Opti System Project
Opti System Project
JULY 2007
JULY 2007
Signature
: ...
: ...
ii
JULY 2007
iii
I declare that this project report entitled Four Wave Mixing Nonlinearity Effect in
Wavelength Division Multiplexing Radio over Fiber System is the result of my own
research except as cited in references. The project has not been accepted for any
degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature :
Name
Date
iv
DEDICATION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise and thanks to Allah (SWT) who gave me the strength and courage to
complete this project.
I would like to express sincere thanks to my supervisor Dr. Razali bin Ngah
for his invaluable guidance throughout the course of this project. His guidance, ideas,
encouragement, affable nature, kindness and support were greatly helpful. Even with
his busy schedule, he spent considerable amount of time helping me through the
different phases of this project.
I wish to thank my parents, for their daily prayers, giving me the motivation
and strength, and encouraging me to accomplish and achieve my goals.
vi
ABSTRACT
The integration of wireless and optical networks is a potential solution for the
increasing capacity and mobility as well as decreasing costs in the access networks.
Optical networks are fast, robust and error free, however, there are nonlinearity
obstacles preventing them from being perfect media. The performance of wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM) in radio over fiber (RoF) systems is found to be
strongly influenced by nonlinearity characteristics in side the fiber. The effect of four
wave mixing (FWM) as one of the influential factors in the WDM for RoF has been
studied here using Optisystem and Matlab. From the results obtained, it is found that
the FWM effects have become significant at high optical power levels and have
become even more significant when the capacity of the optical transmission line is
increased, which has been done by either increasing the channel bit rate, and
decreasing the channel spacing, or by the combination of both process. It is found
that when the channel spacing is 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm and 0.5 nm the FWM power is
respectively, becomes about -59 dBm, -61 dBm and -79 dBm. This result confirms
that the fiber nonlinearities play decisive role in the WDM for RoF system. The
simulation results obtained here are in reasonable agreement as compared with other
numerical simulation results obtained, elsewhere, using different simulation tools.
vii
ABSTRAK
Integrasi talian tanpa wayar dan rangkaian optik menjadi potensi kepada
penyelesaian untuk peningkatan kapasiti dan mobiliti dan seterusnya mengurangkan
kos capaian rangkaian. Rangkaian optik adalah pantas, berkesan, dan tidak
mempunyai masalah. Namun begitu halangan nonlinearity menghalangnya menjadi
media yang sempurna. Prestasi jarak gelombang pembahagi pemultipleksan (WDM)
dalam radio melalui fiber (RoF) sistem amatlah dipengaruhi oleh ciri-ciri
nonlinearity didalam fiber. Kesan four wave mixing (FWM) yang menjadi salah
satu faktor berpengaruh dalam WDM untuk RoF telah dikaji menggunakan
Optisystem dan Matlab. Keputusan yang diperolehi mendapati bahawa kesan FWM
menjadi penting pada optik kuasa aras tinggi dan sangat penting apabila kapasiti
talian penghantaraan optik bertambah, sama ada dengan meningkatkan kadar bit
saluran, mengurangkan penjarakan saluran, ataupun kedua-duanya sekali. Ianya
didapati bahawa apabila penjarakan saluran adalah 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, dan 0.5 nm kuasa
FWM masing-masing adalah lebih kurang 59 dBm, -61 dBm, dan 79 dBm.
Keputusan ini mengesahkan bahawa fiber nonlinearities memainkan peranan utama
dalam WDM untuk sistem RoF. Keputusan simulasi berangka yang diperolehi juga
bersamaan dengan keputusan model analisis yang diperolehi melalui Matlab.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
PAGE
DECLARATION
iii
DEDICATION
iv
ACKNOWLEGEMENT
ABSTRACT
vi
ABSTRAK
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLES
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
xv
LIST OF SYMBOLS
xvii
LIST OF APPENDICES
xix
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1.2
Problem Background
1.3
Problem Statement
1.4
1.5
1.6
TITLE
2.1
Introduction
2.2
2.3
ix
2.4
2.5
2.3.1
2.3.2
Large Bandwidth
10
2.3.3
11
2.3.4
11
2.3.5
12
2.3.6
12
2.3.7
13
13
2.4.1
Cellular Networks
13
2.4.2
Satellite Communications
14
15
2.5.1
15
2.5.2
17
NON-LINEAR EFFECTS
19
3.1
Introduction
19
3.2
Types of Fibers
20
3.3
Fiber Losses
20
3.4
Fiber Nonlinearities
21
3.4.1
22
3.4.2
23
3.4.3
25
3.4.3
29
3.4.5
30
METHODOLOGY
32
4.1
Introduction
32
4.2
32
4.3
33
4.4
35
4.5
40
4.6
41
4.7
41
4.8
42
x
4.9
42
47
5.1
Introduction
47
5.2
47
5.3
48
5.3.1
48
5.3.2
5.3.3
53
54
5.4.1
55
5.4.2
5.4.3
61
5.4.4
61
5.4
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
62
63
65
5.6
Discussion
67
5.7
Analytical Modelling
68
5.8
FWM reduction
70
5.8.1
70
5.8.1
72
73
6.1
Conclusion
73
6.2
74
REFERENCE
75
Appendix
77
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
3.1
31
4.1
Global parameters
37
4.2
38
4.3
38
4.4
38
4.5
39
4.6
39
xii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
2.2
10
2.3
2.4
2.5
14
16
17
3.1
23
3.2
26
3.3
27
3.4
28
3.5
29
4.1
Direct Modulation
33
4.2
External modulation
33
4.3
34
4.4
35
4.5
40
4.6
40
4.7
5.1
5.2
45
48
49
xiii
5.3
5.4
5.5
58
5.18
57
5.17
57
5.16
56
5.15
56
5.14
55
5.13
54
5.12
53
5.11
52
5.10
52
5.9
51
5.8
50
5.7
50
5.6
49
59
59
xiv
5.19
5.20
5.21
65
5.27
64
5.26
64
5.25
63
5.24
62
5.23
61
5.22
60
66
66
5.28
69
5.29
69
71
5.30
5.31
5.32
71
72
xv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
RoF
SPM
XPM
FWM
SRS
SBS
WDM
DWDM
SMF
nm
nanometer
E/O
Electrical-To-Optical Converter
O/E
RF
Radio Frequency
IF
Intermediate Frequency
CW
Continuous Wave
RAU
THz
Teri hertz
OTDM
SCM
Sub-Carrier Multiplexing
EMI
ElectroMagnetic Interference
IM-DD
OFM
GSM
MVDS
MBS
xvi
GHz
Gigahertz
RHD
TDM
OADM
LED
GVD
ITU
MUX
Multiplexer
NDSF
PMD
NRZ
Non-Return to zero
xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Pulse amplitude
Aeff
Speed of light
co
Dispersion parameter
dijk
Degeneracy factor
Frequency
Intensity
Length
Leff
Effective length
Refractive index
no
n2
n2/Aeff
Nonlinear coefficient
Power
pi
Input power
Radius
Time
Distance
dB
Nonlinear parameter
xviii
Vacuum permittivity
Wavelength
Center wavelength
Angular frequency
(j)
j th order susceptibility
xix
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX
A
TITLE
PAGE
78
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
As time passed by, the need for communication through distances, to pass
information from one place to another, became necessary and the invention of
telegraphy brought the world into the electrical-communication. The major
revolution that affected the world however was the invention of the telephone in
1876. This event has drastically transformed the development of communication
technology. Todays long distance communication has the ability to transmit and
receive a large amount of information in a short period of time.
2
anytime and place [1]. The communication capabilities allow not only human to
human communication and contact, but also human to machine and machine to
machine interaction. The communication will allow our visual, audio, and touch
sense, to be contacted as a virtual 3-D presence [3].
1.2
Problem Background
3
such as self phase modulation (SPM), cross phase modulation (XPM), four wave
mixing (FWM), stimulated raman scattering (SRS), and stimulated brillouin
scattering effects (SBS) are weak at low powers, but can become much stronger
when light reaches high intensities [7]. This can occur either when the power is
increased, or when it is concentrated in a small area-such as the core of an optical
fiber. Nonlinear optical devices have become common in RoF applications, such as
to convert the output of lasers to shorter wavelengths by doubling the frequency. The
nonlinearities in RoF are small, but they accumulate as light passes through many
kilometers of fiber. Nonlinear effects are comparatively small in optical fibers
transmitting a single optical channel. They become much larger when wavelengthdivision multiplexing (WDM) packs many channels into a single fiber [9].
WDM puts many closely spaced wavelengths into the same fiber where they
can interact with one another. It also multiplies the total power in the fiber. A singlechannel system may carry powers of 3 milliwatts near the transmitter. DWDM
multiplies the total power by the number of channels, so a 40-channel system carries
120 mW. That's a total of 2 mW per square micrometer-or 200,000 watts per square
centimeter [11]. Several nonlinear effects are potentially important in RoF, although
some have produce more troublesome than others. Some occur in systems carrying
only a single optical channel, but others can occur only in multichannel systems.
1.3
4
erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EFDA) and DWDM systems. By increasing the capacity
of the optical transmission line, which can be done by increasing channel bit rate,
decreasing channel spacing or the combination of both, the fiber nonlinearities come
to play even more decisive role.
The origin of the nonlinearities is the refractive index of the optical fiber,
which is varies with the intensity of the optical signal. This intensity-dependent
component of the refractive index includes several nonlinear effects, such as SPM,
XPM, FWM, SRS, and SBS, and becomes significant when high powers are used.
Although the individual power in each channel may be below the level needed to
produce nonlinearities, the total power summed over all channels can quickly
become significant. The combination of high total optical power and large number of
channels at closely spaced wavelengths is a source for many kinds of nonlinear
interactions.
Form the above-mentioned reasons, this study is aimed to gain insight into
nonlinear effect caused specifically by FWM in the WDM for RoF system and
measure the coefficient behind these nonlinear effects. Nonlinear coefficient of the
RoF may become an important parameter, when new optical long-haul transmission
lines and networks are being deployed.
1.4
The main objective of this project is to evaluate the FWM in WDM for RoF
technology, in order to calculate the impairments associated with long-distance highbit rate optical fiber communication systems. In order to achieve the objective,
optisystem and matlab programming software will be used respectively in the
numerical simulation and the analytical modelling will be verified through
comparison with optisystem simulation.
5
1.5
To study the efficiency of the FWM in WDM for RoF optical network, two
approaches were followed in this project. The first approach is the numerical
simulation using Optisystem software which almost replicates a real system. The
second aproach is the analytical modeling, which is simple and faster to analyze its
performance. MATLAB programming is used to implement the analytical model. To
verify the analytical system, a comparison is made with the Optisystem software.
Since Routing and wavelength assignment algorithm (RWA) needs to set up the path
immediately to reduce network delays, the analytical model developed in this project
can be used to calculate the impairments fast enough so that the routing decisions can
be made efficiently, to achieve optimal systems.
1.6
the study problem and to the statement of the problem. Followed by the objective,
and the scope of the study. Chapter 2 reviews the literature, which includes
introduction to the RoF, the benefits, and applications of the Radio over Fiber
Technology in both satellite and mobile radio communications. In addition various
types of RoF Multiplexing Techniques, such as Sub carrier multiplexing and
wavelength division multiplexing, have also bee covered. Chapter 3 provides
information about the fiber characteristics, and the non linear effects such as SPM,
FWM, SBS, SRS, and XPM.
Chapter 4 describes the methodological processes by showing detailed diagram of
the methods implemented as well as highlighting briefly the steps those have been
followed to achieve the objective of this project. Chapter 5 presents the results
derived from the methods explained where some analyses and simulations were done
based on the FWM effects. Finally the conclusions of the study, as well as some
suggestions for future work were summed up in Chapter 6.
CHAPTER 2
RADIO-OVER-FIBER TECHNOLOGY
2.1
Introduction
7
2.2
RoF technology entails the use of optical fiber links to distribute RF signals
from a central location (headend) to Remote Antenna Units (RAUs). In narrowband
communication systems and Wireless Local Area Network (WLANs), most of signal
processing (including coding, multiplexing, RF generation, modulation, etc) are
made in central stations (CS-s) rather than in the base station (BS-s) [1]. The signal
between CS and BS is transmitted in the optical band via a RoF network. This
architecture makes design of BS-s quite simple. In the simplest case, the BS consists
mainly from optical-to-electrical (O/E) and electrical-to-optical (E/O) converters, an
antenna and some microwave circuitry (two amplifiers and a diplexer).
Figure 2.1
8
2.3
2.3.1
Single Mode Fibers (SMFs) made from glass (silica), have attenuation losses
below 0.2 dB/km and 0.5 dB/km in the 1550 and 1300 nm windows, respectively as
shown in Figure 2.2 [6].
Figure 2.2.
2.3.2
Large Bandwidth
Optical fibers offer enormous bandwidth. There are three main transmission
windows, which offer low attenuation in the wavelength region of 850, 1310, and
1550 nm respectively [6] as shown in Figure 2.2.
For a single SMF optical fiber, the combined bandwidth of the three windows
is in the excess of 50 THz. commercial systems utilize only a fraction of this capacity
(1.6 THz) [5].
The high optical bandwidth enables high speed signal processing that may be
more difficult or impossible to do in electronic systems. Furthermore, signal
processing in the optical domain makes it possible to use cheaper low bandwidth
optical components such as laser diodes and modulators; in addition, it is still
capable to handle high bandwidth signals.
10
multiplexing Optical Time Division Multiplexing (OTDM) and DWDM techniques.
In analogue optical systems, including RoF technology, the Sub-Carrier Multiplexing
(SCM) is used to increase optical fiber bandwidth utilization. In SCM, several
microwave subcarriers, which are modulated with digital or analogue data, are
combined and used to modulate the optical signal, to be carried on a single fiber.
This makes RoF systems cost-effective.
2.3.3
2.3.4
In RoF systems, complex and expensive equipments are kept at the headend,
thereby making the Remote Antenna Unit (RAUs) simpler. For instance, most RoF
techniques eliminate the need for a local oscillator and related equipments at the
RAU. In such cases a photodetector, an RF amplifier and an antenna make up the
RAU. Modulation and switching equipment is kept in the headend and is shared by
several RAUs. This arrangement leads to smaller and lighter RAUs by effectively
reducing system installation and maintenance costs. Easy installation and low
maintenance costs of RAUs are very important requirements for mm-wave systems,
because of the large number of the required RAUs. In applications where RAUs are
not easily accessible, the reduction in maintenance requirements leads to a major
operational cost savings [10]. The usage of smaller number of RAUs also leads to a
reduced environmental impact.
11
2.3.5
2.3.6
2.3.7
12
wavelengths, through WDM [1]. Allocating the capacity dynamically as the need for
it arises, obviates the requirement for allocating permanent capacity, which would be
a waste of resources in the cases where traffic loads vary frequently by large
margins. Furthermore, having the centralized headend facilitates the consolidation of
other signal processing functions such as mobility functions and macro diversity
transmission [1].
2.4
Some
of
the
applications
of
RoF
technology
include
satellite
2.4.1
Cellular Networks
13
CBS
Figure 2.3
These robust RAPs are connected to the central base station via the
RoF links [10]
2.4.2
Satellite Communications
14
2.5 RoF Multiplexing Techniques
2.5.1
2.4 GHz
Figure 2.4
15
In order to multiplex multiple channels of mixed digital and analogue signals
to one optical carrier, the multiple sub-carriers are first combined and then used to
modulate the optical carrier as shown in Figure 2.3. At the receivers side the subcarriers are recovered through direct detection and then radiated. Different
modulation schemes may be used on separate sub-carriers. One sub-carrier may carry
digital data, while the other may be modulated with an analogue signal such as video
or telephone traffic. therefore, SCM is found to support the multiplexing of various
kinds of mixed mode broadband data. Modulation of the optical carrier may be
achieved by either directly modulating the laser, or by using external modulators.
SCM may be used in both IM-DD and Remote Heterodyne Detection (RHD)
RoF techniques. SCM in combination with IM-DD has been used in RoF systems fed
by multimode fiber. However, these systems have been used mainly for transmitting
WLAN signals at frequencies below 6 GHz [11].
2.5.2
WDM are passive devices that combine light signals with different
wavelengths, coming from different fibers, onto a single fiber. They include dense
wavelength division multiplexers (DWDM), devices that use optical (analog)
multiplexing techniques to increase the carrying capacity of fiber networks beyond
levels that can be accomplished via time division multiplexing (TDM)
The use of WDM for the distribution of RoF signals as illustrated in figure,
has gained importance recently. WDM enables the efficient exploitation of the fiber
networks bandwidth. These systems can achieve capacities over 1 Tb/s over a single
fiber. At the same time, bit rates on a single channel have risen to 10 Gb/s and
systems operating at 40 Gb/s channel rates are becoming commercially available.
The channel spacing in WDM can be decreased to 50 GHz or even to 25 GHz and
thus, it is possible to use hundreds of channels. However, if the channel spacing is
dropped to 50 GHz instead of 100 GHz, it will become much harder to upgrade the
systems to operate at 40 Gb/s due to the nonlinear effects.
16
Figure 2.5
17
CHAPTER 3
NON-LINEAR EFFECTS
3.1
Introduction
18
3.2
Types of Fibers
Both laser diodes and light emitting diodes (LED) can be used as light wave
sources in fiber-optical communication systems. When compared to Laser diodes, LEDs
are less expensive, less complex and have a longer lifetime; however, their optical
powers are typically small and spectral linewidths are much wider than that of laser
diodes. In multimode fibers different modes travel with different speed, which is
commonly referred to as intermodal dispersion, giving room to pulse spreading. In single
mode fibers, different signal frequency components travel in different speed within the
fundamental mode and this result in chromatic dispersion. Since the effect of chromatic
dispersion is proportional the spectral linewidth of the source, laser diodes are often used
in high-speed optical systems because of their narrow spectral linewidth.
3.3
Fiber Losses
For efficient recovery of the received signal, the signal to noise ratio at the
receiver must be considerably high. Fiber losses will affect the received power eventually
reducing the signal power at the receiver. Hence optical fibers suffer heavy loss and
degradation over long distances. To overcome these losses, optical amplifiers were
invented, which significantly boosted the power in the spans in between the source and
receiver. However, optical amplifiers introduce amplified spontaneous emission (ASE)
noises which are proportional to the amount of optical amplifications they provide; low
19
loss in optical fibers is still a critical requirement in long distance optical systems to
efficiently recover the signal at the receiver.
3.4
Fiber Nonlinearities
Even though optical networks are fast, robust, and error free, still nonlinearity
obstacles exist, which prevent it from being a perfect medium.
The nonlinear effects of the fibers play a detrimental role in the light propagation.
Nonlinear Kerr effect is the dependence of the refractive index of the fiber on the power
20
that propagating through it. This effect is responsible for self phase modulation (SPM),
cross phase modulation (XPM) and four wave mixing (FWM). The other two important
effects are stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS).
3.4.1
In fibers, the refractive index always has some dependence on the optical intensity
which is the optical power per effective area. This relation can be given as [6]:
n n0 n2 I n0 n2
P
.........................................................................(3.1)
A eff
where no is the ordinary refractive index , n2 is the nonlinear refractive index co-efficient,
Aeff is the effective core area, and P is the power of the optical signal.
21
Figure 3.1
In case of fibers having the group velocity dispersion (GVD) effects, the pulse
normally broadens which leads to difficulty in the receiver side to decode the signal.
When the chromatic dispersion is negative, the edges of frequencies which experienced
higher shifts tend to move away from the centre of the pulse. The edges of the
frequencies which experienced lower shifts tend to move away from the centre in the
opposite direction. Thus the GVD affected pulse will be broadened at the end of the fiber,
and the chirping worsens due to this effect. Therefore the SPM can worsen the
performance of the optical system in the case of long haul transmission.
3.4.2
As with Equation 3.2, the refractive index of the fiber depends on the time
varying signal intensity, which results time varying refractive index. This phenomenon
22
leads to an effect called XPM. XPM has more pronounced effect in the case of WDM
systems in which more optical channels are transmitted simultaneously. In the case of
XPM, the phase shift depends on the power of other channel. The total phase shift can be
represented as [6].
jNL Leff Pj 2 Pm
..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... . ..... ..... ..... .... .( 3.2 )
m j
where
is the non-linear phase shift for the jth channel, M=(N3-N2 ) varies from 1 to
-1
5 W /Km, Leff is the effective length of the fiber, and Pj and Pm are the power for the
channels i and j respectively.
On the right-hand-side of Equation 3.2, the first term represents effect of SPM
and the second term represents that of XPM. The factor of 2 in this equation implies that
XPM is twice as effective as SPM for the same amount of power [7]. The phase shift
which is directly created by XPM at the end of the fiber depends on the bit patterns and
powers of the neighboring channels. The effect of XPM also depends on the wavelength
separation between the signal channel and the neighboring channel. If the channels are
separated widely, then the XPM effects are relatively weak because the two bit streams
walk-off from each other quickly. In case of the DWDM systems, the channel
wavelength separation is very narrow, which leads to strong XPM effect. Since XPM
results in an inter channel crosstalk, its effect, to some extent, also depends on the bit
pattern of the two channels.
To analyze the effect of XPM and SPM, the nonlinear Schrdinger equation can
be used which represented as [2]:
A i 2 2 A
A iA A...............................................................(3.3)
2
z
2 t
2
23
By increasing the effective area, nonlinearities can be reduced. Aeff is about 80
m2 for standard fibers and 50 m2 for dispersion shifted fibers [6].
3.4.3
FWM is a phenomenon that occurs in the case of DWDM systems in which the
wavelength channel spacing are very close to each other. This effect is generated by the
third order distortion that creates third order harmonics. As shown in Figure 3.2, these
cross products interfere with the original wavelength and cause the mixing. In fact, these
spurious signals fall right on the original wavelength which results in difficulty in
filtering them out. In case of 3 channel system, there will be 9 cross products, where 3 of
them will be on the original wavelength. This is caused by the channel spacing and fiber
dispersion. If the channel spacing is too close, then FWM occurs. If the dispersion is
lesser, then FWM is higher since dispersion is inversely proportional to mixing
efficiency. As can be seen in Figure 3.2, the cross product lies right on the original signal
which poses problem when filtering.
N2
M
N 1
..........................................................................................(3.4)
2
24
Figure 3.2
25
Figure 3.3
(a) two input signals 1 and 2 (b) three input signals 1, 2 and 3
and the arising new frequency components due to FWM
Assuming that the input wavelengths are 1 = 1551.72 nm , 2 = 1552.52 nm, and
3 = 1553.32 nm. The interfering wavelengths generated around the original three
wavelength system are:
1 + 2-
3 = 1550.92 nm
1-
2 +3 = 1552.52 nm
2+
31 = 1554.12 nm
1-2+ 3 =1552.52 nm
21-3 = 1550.12 nm
23- 1 = 1554.92 nm
2+ 3-1 = 1554.12 nm
22- 1 = 1553.32 nm
23 -2 = 1554.12 nm
It can be seen that three of the interfering products fall right on top of the original three
signals and the remaining six products fall outside of the original three signals. These six
wavelengths can be optically filtered out. The three interfering products that fall on top of
the original signals are mixed together; and cannot be removed by any means. Figure 3.2
shows the results graphically. The three tall solid bars are the three original signals. The
shorter cross-hatched bars represent the nine interfering products. The number of the
interfering products increases as (N3-N2) where N is the number of signals.
26
Figure 3.4 show that the number of the interfering products rapidly becomes a very large.
Since there is no way to eliminate the products that falling on top of the original signals,
the priority is to prevent them from forming in the first place.
Figure 3.4
Therefore two factors strongly influence the magnitude of the FWM products, referred to
as the FWM efficiency. The first factor is the channel spacing; where the mixing
efficiency increases dramatically as the channel spacing becomes closer. Fiber dispersion
is the second factor, and the mixing efficiency is inversely proportional to the fiber
dispersion, being strongest at the zero-dispersion point. In all cases, the FWM mixing
efficiency is expressed in dB, and more negative values are better since they indicate a
lower mixing efficiency.
Figure 3.5 shows the magnitude of FWM mixing efficiency versus fiber
dispersion and channel spacing. If a system design uses NDSF with dispersion of 17
ps/nm/km and the minimum recommended International Telecommunication Union
(ITU) DWDM spacing of 0.8 nm, then the mixing efficiency is about -48 dB and will
have little impact. On the other hand, if a system design uses DSF with a dispersion of 1
ps/nm/km and a non-standard spacing of 0.4 nm, then the mixing efficiency becomes -12
dB and will have a severe impact on the system performance, perhaps, making the
recovery of the transmitted signal impossible. The magnitude of the mixing efficiency
27
will vary widely as these parameters vary. The data presented is intended to illustrate the
principles only.
Figure 3.5
FWM is independent of the used bit rate; however, it is critically dependent on channel
spacing and chromatic dispersion. Therefore, the effects of FWM must be considered
even at moderate-bit-rate systems, if the channel spacing is small or the chromatic
dispersion of the fiber is low. Thus, it is possible to minimize the effects of FWM by
increasing the channel spacing and the chromatic dispersion of the fiber.
3.4.4
SBS falls under the category of inelastic scattering in which the frequency of the
scattered light is shifted downward. This results in the loss of the transmitted power along
the fiber. At low power levels, this effect will become negligible. SBS sets a threshold on
the transmitted power, above which considerable amount of power is reflected. This back
reflection will make the light to reverse direction and travel towards the source. This
usually happens at the connector interfaces where there is a change in the refractive
28
index. As the power level increases, more light is backscattered since the level would
have crossed the SBS threshold. The parameters which decide the threshold are the
wavelength and the line width of the transmitter.
Lower line width experiences lesser SBS and the increase in the spectral width of
the source will reduce SBS. In the case of bit streams with shorter pulse width, no SBS
will occur. The value of the threshold depends on the RZ and NRZ waveforms, which are
used to modulate the source. It is typically 5 mW and can be increased to 10 mW by
increasing the bandwidth of the carrier greater than 200 MHz by phase modulation [8].
3.4.5
SRS occurs when the pump power increases beyond the threshold, however SRS
can happen in either direction, forward and backward. The molecular oscillations set in at
the beat frequency and the amplitude of the scattering increases with the oscillations. The
equations that govern the feedback process are [8]:
dI p
dz
dI s
dz
g R I p Is p Ip ..............................................................................(3.9)
g R I p I s
s Is ............................................................................ ..(3.10)
where gR is the SRS gain. Ip and Is are intensities of Pump and stokes field.
In case of the threshold power, the Pth is given by [8],
Pth 16
( w ) / g R .................................................................................(3.11)
2
where
w2 is the effective area of the fiber core and w is the spot size.
Even though there are some detrimental effects posed by these two effects,
SBS and SRS can also be used in a positive way. Since both deal with transferring
energy to the signal from a pump, they can be used to amplify the optical signal.
Raman gain is also used in compensating losses in the fiber transmission. Table 3.1
shows comparison of property behavior under the influence of SBS and SRS.
Table 3.1
Property
SBS
SRS
Direction of
Only in backward
scatter
direction
direction
Frequency shift
About 10 GHz
About 13 THz
Spectrum width
Narrow width
29
CHAPTER 4
METHODOLOGY
4.1
Introduction
This chapter highlights the techniques and methods employed to study the
nonlinear effects of FWM in WDM for RoF as well as to analyze the modelling
results obtained. Details of the methods will be given in the proceeding sections.
4.2
30
4.3
Figure 4.1
Direct modulation
The other technology is the external modulators are typically either integrated
Mach-Zehnder interferometers or electroabsorption modulators as shown in Figure
4.2 which the constant wave (CW) laser (always on bright), and the light is
modulated by an external lithium-niobate electro-optic modulator. External
modulation is currently preferred over any other form of modulation because it has
best performance, in spite of high cost.
Figure 4.2
External modulation
31
Using Optisystem software, two types of simulation models have been
developed to study FWM effects. The two models are with external modulated signal
and without external modulated signal as shown in the Figure 4.3 and 4.4,
respectively.
The frequency of the phase modulator drive signal was kept at 2.4 GHz. The
phase modulator has been used to sweep the optical frequency, it was necessary to
first integrate the drive signal [11].
.
Figure 4.3
32
Figure 4.4
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
4.4
Each component in both simulation models, shown in Figures 4.3 and 4.4,
has its own role, to play in the process.
33
NRZ Pulse Generator (non-return-to-zero) refers to a form of digital data
transmission in which the binary low and high states, represented by numerals 0 and
1, are transmitted by specific and constant DC (direct-current) voltages.
In positive-logic NRZ, the low state is represented by the more negative or less
positive voltage, and the high state is represented by the less negative or more
positive voltage. In negative-logic NRZ, the low state is represented by the more
positive or less negative voltage, and the high state is represented by the less positive
or more negative voltage.
The continues wave (CW) Generator is a generator of continuous-wave
millimeter-wave optical signals. The spectral linewidth of the generated millimeterwave signals is 2 kHz. The power of the measured cw millimeter-wave signals is
almost in proportion to the power multiplication of the two input optical signals.
The Mach-Zehnder Modulator, is a modulator, which has two inputs, one for
the laser diode and the other for the data from the channels.
The Optical Fiber is a component, used in the simulation is a single mode fiber
(SMF-28), where the dispersive and nonlinear effects are taken into account by a
direct numerical integration of the modified nonlinear Scrdinger (NLS) equation.
Besides the above components there are three types of components, which used
for visualizing purposes:
i.
ii.
iii.
WDM analyzer
Below are the tables for parameters setting. Table 4.1 shows the set of the
global parameters; and Table 4.2 shows the parameters, set for the CW laser sources.
The parameters set in the WDM MUX are shown in Table 4.3. There are many tabs
34
for the optical fiber parameter settings, where Table 4.4 gives the setting for the main
and the dispersion tabs, Table 4.5 gives the setting for the nonlinear tab, and Table
4.6 gives the setting for the numerical and PMD tabs in optical fiber respectively.
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
Global parameters
35
Table 4.3
Table 4.4
Main tab and dispersion tab parameters are set for optical fiber
Table 4.4: Main tab and Dispersion tab Parameters for Optical Fibers
36
Tables 4.5
Table 4.6
37
4.5
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
38
4.6
Another common property used to describe signal strength is the S/N ratio.
The S/N ratio does not describe the absolute power in the signal, but instead
describes the power of the signal in comparison to the power of the background
noise. The higher the S/N ratio, the better or more powerful the signal. Since the S/N
ratio accounts for the level of background noise, it is a very valuable and widely used
indicator of signal strength.
In the simulation process, the power at the simulation model sources was
varied from 20 dBm to -10 dBm with step of -10 dBm to in order try different
simulations.
4.7
39
4.8
The effective area parameter of the fiber optic in the simulation model has
been changed from 64 m2 to 76.5 m2 , in order to compare the results with different
effective area parameters as the power level of sources set at 0 dBm.
.
4.9
Matlab program is used to develop the analytical model of the effect of FWM
in WDM for RoF. The modelling is meant to study the nonlinear effects due to the
FWM in WDM for RoF when the light passing through the medium. Figure 4.6
shows the steps that will be followed in the modeling process.
(2)
(3)
(j)
where
0 is the vacuum permittivity and (j = 1,2,) is jth order susceptibility.
When light propagates in a transparent medium, its electric field causes some
amount of polarization in the medium. While at low light intensities the polarization
is linear with the electric field, nonlinear contributions become important at high
optical intensities, so the polarization equation consists linear terms as well as
nonlinear terms. The first order susceptibility (1) represents the linear term, and
(3)
nonlinearities can have strong effects in fibers at the third order susceptibility
. So,
only the nonlinear effects in the optical fibers, which originate from the third-order
(3)
susceptibility , will be considered and the other terms will be neglected. The
40
(3)
programming will start from the third-order susceptibility
. Thus the electric field of
r, t Ei cos
i t i z
......................................................................(4.2)
i1
Substituting Equation 4.2 into Equation 4.1, and if only the term of the third
order susceptibility is taken into account, the nonlinear dielectric polarization
( PNL
r , t ) can be written as [6]:
PNL
r , t
o
Ei cos i t i z E j cos j t j z Ek cosk t k z
n
i1 j1 k 1
3
n
n
3
2
o
E
2
Ei E j
Ei cos
i t i z
.........................................(term1)
4
i1
j 1
3
n
o
Ei3 cos
3i t 3i z
.................................................................(term2)
4 i1
3
o
4
3
o
4
E
i
1 j
1
n
2
i
E
i
1 j
1
2
i
E j cos
2i t 3i z
t
2 i j z ........................(term3)
E j cos
2i t 3i z
t
2i j
z ........................(term 4)
3
n
n
n
3
o
Ei E j E k
4
i
1 j
i k
j
cos
i j k
t cos
i j k z................ ......... ............... ...(ter m6 )
cos
i j k
t cos
i j k z................ ......... ............... ...(ter m7 )
cos
i j k
t cos
i j k z
............. ......... ............ ......(te rm 8)
(4.3)
The nonlinear susceptibility of the optical fiber generates new waves at the
angular frequencies r s t (r, s, t = 1, 2,). Term 1, in the above equation
represents the effects of SPM and XPM.
41
Terms 2, 4 and 5 can be neglected, due to lack of phase matching. The remaining terms can
satisfy the phase matching condition. The power transferred due to the FWM to new
frequencies after light has propagated distance L in the fiber can be estimated from equation
4.4 [6]:
3
ijk dijk
Pijk
PP P L2 ...........................................................................................(4. 4)
8 Aeff neff c i j k
where neff is the effective index, A eff is the effective area, Pi, P j and Pk are the input
powers at i, j and k . The factor dijk depends on the number of channels affecting
the FWM
The efficiency of FWM and noise performance are analyzed, taking into
account the effects of difference channel spacing. Equation 4.5 is presented to
evaluate the efficiency of the FWM [23].
2
Aeff D( )
(4.5)
Equation 4.6 is used to investigate the relationship between the efficiency and
the power of the FWM [23].
2
2
Pijk
dijk pi p j pk
exp(
L )L2eff
(4.6)
where Leff is effective length, which can be calculated by using Equation 4.7.
1 e l
Leff
(4.7)
where is the Angular frequency, d is the degeneracy factor, (3) is the third order
susceptibility, Aeff is the effective Area, n2 is the nonlinear reflective index, c is the
speed of light, D is the dispersion, is the channel space, is the fiber loss
coefficient and L is total fiber length.
42
(3)
The third order susceptibility
, which includes self-phase modulation
(4.8)
The model in this study will use only two wavelengths, therefore the phase matching
condition will be = (2) - 2 (1) =0 in order to satisfy the phase matching
requirement as shown in Figure 4.7.
2
Figure 4.7
Term2, term4, and term5 in the polarization Equation 4.3 are considered as
mismatching terms. After neglecting the terms representing the effects of SPM, XPM
that lack phase matching, the remaining terms in the nonlinear equation, which
satisfy the phase matching condition, will be used later to model the FWM.
43
CHAPTER 5
5.1
Introduction
This chapter presents and discusses the results obtained from the simulation
model by using Optisystem as numerical simulation and Matlab as analytical
simulation. The numerical simulation is simulated accordingly as mentioned in the
previous chapter, with and without external modulated laser.
5.2
In the FWM simulation model layout, two types of visualiser tools have been
used. The optical spectrum analyzer and the WDM analyzer were fixed after MUX
and at the end of the fiber optic. The results obtained after the multiplexer are same
as the input power level shown before the nonlinear effect. The nonlinear effect
occurs only during the propagation of signals through the fiber. The optical spectrum
analyzer has been used to show the waveform whereby the WDM analyzer has been
used to display signal power (dBm), noise power (dBm) and OSNR (dB).
44
5.3
5.3.1
Figure 5.1 shows the signal at the input channel when the channel spacing is
set at 0.1 nm.
Figure 5.1
Optical spectrum at the input of the fiber when channel spacing is set
at 0.1 nm
The result obtained from the simulation is depicted in Figure 5.2. From this
figure, the FWM effect is obviousl because the simulation without external
modulated laser is simpler compared to the simulation model with external
modulated laser. The interfering wavelengths generated around the original two
45
wavelength systems are 1549.9 nm and 1550.2 nm, thereby the power of the each
FWM sideband is approximately -59 dBm
Figure 5.2
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when channel spacing is set
at 0.1 nm
Figure 5.3 shows the signal at the input channel when the channel spacing is
set at 0.2 nm.
Figure 5.3
Optical spectrum at the input of the fiber when channel spacing is set
at 0.2 nm
When the channel spacing is increased to 0.2 nm, the result obtained from the
simulation is depicted in Figure 5.4. The interfering wavelengths generated around
47
the original two wavelength system are 1549.8 nm and 1550.4 nm, thereby the power
of the each FWM sideband is approximately -61 dBm.
Figure 5.4
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when channel spacing is set
at 0.2 nm
Similarly, Figures 5.5 shows the signal at the input channel when the channel
spacing is increased to 0.5 nm.
Figure 5.5
Optical spectrum at the input of the fiber when channel spacing is set
at 0.5 nm
Figure 5.6 shows the interfering wavelengths generated around the original
two wavelength system of 1549.5 nm and 1551 nm; thereby the power of each FWM
sideband is approximately -71 dBm.
48
Figure 5.6
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when channel spacing is set
at 0.5 nm
5.3.2
In the following process, the power level of the input sources was varied from
20 dBm to -10 dBm with step -10 dBm while other parameters such as the dispersion
and the effective area were kept unchanged.
The result obtained from the simulation when the input source power is set at
20 dBm is depicted in Figure 5.7.
49
Figure 5.7
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when input power is set at
20 dBm
The result obtained from the simulation when the input source power is set at
10 dBm is depicted in Figure 5.8.
Figures 5.8
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when input power is set at
10 dBm
The result obtained from the simulation when the input source power is set at
-10 dBm is depicted in Figure 5.9.
50
Figures 5.9
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when input power is set at
-10 dBm
From the results, given it is clear that when the power level is increased to 20
dBm the effect of the FWM becomes very severe as shown in the Figure 5.7. As the
power level of the signal sources is decreased to -10 dBm the FWM becomes less
effective, as shown in the Figure 5.9, therefore, the FWM becomes significantly
effective at high optical power levels.
5.3.3
The dispersion parameter of fiber optic was changed from 1.0 ps/nm/km
to16.75 ps/nm/km, at input power of 0 dBm. The results were taken at the end of the
fiber optic.
51
Figure 5.10
The results obtained at the end of the fiber when the power level is set at 0
dBm and the dispersion is set at 16.75 ps/nm/km as shown in Figure 5.10, was
compared with the result obtained at the same power level and dispersion of 1
ps/nm/km as shown in Figure 5.4, these result show that the FWM products were
reduced when the dispersion parameter is increased. It is important to mention that
the dispersion parameter can not be set at too high value because it does bring
limitation in bandwidth in the WDM model.
5.4
52
5.4.1
Figure 5.11 shows the signal at the input channel when the channel spacing is
set at 0.1 nm.
Figure 5.11
Optical spectrum at the input of the fiber when the channel spacing is
set at 0.1 nm
The result obtained from the simulation is depicted in Figure 5.12. The FWM
effect is not quite obvious because the external modulation produce sideband.
53
Figure 5.12
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when the channel spacing
is set at 0.1 nm
Figure 5.13 shows the signal at the input channel when the channel spacing is
set at 0.2 nm.
Figure 5.13
Optical spectrum at the input of the fiber when the channel spacing is
set at 0.2 nm
From Figures 5.14, the FWM effect is quite obvious when the channel
spacing is increased to 0.2. The power of the FWM sideband is approximately -72
dBm
54
Figure 5.14
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when the channel spacing
is set at 0.2 nm
Figure 5.15 shows the signal at the input channel when the channel spacing is
set at 0.5 nm.
Figure 5.15
Optical spectrum at the input of the fiber when the channel spacing is
set at 0.5 nm
Also in Figures 5.16, the FWM effect is quite obvious when the channel
spacing is increased to 0.5 nm. The power of the FWM sideband is approximately 87 dBm
55
Figure 5.16
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when the channel spacing
is set at 0.5 nm
5.4.2
In the following process, the power level of the input sources was varied from
20 dBm to -10 dBm with step -10 dBm while other parameters such as the dispersion
and the effective area were kept unchanged.
The result obtained from the simulation when the input source power is set at
20 dBm is depicted in Figure 5.17.
56
Figure 5.17
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when input power is set at
20 dBm
The result obtained from the simulation when the input source power is set at
10 dBm is depicted in Figure 5.18.
Figure 5.18
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when input power is set at
10 dBm
The result obtained from the simulation when the input source power is set at
-10 dBm is depicted in Figure 5.19.
57
Figure 5.19
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when input power is set at 10 dBm
From the results, given it is clear that when the power level is increased to 20
dBm the effect of the FWM becomes very severe as shown in the Figure 5.17. As the
power level of the signal sources is decreased to -10 dBm the FWM becomes less
effective, as shown in the Figure 5.19, therefore, the FWM becomes significantly
effective at high optical power levels.
The new generated mixing products have high possibilities of falling directly
on the original signal, which produce crosstalk.
5.4.3
Simulation results with the use of the external modulated laser at dispersion
of 16.75 ps/nm/km at input power of 0 dBm is shown in Figures 5.20.
58
Figure 5.20
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when input power is set at
0 dBm
The results obtained at the end of the fiber when the power level is set at 0
dBm and the dispersion is set at 16.75 ps/nm/km as shown in Figures from 5.20.
were compared with the result obtained at the same power level and dispersion of 1
ps/nm/km as shown in Figure 5.12, these result show that the FWM products were
reduced when the dispersion parameter is increased. It is important to mention that
the dispersion parameter can not be set at too high value because it does bring
limitation in bandwidth in the WDM model.
5.4.4
Simulation results with the use of the external modulated laser at effective
area of 76.5 m 2 at input power of 0 dBm are shown in Figure 5.21.
59
Figure 5.21
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when the effective area of
the fiber optic is set at 76.5 m2
Results obtained at the end of fiber where the power level is set at 0 dBm, and
the effective area is increased to 76.5m2 is shown in Figure 5.21 is compared with
Figure 5.12 which the effective area is set at 64 m2. It is found that the increasing of
the effective area can reduce the FWM effect.
5.5
60
5.5.1
The simulation results for four channels, without use of external modulated
laser, Figure 5.22 shows input signal when number of channels is increased to four
and the channel spacing is set at 0.1 nm.
Figure 5.22
Four optical spectrum at the intput of the fiber when the channel
spacing is set at 0.1 nm
The result obtained from the simulation when the number of channel is
increased is depicted in Figure 5.23. The number of FWM also is increased
61
Figure 5.23
Four output optical spectrum channels when the channel spacing is set
at 0.1 nm
The result obtained from the simulation when the number of channel is
increased and the channel spacing is set at 0.5 nm is depicted in Figure 5.24. The
number of FWM also is increased
Figure 5.24
62
5.5.2
The simulation results for four channels, when using External modulated
Laser, at different channel spacing..
Figure 5.25 shows input signal when number of channels is increased to four
and the channel spacing is set at 0.1 nm.
Figure 5.25
Four Input optical spectrum channels when the channel spacing is set
at 0.1 nm
The result obtained from the simulation when the number of channel is
increased and the channel spacing is set at 0.1 nm is depicted in Figure 5.26. The
number of FWM is also increased.
63
Figure 5.26
Four output optical spectrum channels when the channel spacing is set
at 0.1 nm
The result obtained from the simulation when the number of channel is
increased and the channel spacing is set at 0.5 nm is depicted in Figure 5.27. The
number of FWM is also increased but with less effect.
Figure 5.27
Four output optical spectrum channels when the channel spacing is set
at 0.5 nm
64
5.6
Discussions
Based on the results presented, The FWM effects increase as the number of
channels is increased. The number of spurious signals due to FWM increase
geometrically and given by
M= (N3-N2)/2
(5.1)
where N is the number of channels and M is the number of the newly generated
sidebands. The new generated mixing products have high possibilities fall directly on
the original signal, this could produce crosstalk.
Results obtained at the end of fiber where the power level is set at 0 dBm, and
the effective area is increased to 76.5m 2 are shown in Figures 5.10. It is found that
the OSNR obtained is better than before increasing the effective area as shown in
Figure 5.4.
As general, the increase of the effective area can reduce the FWM effect and
give higher OSNR value compared to the simulation result obtained with the same
power level.
The effective area refers to the equivalent area of the fiber in which the
optical power is transmitted. In the case of single mode fiber, this is roughly
proportional to the core area. Fiber with a large effective area offers reduced optical
power density, which raises the power threshold for the FWM penalties.
In addition, the effective area parameter and the dispersion parameter can be
used to calculate the FWM efficiency as follows:
65
= n2 /(Aeff x D x2 )
(5.2)
where is the FWM efficiency, n2 is the nonlinear index coefficient, Aeff is the
effective area, D is the dispersion and is the spectral width.
5.7
Analytical Modelling
Matlab based program has been developed using Equations 4.4 to 4.6 in order
to design analytical model (Appendix A), which assists to predict the expected FWM
power in different channel spacing. The designed model can give the expectation
value of the FWM power in different input signal power level.
The analytical results have been compared to the results obtained from the
numerical simulation, as shown in Figures 5.28 and 5.29.
-90
-95
-100
-105
-110
-115
-120
-125
10
Figure 5.28
15
20
25
power per channel in mill watt
30
35
40
66
-5 5
A na ly tic a l s im u la t io n
n u m e ric a l s im u la t io n
-6 0
-6 5
-7 0
-7 5
-8 0
0 .1
0 .1 5
0.2
Figure 5.29
0 .2 5
0 .3
0.35
0 .4
c h an n e l s p a c in g
0 .4 5
0 .5
0.55
0 .6
These results show that when power per channel is increased the spurious
power increase, too. The power of the FWM produced is found to be inversely
proportional to the square of the channel spacing, when all channels have the same
input power. Furthermore, the FWM effects increase exponentially as the level of the
optical power from the signal sources is increased, as shown in the Figure 5.28
Based on results presented, it is clear that when the channel spacing is smaller
the FWM effect becomes more significant due to the phase matching, as shown in
Figure 5.29.
5.8
One way to combat the FWM process is to use unequal channel spacing, so
that the mixing products do not coincide with signal frequency, and to use low input
power, or high effective area. Fiber dispersion management is a very effective way,
helpful not for FWM but also is the case of other nonlinear phenomena, that degrade
67
transmission performance in the fiber, also FWM can be mitigated by increasing the
effective area of the fiber [19].
5.8.1
Figure 5.30 shows input signal when the channel spacing is unequal.
Figure 5.30
Optical spectrum at the input of the fiber when the channel spacing is
unequal
When the spacing between the channels is unequal, showed that the mixing
products have low power level and highly possible not to falls on the original signal,
which makes them easy to be filtered, and in turn improve the system performance.
As shown Figure 5.31.
68
Figure 5.31
5.8.2
76.5 m 2 at the power level set at 0 dBm. The results were taken at the end of the
fiber optic.
Simulation results at effective area of 76.5 m2 at input power of 0 dBm are
shown in Figures 5.32.
Figure 5.32
Optical spectrum at the output of the fiber when the effective area of
the fiber optic is set at 76.5 m2
69
Results obtained at the end of fiber where the power level is set at 0 dBm, and
the effective area is increased to 76.5m2 s shown in Figure 5.32. It is found that the
increasing of the effective area can reduce the FWM effect.
70
CHAPTER 6
6.1
Conclusion
It is well known that FWM in WDM for RoF signals are mostly generated by
non-degenerate FWM process regardless of the number of input signals. In this study
only two and four input signals were launched into the optical fiber. The FWM effect
has been investigated analytically and numerically simulated. Simple equations to
determine the spectral linewidth, the FWM power due to channel spacing and the
power of the FWM components due to the input power have been deduced.
71
The numerical simulation model results and the analytical model results were
compared. The numerical simulated results clearly demonstrate that the degradation
due to FWM can be minimized by ensuring that the phase matching does not occur.
This has been achieved by increasing the channel separation and supplying low
signal power level. The high effective area is also found to the decrease FWM effect.
It is noticed that the FWM also causes inter-channel cross talk for equally spaced
WDM channels. Thus, FWM can be mitigated using unequal channel spacing.
It could be concluded that results obtained from this study will provide useful
information for identifying the fundamental limit of the capacity of the WDM
systems.
6.2
FWM in WDM for RoF effects are likely to become the main source of
performance degradation in contemporary and future fiber optical communications,
therefore future studies in attempt to overcome such problems, the following could
be recommended.
Crosstalk is the transfer of power from one channel to another, can occurs
due to nonlinear effect. FWM can produce crosstalk between wavelength channels.
This crosstalk is strongly dependent on channel separation and optical power.
Therefore it is important to estimate how large the cross talk is.
72
7.
References:
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
Remigius Zengerle, Modeling of Nonlinear Phenomena in Optical Multichannel Trasmission system Master thesis, University of Kaiserslautern,
2005.
[9]
[10]
60GHz Wireless
[12]
73
[13]
Single-Sideband
2076 2090.
[14]
[15]
Hiroshi F., Koji Y., Tetsufumi S, and Sei-ichi Itabashi Four-wave mixing in
silicon wire Waveguides Optics Express 13 (12) (2005) 4629-4637.
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
74
APPENDIX A
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% this program is used to compute power per channel versus FWM power
% and to compute channe spaing versus FWM channel
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% variables
%
% X = third order susceptibility
% lemda = wavelength in vacuum
% c = speed og light in vacuum
% Aeff= effecive area of the optical fiber
% n= nonlinear reflective inex
% alfa = fiber loss
% D= degeneracy factor
% eff = FWM efficiency
% Leff = effctive length
%
x=6*10^-15;
lemda=0.5*10^-6;
c=3*10^8;
Aeff=6.4*10^-11;
n=1.48;
75
alfa=.0461;
eff=.05;
Leff=22*10^3;
D=3;
k=(32*(pi)^3*x)./(n^2.*lemda*c)*(Leff/Aeff)
P=eff*(D.*k).^2*(1*10^-3)^3*exp(-alfa*75)
Pdb= 10*log10(P/10^-3)
plot(x,y)
hold on
y1 = [-59.5 -61.2 -65.5 -68 -72.5 -80];
plot(x,y1,'r')