n
a[0][1] = n
a[0][2] = n
a[0][3] = n
a[1][0] = n
a[1][1] = n
a[1][2] = n
a[1][3] = n
a[2][0] = n
a[2][1] = n
a[2][2] = n
a[2][3] = n

Step 10: Intialize i=0

Step 11: Repeat steps 11 to 15 until i<3

 231

Step 12: Intialize j=0

Step 13: Repeat step 13 to 14 until j<=3

Step 14: Write a[i][j]

Step 15: Increment j by 1

Step 16: Increment I by 1

Step 17: Initialize k =0

Step 18: Repeat steps 18 to 27 until k<=2

Step 19: Intialize i=0

Step 20: Repeat step 20 to 26 until i<=2

Step 21: If I not equal to k

Step 22: Asign u=a[i][k]/a[k][k]

Step 23: Intialize j=k

Step 24: Repeat steps 24 and 25 until j<=3

Step 25: Assign a[i][j] = a[i][j] – u *a[k][j]

Step 26: Increment j by 1

Step 27: Increment i by 1

Step 28: Increment k by 1

Step 29: Initialize I =0

Step 30: Repeat steps 31 to 33 until i<3

Step 31: Assign b[i] = a[i][3]/a[i][i]

Step 32: Write I, b[i]

Step 33: Increment I by 1

Step 34: Write b[2],b[i],b[0]

Step 35: Stop
 232

Flowchart:
 233

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
Int n, I, j, k;
Float sumx, sumxsq, sumy, sumxy, x, y;
Float sumx3, sumx4, sumxsqy, a[20][20], u=0.0, b[20];
Printf(“\n Enter the n value”);
Scanf(“%d”, &n);
Sumx = 0;
Sumxsq = 0;
Sumy = 0;
Sumxy = 0;
Sumx3 = 0;
Sumx4 = 0;
Sumxsqy = 0;
For(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
Scanf(“%f %f”, &x, &y);
Sumx +=x;
Sumxsq += pow(x,2);
Sumx3 += pow(x,3);
Sumx4 += pow(x,4);
Sumy +=y;
Sumxy += x * y;
Sumxsqy += pow(x,2) *y;
}
A[0][0] = n;
A[0][1] = sumx;
A[0][2] = sumxsq;
A[0][3] = sumy;
A[1][0] = sumx;
A[1][1] = sumxsq;
A[1][2] = sumx3;
A[1][3] = sumxy;
A[2][0] = sumxsq;
A[2][1] = sumx3;
A[2][2] = sumx4;
A[2][3] = sumxsqy;
for(i=0; i<3; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<=3; j++)
Printf(“%10.2f”,a[i][j]);
 234

Printf(“\n”);
}
For(k=0; k<=2; k++)
{
For(i=0;i<=2;i++)
{
If(i!=k)
U=a[i][k]/a[k][k];
For(j = k; j<=3; j++)
A[i][j]=a[i][j] – u * a[k][j];
}
}

For(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
B[i] = a[i][3]/a[i][i];
Printf(“\nx[%d] = %f”, I, b[i]);
}
Printf(“\n”);
Printf(“y= %10.4fx +10.4 fx +%10.4f”,b[2],b[i],b[0]);
}

Input/Output:

Enter the n value 10

-4 21
-3 12
-2 4
-1 1
0 2
1 7
2 15
3 30
4 45
5 67
10.00 5.00 85.00 204.00
5.00 85.00 125.00 513.00
85.00 125.00 1333.00 3193.00
X[0] = 2.030303
X[1] = 2.996970
X[2] = 1.984848
Y= 1.9848xsq + 2.9979x + 2.0303
Conclusion: The program is error free
 235

VIVA QUESATIONS

1) Define insertion sort ?

Ans: Insertion sort is similar to playing cards. To sort the cards in yourhand you extrat a
card shift the remaining cards and then insert the extracted card in its correct place.

2) Efficiency of the insertion sort ?

Ans: The efficiency of insertion sort is O(n2).
 236

Objective 45:
Program to Implement Traezodial and simpson methods.

Traezodial method:

Algorithm:

Step 1. Read x1, x2, e { x1 and x2 are the two end points of the
internal the allowed error in integral is e}

Step 2. h=x2-x1

Step 3. SI = (f(x1) + f(x2))/2;

Step 4. I = h-si

Step 5. i=1 Repeat

Step 6. x=x1 + h/2

Step 7. for J= 1 to I do

Step 8. SI= SI + f(x)

Step 9. x=x+h
Endfor

Step 10. i=21

Step 11. h=h/2 { Note that the internal has been halved above and
the number of points where the function has to be computed
is doubled}

Step 12.i0=i1

Step 13. i1 = h.si

Step 14. until / I1-i0 / <=c./i1/

Step 15. Write I1,h,i

Step 16. Stop

 237

Flowchart:
 238

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
float h,a,b,n,x[20],y[20],sum=0,integral;
int i;
clrscr();
printf("enter the value ofa,b,n:");
scanf("%f %f %f",&a,&b,&n);
printf("enter the values of x:");
for(i=0;i<=(n-1);i++)
{
scanf("%f",&x[i]);
}
printf("\n enter the values of y:");
for(i=0;i<=(n-1);i++)
{
scanf("%f",&y[i]);
}
h=(b-a)/n;
x[0]=a;
for(i=1;i<=n-1;i++)
{
x[i]=x[i-1]+h;
sum=sum+2*y[i];
}
sum=sum+y[b];
integral=sum*(h/2);
printf("approximate integral value is: %f",integral);
getch();
}
 239

Input/Output:

Enter the values of a,b,n

1
2
3
Enter the values of x:
1
2
3
Enter the values of y:
1
2
3
Approximate integral value is 2.166667
Conclusion: The program is error free
 240

Simpsons Method:

Algorithm:

Step 1. Read x1,x2,e

Step 2. h=(x2-x1)/2

Step 3. i=2

Step 4. si=f(x1) + f(x2)

Step 5. s2=0

Step 6. s4=f(x1+h)

Step 7. I0=0

Step 8. In =(s+4s4). (h/3)

Repeat

Step 9. s2=s2+s4 {s2 stores already computed functional value and s4

the value computed in the new nitration }

Step 10. s4=0

Step 11. x=x1+h/2

Step 12. for j=1 to I do

Step 13. s4=s4+f(x)

Step 14. x=x+h

Step 15. h=h/2

Step 16. i=2i

Step 17. io=in

Step 18. in= (s1+2s2+4s4) . (h/3)

Step 19. until |In-Io|≤e. /in

Step 20. Write In,h,i

Step 21. STOP

 241

Flowchart:
 242

Program:

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>
main()
{
float h,a,b,n,x[20],y[20],sum=0,itgl;
int i;
clrscr();
printf("enter the values of a,b,n");
scanf("%f%f%f",&a,&b,&n);
printf("enter the values of x");
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
scanf("%f",&x[i]);
}
printf("\n enter the values of y");
for(i=0;i<=n;i++)
{
scanf("%f",&y[i]);
}
h=(b-a)/n;
a=x[0];
b=x[n];
for(i=0;i<=(n-2);i++)
{
x[i]=x[i]+h;
if(i%2==0)
{
sum=sum+4*y[i];
}
else
{
sum=sum+2*y[i];
}
}
itgl=sum*(h/3);
printf("integral value%f",itgl);
getch();
}
 243

Input/Output:

Enter the values of a,b,n

1
2
3
Enter the value of x
4
5
6
7
Enter the values of y
8
9
1
2
Integral value is 5.555556

Conclusion: The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS

1) Define Binary search ?

Ans: Binary search is a vast improvement over the sequential search. For binary search to

work, the item in the list must be in assorted order. The approach employed in the binary

search is divid and conquer. If the list to be sorted for a specific item is not sorted, binary

search fails.
 244

ADDITIONAL LAB EXPERIMENTS

Objective 46:
Write a c program for heap sort

Description:
In this method, a tree structure caed heap is used. A heap is type of a
binary tree. An ordered baanced binary tree is caed a min-heap where the vaue at the roo
of any sub tree is ess than or equa to the vaue of either of its chidern. Heap sort is
basically an improvement over the binary tree sort.

Algorithm:

Heap sort
SWAP FUNCTION

1. start

2. assign *a to temp

3. assign *b to *a

4. assign temp to *b

5. stop

HEAP SORT

1. start

2. assign n to i and a[n] to item

3. if i > 1 and a[i/2]< item repeat through step 4 other wise goto
step 5
begin

4. assign a[i/2] to a[i] and i/2 to i

end if

5. assign item to a[i]

6. stop
 245

Flowchart:
 246

Program:
#include<stdio.h>
int a[20];
main()
{
int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter number of elements: ");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter %d elements: ",n);
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
scanf("%d",&a[i]);
heapsort(n);
printf("Sorted elements are: \n");
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
printf("%3d",a[i]);
getch();
}
heapsort(int n)
{
int t;
while(n>1)
{
maxheap(n);
t=a[1];
a[1]=a[n];
a[n]=t;
n=n-1;
}
}

maxheap(int n)
{
int i,t,j;
for(i=2;i<=n;i++)
{
t=a[i];
j=i;
while(a[j/2]<t&&j>1)
{
a[j]=a[j/2];
j=j/2;
}
a[j]=t;
}
}
 247

Input/Output:

Enter number of elements: 4

Enter 4 elements: 23
4
12
8
Sorted elements are:
4 8 12 23

Enter number of elements: 6

Enter 6 elements: 67
23
6
45
99
78
Sorted elements are:
6 23 45 67 78 99
Conclusion:

The program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS

1) Drawback of the binary tree ?

Ans: Additional space is required for building the tree

2) The complexity of the heap sort algorithm ?

Ans: O(n og n)
 248

Objective 47:
Write a c program for selectioon sort

Description:
This is the simplest method of sorting. In this method, to sort the data in
ascending order, the 0th element is compared with all other eements. If the 0th element is
found to be greater than the compared element then they are interchanged.

Algorithm:
1) Start
2) Initiliaze the variables I,j,temp and arr[]
3) Read the loop and check the condition. If the condition is true
print the array elements and increment the I value. Else goto
step 4
4) Read the loop and check the condition. If the condition true
then goto next loop.
5) Read the loop and check the condition. If the condition true
then goto if condition
6) If the condition if(arr[i]>arr[j]) is true then do the following
steps
i) temp=arr[i]
ii) arr[i]=arr[j]
iii) arr[j]=temp
7) increment the j value
8) perform the loop operation for the displaying the sorted
elements.
9) print the sorted elements
10) stop
 249

satrt
FLOW CHART

Initialize the
i,j,temp,arr[]

I=0 i++
I<=4

Print the arr[i]

elements

I=0 i++
I<=3

J=j+1 j++
J<=4

If
arr[i]>arr[j]

Temp=arr[i]
Arr[i]=arr[j]
Arr[j]=temp

I=0 I++
I<=4

stop Print arr[i]

 250

Program:

#incude<stdio.h>

#incude<conio.h>

Void main()

Int arr[5]={25,17,31,13,2};

Int I,j,temp;

Clrscr();

Printf(“selection sort\n”);

Printf(“\n array before sorting:\n”);

For(i=0;i<=3;i++)

Printf(“%d\t,arr[i]”);

For(i=0;i<=3;i++)

For(j=j+1;j<=4;j++)

If(arr[i]>arr[j])

Temp=arr[i];

Arr[i]=arr[j];

Arr[j]=temp;

}
 251

Printf(“\n\n array after sortong:\n”);

For(i=0;i<=4;i++)

Printf(“%d\t”,arr[i]);

Getch();

Sampe input & output:

1) Section sort

Array before sorting:

25 17 31 13 2

Array after sorting:

2 13 17 25 31

2) section sort

Array before sort

25 31 30 12 1

Array after sort

1 12 25 30 31

Concusion: this program is error free

VIVA QUESATIONS

1) The complexity of the section sort algorithm ?

Ans: O(n2)
2) 1) Drawback of the binary tree ?
Ans: Additional space is required for building the tree
3) The complexity of the heap sort algorithm ?
Ans: O(n og n)