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Chemistry - Some Essential Things To Learn: Name

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This document provides essential information for learning chemistry, including common chemical formulas, diatomic elements, reactions, ions, valencies, and tests for gases. It lists formulas for compounds like water, acids, and bases. Diatomic elements that exist as molecules of two atoms are noted. Common reactions are outlined, such as metals reacting with acids to form salts and hydrogen. Valence values for the periodic table groups are provided. Tests for identifying hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases are described. The atomic structure of protons, neutrons, and electrons is defined.

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Chemistry - Some Essential Things To Learn: Name

Uploaded by

Jay
14 views2 pages
This document provides essential information for learning chemistry, including common chemical formulas, diatomic elements, reactions, ions, valencies, and tests for gases. It lists formulas for compounds like water, acids, and bases. Diatomic elements that exist as molecules of two atoms are noted. Common reactions are outlined, such as metals reacting with acids to form salts and hydrogen. Valence values for the periodic table groups are provided. Tests for identifying hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases are described. The atomic structure of protons, neutrons, and electrons is defined.

Original Description:

Chem GCSE notes

Original Title

Chemistry Essentials GCSE

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This document provides essential information for learning chemistry, including common chemical formulas, diatomic elements, reactions, ions, valencies, and tests for gases. It lists formulas for compounds like water, acids, and bases. Diatomic elements that exist as molecules of two atoms are noted. Common reactions are outlined, such as metals reacting with acids to form salts and hydrogen. Valence values for the periodic table groups are provided. Tests for identifying hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases are described. The atomic structure of protons, neutrons, and electrons is defined.

Copyright:

© All Rights Reserved
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Download as doc, pdf, or txt
14 views2 pages

Chemistry - Some Essential Things To Learn: Name

Uploaded by

Jay
This document provides essential information for learning chemistry, including common chemical formulas, diatomic elements, reactions, ions, valencies, and tests for gases. It lists formulas for compounds like water, acids, and bases. Diatomic elements that exist as molecules of two atoms are noted. Common reactions are outlined, such as metals reacting with acids to form salts and hydrogen. Valence values for the periodic table groups are provided. Tests for identifying hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gases are described. The atomic structure of protons, neutrons, and electrons is defined.

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NAME:

CHEMISTRY SOME ESSENTIAL THINGS TO LEARN


SOME FORMULAE
water

H2O

sulphuric acid

H2SO4

carbon dioxide

CO2

nitric acid

HNO3

sulphur dioxide

SO2

hydrochloric acid

HCl
NH3

sodium hydroxide

NaOH

ammonia

hydrogen peroxide

H2O2

calcium carbonate

CaCO3

DIATOMIC ELEMENTS
H2

N2

O2

F2

Cl2

Br2

- note that these are all common gaseous elements.


I2

- all elements in Group VII (the halogens)

No other elements are diatomic.


SOME COMMON REACTIONS
N.B.

1.

metal

+ acid

salt + hydrogen

2.

metal
oxide

+ acid

salt + water

3.

metal
+ acid
hydroxide

salt + water

4.

metal
+ acid
carbonate

salt + water + carbon dioxide

5.

ammonia + acid

ammonium salt

6.

Group I metal
(e.g. sodium)

water

metal
+ hydrogen
hydroxide

Sulphuric acid makes sulphate salts.


Nitric acid makes nitrate salts.
Hydrochloric acid makes chloride salts.
Reaction of an element with chlorine makes a chloride.
Reaction of an element with bromine makes a bromide.
Reaction of an element with iodine makes an iodide.
Reaction of an element with oxygen makes an oxide.
Reaction of an element with sulphur makes a sulphide.
Reaction of an element with nitrogen makes a nitride.

Only works for metals more


reactive than hydrogen

SOME IONS
sulphate

SO42

hydroxide

OH

nitrate

NO3

ammonium

NH4+

carbonate

CO32

hydrogen ion

H+

SOME VALENCIES
group
valency

I
1

II
2

III
3

Zinc = 2

IV
4

V
3

VI
2

VII
1

0
0

Hydrogen = 1

For other elements, the valency should be given in Roman numerals, in brackets, in the name
of the compound, e.g. iron(III) oxide
COLOURS
Transition metal compounds

usually coloured

Compounds which do not contain a transition metal

usually white or colourless

ACIDS AND ALKALIS


Acidic solutions contain H+ ions, and have a pH below 7.
Alkaline solutions contain OH ions, and have a pH above 7.
Neutral solutions have a pH of 7.
SOME TESTS FOR GASES
GAS

TEST

RESULT

hydrogen

apply a lit splint

squeaky pop

oxygen

apply a glowing splint

splint relights

carbon dioxide

bubble through limewater

limewater turns milky

ammonia

smell; damp red litmus paper

pungent smell; red litmus paper turns blue

ATOMIC STRUCTURE

proton
neutron

+1
0

1
1

nucleus
nucleus

1
2

MAXIMUM
NUMBER OF
ELECTRONS
2
8

electron

negligible

orbiting nucleus

PARTICLE

RELATIVE RELATIVE
CHARGE
MASS

Group
Number of outer shell electrons

I
1

II
2

LOCATION

SHELL

III IV
3
4

V
5

VI
6

VII
7

0
Full shell (8, except He = 2)

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