www.expenglish.

com ١ Omar AL-Hourani

 ‫مقدمة ‪:Introduction‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﳌﻌﱪﺓ ﺍﻟـﱵ‬
‫ﻭﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﱪﻭﻓﻴﺴﻮﺭ ‪:Geoffrey Leech‬‬

‫ﻧﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻮﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺪﺩﹰﺍ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻟﻜـﻦ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳـﺔ‬
‫ﻻ ﺗﺴﻮﻯ ﺷﻴﺌﹰﺎ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ Auxiliary Verbs‬ﺇﱃ ﻗﺴﻤﲔ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ be - have - do :Primary Auxiliary Verbs‬ﻭﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻛﻔﻌﻞ ﻋﺎﺩﻱ ﻭﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻭﻫﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪ :Modal Auxiliary Verbs‬ﻋﺪﺩﻫﻢ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﻋﺸﺮ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪will - would - can - could - may - might - shall - should‬‬
‫‪must - ought to - used to‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴـﺎﻋﺪ ﻻ ‪‬ﻳﻀـﺎﻑ ﻟـﻪ "‪ "-s‬ﺃﻭ "‪ "-ing‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫"‪ "-ed‬ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻻ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻪ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ‪ musts , musting , to must‬ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻫﻢ ﻓﻘـﻂ "‪ "be , have , do‬ﻓـﻴﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺿـﺎﻓﺔ ﳍـﻢ "‪ "-s‬ﺃﻭ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﺴـﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠـﺔ‪.‬‬
‫"‪ "-ing‬ﺃﻭ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺴﺒﻘﻬﻢ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻱ ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﻔﻮﻕ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺭﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺑﺎﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻭﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻭﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻭﺃﺯﻣﻨـﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ‪...‬ﺇﱁ‪.‬‬
‫‪He wills go.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ‬
‫‪He will go.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ )ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ(‬
‫‪ -‬ﻭﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ )ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺘﺼـﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬
‫ﻭﻏﲑ ﻣﻀﺎﻑ ﻟﻪ ‪ –s‬ﺃﻭ ‪(–ing‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪٢‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪He will going.‬‬
‫‪go‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ "ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺼﺪﺭ"‬
‫‪He will go.‬‬ ‫ﺻﺢ )ﻫﻮ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ(‬
‫ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺄﻥ ‪ will‬ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺳﻮﻑ"‪.‬‬

‫بعض األفعال المساعدة ‪:Auxiliary Verbs‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪be‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ‪is
He , She , It ,‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ ‪are
You , We , They ,‬‬
‫‪am
I.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺻﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻸﻣﺮ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻛ ‪‬ﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﱐ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻧﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﻧﻮﺍ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻦ‪be
."‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺣﺮﻭﻑ ﺍﳉﺮ‪.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ‪was
I , He , She , It ,‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ ‪were
You , We , They ,‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪been
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬

‫‪- be + -ing‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪
being.‬‬
‫‪b‬‬
‫‪- were + -s
was.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ‪:am , is , are‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺧﱪﻩ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ‪."...‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪(II am/I'm‬‬
‫‪m) a genius.‬‬
‫‪genius.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻛﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪(He‬‬
‫'‪He is/He‬‬
‫‪He's) a genius.‬‬
‫‪genius.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ ‪ -‬ﻫﻮ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪(She‬‬
‫'‪She is/She‬‬
‫‪She's) a genius.‬‬
‫‪genius.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻫﻲ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪٣‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪AL‬‬
‫‪(It‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‪/‬ﻫﻲ "ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ" ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ‪/‬ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ ‪ -‬ﻫﻮ‪/‬ﻫﻲ "ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ" ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‪/‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﹰﺎ‪/‬ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﺔ‪genius .‬‬
‫‪It is/It's)) a genius.‬‬
‫‪(You‬‬
‫‪You are/You're‬‬
‫‪are‬‬ ‫‪re) a genius.‬‬
‫‪genius‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻱ ‪ -‬ﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪(We‬‬
‫‪We are//We're) geniuses‬‬
‫‪es.‬‬ ‫ﳓﻦ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﳓﻦ ﻧﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﲔ‪.‬‬
‫‪(They‬‬
‫'‪They are/They‬‬
‫‪are They're) geniuses.‬‬
‫‪genius .‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﻮﻥ ‪ -‬ﻫﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻧﻮﺍ ﻋﺒﻘﺮﻳﲔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ‪:‬‬

‫‪He is
He's , She is
She's , It is
It's‬‬
‫‪John is
John's , Ali is
Ali's‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬
‫‪You are
You're , They are
They're , We are
We're‬‬
‫‪I am
I'm‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻼﻥ ‪:was , were‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻎ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻳﺮﺑﻂ ﺑﲔ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻭﺧﱪﻩ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﲟﻌﲎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ "ﻛﺎﻥ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺖ ‪ ،‬ﹸﻛﻨ‪‬ﺎ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ‪."...‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪I was here.‬‬
‫‪here‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﻛﻨ ‪‬‬
‫‪He was here.‬‬
‫‪here‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪She was here.‬‬
‫‪here‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪It was here.‬‬
‫‪here‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‪/‬ﻫﻲ "ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ" ﻛﺎﻥ‪/‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪You were here.‬‬ ‫ﺖ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﻛﻨ ‪‬‬
‫‪We were here..‬‬ ‫ﳓﻦ ﻛﻨﺎ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪They were here..‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:be‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻳﻜﻮﻥ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪I will be there minutes later.‬‬
‫‪later.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺳﺄﻛﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻗﺎﺋﻖ‪.‬‬

‫‪:be‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪been‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪٤‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪AL‬‬
 ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪have‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ‪has
He , She , It ,‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ ‪have
I , You , We ,They ,‬‬
‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪had
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬

‫‪- have + -ing
having.‬‬ ‫‪aving.‬‬

‫‪- have + -s
has.‬‬
‫‪- have + -ed
had.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ‪ has‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪He has
He's , She has
She's , It has
It's ,‬‬
‫‪John has
John's , Ali has
Ali 's‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻭﺃﻥ‬ ‫‪ "have‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪ -‬ﳝﻜﻦ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﱄ ﺑﺸﺮﻁ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ "‪have , had‬‬
‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺿﻤﲑ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻓﻘﻂ‪:‬‬
‫‪I have
I've , You have
You've , We have
We've ,‬‬
‫‪They have
They've‬‬
‫)ﻧﺎﺩﺭ( ‪He had
He'd , She had
She'd , It had
It'd‬‬
‫‪I had
I'd , You had
You'd , We had
We'd ,‬‬
‫‪They had
They'd‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻼﻥ ‪:has , have‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﳝﻠﻚ )ﻟﺪﻯ( ‪ ،‬ﻳﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﳚﺮﻱ )ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـ("‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪He has friends.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﳝﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫‪She has friends.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫‪It has friends.‬‬
‫‪friends‬‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ‪/‬ﻫﻲ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‪//‬ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻮ‬
‫ﳝﻠﻚ‪/‬ﲤﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ" ﳝﻠﻚ‬
‫"ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ‬
‫ﻫﻮ‪/‬ﻫﻲ ﻏﲑ‬
‫‪I have friends.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﺎ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻣﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪٥‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪AL‬‬
‫‪You have friends.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﺃﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﲤﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫‪We have friends.‬‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﳓﻦ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫ﳓﻦ ﳕﻠﻚ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‬
‫‪They have friends.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﳝﻠﻜﻮﻥ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪ .‬ﺃﻭ ﻫﻢ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ "‪ "to‬ﲟﻌﲎ "ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪He has to go now.‬‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪She has to go now.‬‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪It has to go now..‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪/‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ" ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ‪/‬ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪I have to go now.‬‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ‪ ‬ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪You have to go now.‬‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫ﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴ ‪‬‬
‫‪We have to go now.‬‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪They have to go now.‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻫﺒﻮﺍ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:had‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ ﻭﺍﳌﺴﺘﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻡ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪ has , have‬ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻯ ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺎﻭﻝ ‪ ،‬ﺟﺮﻯ )ﻗﺎﻡ ﺑـ("‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪He had friends.‬‬
‫‪friends‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪She had friends.‬‬
‫‪friends.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪It had friends.‬‬
‫‪friends‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‪/‬ﻫﻲ "ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ" ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‪/‬ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪I had friends.‬‬
‫‪friends.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻱ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪You had friends.‬‬
‫‪friends‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻚ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪We had friends.‬‬
‫‪friends.‬‬ ‫ﳓﻦ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬
‫‪They had friends.‬‬
‫‪friends‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻛﺎﻧﻮﺍ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺀ‪.‬‬

‫"‪."own‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌﲎ "ﳝﺘﻠﻚ ‪ ،‬ﳝﻠﻚ" ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ‪"own‬‬
‫‪He owned a car.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﻣﺘﻠﻚ ﺳﻴﺎﺭﺓ‪.‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻪ "‪ "to‬ﲟﻌﲎ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ "‪ "have to‬ﺃﻭ "ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪He had to go now.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪٦‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪AL‬‬
‫‪She had to go now.‬‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪It had to go now.‬‬
‫‪now‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪/‬ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ "ﻏﲑ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻗﻞ" ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻫﺐ‪/‬ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪I had to go now..‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺫﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪You had to go now.‬‬
‫‪now.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪We had to go now.‬‬
‫‪now.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻧﺬﻫﺐ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪They had to go now.‬‬
‫‪now.‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺬﻫﺒﻮﺍ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪do‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪.‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﲨﻊ ‪d
I , You , We , They ,‬‬
‫‪do‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻢ‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪does‬‬ ‫‪.‬ﺍﺳﻢ ﻣﻔﺮﺩ ‪
He , She , It ,‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪d
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬
‫‪did‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪done‬‬ ‫‪
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬

‫‪- doo + -ing
doing.‬‬

‫‪- do + -s
does.‬‬
‫‪- do + -ed
did.‬‬

‫‪:doo , does , d‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ‪did‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺷﺮ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﳊﺎﺩﻱ ﻋﺸﺮ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺗﻮﻛﻴﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪He does seem good.‬‬
‫‪good‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ ﻳﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪She does seem good.‬‬
‫‪good‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪It does seem good.‬‬
‫‪good‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻮ‪/‬ﻫﻲ "ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ" ﻳﺒﺪﻭ‪/‬ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪I do seem good.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺑﺪﻭ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪You do seem good.‬‬
‫‪good‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪We do seem good.‬‬
‫‪good‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﳓﻦ ﻧﺒﺪﻭ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪٧‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬
‫‪AL‬‬
‫‪They do seem good.‬‬ ‫ﻼ ﲝﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻢ ﻳﺒﺪﻭﻥ ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻋﺎﺩﻳﹰﺎ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ‪ ،‬ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻨﺠﺰ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪He does his job well.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪She does her job well.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـﻌﻤﻠﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪It does its job well.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‪/‬ﻫﻲ "ﻏﲑ ﻋﺎﻗﻞ" ﻳﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـﻌﻤﻠﻪ‪/‬ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪I do my job well.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﻗﻮﻡ ﺑـﻌﻤﻠﻲ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪You do your job well.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺖ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑـﻌﻤﻠﻚ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪We did our job well.‬‬ ‫ﳓﻦ ﻗﻤﻨﺎ ﺑـﻌﻤﻠﻨﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪" .‬ﻣﺎﺿﻲ"‬
‫‪They did their job well.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻢ ﻗﺎﻣﻮﺍ ﺑـﻌﻤﻠﻬﻢ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‪" .‬ﻣﺎﺿﻲ"‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪will‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪will
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪would
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪" :will‬ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺳﻮﻑ" "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺳﻮﺯﺍﻥ ﺳﻮﻑ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻧﺼﻒ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪Susan will be here in half of an hour. .‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪" :would‬ﻳﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻮﺳﻊ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺳﻮﻑ" "ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﻣﻊ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ‪" Future in the Past‬ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺑﻊ"‪.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻃﻴﺔ ‪" Conditional Clauses‬ﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﱐ ﻋﺸﺮ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺍﳌﻬﺬﺏ ﰲ ﺻﻴﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫?‪Would you lend me your pen‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ ﱄ ﺑﺈﻋﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﻠﻤﻚ؟ "ﻃﻠﺐ ﻣﻬﺬﺏ"‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪٨‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

 ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪shall‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪shall
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪should
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:shall‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺍﳌﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺳﻮﻑ" ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ‪ I‬ﺃﻭ ‪ ،We‬ﻭﻗﺪ ﺣﻞ ﳏﻠـﻪ ‪ will‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐـﺔ‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻷﻣﲑﻛﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻣﺎ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﱪﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻣﺎﺯﺍﻝ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺻﹰﺎ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﻭﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﺴـﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳉﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫?‪Shall we go abroad‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﺳﻮﻑ ﻧﺬﻫﺐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳋﺎﺭﺝ؟ "ﲨﻠﺔ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﻬﺎﻣﻴﺔ"‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻣﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪ instructions‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪All students shall attend the class.‬‬ ‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﲨﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﻄﻼﺏ ﺃﻥ ﳛﻀﺮﻭﺍ ﺍﳊﺼﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:should‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﻣﺮﻏﻮﺏ ﺑﻪ ﻭﻳ‪‬ﻔﻀﻞ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻻﳛﺪﺙ ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻟﻠﺤﻈﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﳊﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﻥ ﲣﻔﺾ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺍﺋﺐ‪" .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ"‬
‫‪The government should lower taxes.‬‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺼﻞ ﺑﺄﻣﻚ ﻛﻞ ﺍﺳﺒﻮﻉ‪" .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻚ ﻻﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ"‬
‫‪You should phone your mother every week.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ ‪.rules & instructions‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ‪‬ﻳﺮﻭﺍ ﻻ ﺃﻥ ‪‬ﻳﺴﻤﻌﻮﺍ‪" .‬ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻭﻗﻮﻝ ﺣﻜﻴﻢ ‪"old saying‬‬
‫‪Children should be seen and not heard.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳏﺘﻤﻞ ﻭﻣﺮﺟﺢ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (٣‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﺋﺮﺓ ﺃﻥ ‪‬ﺒﻂ ﺍﻵﻥ‪" .‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺮﺟﺢ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ"‬
‫‪The plane should land right now.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ‪ should + have + V.3‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﱂ ﳛﺪﺙ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮﺳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‪ .‬ﳌﺎﺫﺍ ﱂ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ؟‬
‫?‪You should have posted those letters. Why didn't you‬‬
‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪٩‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬
 ‫ﻛﺎﻥ ﳚﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﰲ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻦ ﻫﻮ؟‬
‫?‪He should have been home long ago. Where is he‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪may‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪may
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪might
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:may‬‬

‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺸـﻲﺀ ‪" permission‬ﺍﺳـﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ can‬ﻭ ‪ could‬ﺷـﺎﺋﻊ‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ"‪.‬‬
‫?‪May I come in‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﺃﺳﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ؟ "ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﺫﻥ"‬
‫?‪May I use your cell phone‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﺃﺳﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ﻫﺎﺗﻔﻚ ﺍﳋﻠﻴﻮﻱ؟ "ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﺫﻥ"‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﺎ ‪ possibility‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿـﺮ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﺴـﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﲟﻌـﲎ "ﺭﲟـﺎ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪."perhaps‬‬

‫أين جيمس؟‬ ‫ال أعرف يا سيد بيكر‪.‬‬

‫لماذا تأخر؟‬ ‫ربما ھو مريض‪.‬‬

‫?‪Where's James‬‬ ‫‪I don't know, Mr Baker.‬‬

‫?‪Why is he late‬‬ ‫‪He may be ill.‬‬

‫‪Or he may be too‬‬

‫‪lazy to come to‬‬
‫‪school.‬‬

‫أو ربما ھو كسول جداً ليأتي‬

‫إلى المدرسة‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﻷﺧﺒﺎﺭ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪The news may be true. OR Perhaps the news is true.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺳﺘﻤﻄﺮ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ‪.‬‬
‫‪It may rain tomorrow. OR Perhaps it rains tomorrow.‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪١٠‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪ (٣‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ‪ may + have + V.3‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﻣـﺎ ‪ possibility‬ﰲ‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪He may have dead.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻣﺎﺕ‪.‬‬
‫‪He may have been ill.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻳﻀﹰﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٤‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺄﰐ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ ‪ may + be + V-ing‬ﻓﻬﺬﺍ ﻳﺪﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﻣـﺎ ‪possibility‬‬
‫ﳛﺪﺙ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪He may be coming to school on foot.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺭﲟﺎ ﺁﰐ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﺪﺭﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺪﺍﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:might‬‬

‫ﻟﻪ ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻣﺎﺕ ‪" could‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﻻﺣﻘﹰﺎ" ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻄﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻘﺪ ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻕ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳـﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺑﲔ ‪ might‬ﻭﺑﲔ ‪ could‬ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ‪.‬‬

‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪can‬‬
‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‪:‬‬
‫‪can
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬
‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‪:‬‬
‫‪could
I , He , She , It , You , We , They.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:can‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ‪ ability‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻜﻦ"‪.‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪He can speak English.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺍﻹﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪You cannot smoke here.‬‬ ‫ﻻ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﻟﺘﺪﺧﲔ ﻫﻨﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ ‪" permission‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪."could‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻏﺪ‪" .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺴﻤﺎﺣﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ"‬
‫‪You can borrow the radio until tomorrow.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ‪ possibility‬ﰲ ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ ﺃﻭ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺭﲟـﺎ ‪" "perhaps‬ﻳﻔﻀـﻞ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪."may‬‬
‫‪The weather can be very hot in Delhi.‬‬ ‫ﺍﳉﻮ ﺭﲟﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺣﺎﺭﹰﺍ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ ﰲ ﺩﳍﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪١١‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

 ‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:could‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﳌﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﳉﺴﺪﻳﺔ ‪ ability‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ‪ ،‬ﺗ ‪‬ﻤﻜﱠـﻦ ‪ ،‬ﻛـﺎﻥ‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ‪‬ﻳﻤ‪‬ﻜﻦ"‪.‬‬
‫‪He could learn English.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺍﺳﺘﻄﺎﻉ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﰲ ﺗﻠﻚ ﺍﻷﻳﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻣﻌﻄﻔﹰﺎ ﺑﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻭﻻﺭﹰﺍ ﻓﻘﻂ‪.‬‬
‫‪In those days, you could buy a coat for $20 only.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﳛﺪﺙ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺣﺪﻭﺛﻪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺃﻭ ﻏﲑ ﻣﺮﺟﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﲤﻄﺮ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻏﻴﻮﻡ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﻡ‪" .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﲤﻄﺮ ﻏﺪﹰﺍ"‬
‫‪It could rain tomorrow, but there are no clouds in the sky today.‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﲑﹰﺍ ﰲ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺹ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪" .‬ﺍﺣﺘﻤﺎﻝ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻠﻴﻮﻧﲑﹰﺍ"‬
‫‪One day I could become a millionaire, but the chances are‬‬
‫‪very small.‬‬
‫‪ (٣‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ ‪.permission‬‬
‫ﳝﻜﻨﻚ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ ﺣﱴ ﻳﻮﻡ ﻏﺪ‪" .‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺴﻤﺎﺣﻪ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮ"‬
‫‪You could borrow the radio until tomorrow.‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻳﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻻﻗﺘﺮﺍﺣﺎﺕ ‪ .suggestions‬ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ‪:Conversation‬‬ ‫‪ (٤‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻟﺐ‪ :‬ﻣﺎﺫﺍ ﺳﺄﻓﻌﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻟﻐﱵ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ؟‬
‫ﺍﳌﻌﻠﻢ‪ :‬ﺣﺴﻨﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﲢﺎﻭﻝ ﰲ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺘﻤﺎﺭﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﺍﻋﺪ‪" .‬ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ"‬
‫?‪Student: What will I do to improve my English‬‬
‫‪Teacher: Well, you could try some of these grammar exercises.‬‬

‫ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻻ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺛﺎﻟﺚ‪.‬‬ ‫‪must‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪:must‬‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻟﺰﺍﻡ ‪.obligation‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫‪You must eat to live.‬‬ ‫ﳛﺐ ﻋﻠﻴﻚ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﻛﻞ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﻌﻴﺶ‪" .‬ﺇﻥ ﱂ ﺗﻔﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻓﺴﺘﻤﻮﺕ"‬
‫ﻼ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪﹰﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺻﺤﻴﺤﹰﺎ ﺃﻡ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻚ ﺃﻭ ﺷـﻌﻮﺭ‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻓﻌ ﹰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‪ .‬ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﲔ ﻫﺎﺗﲔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ‪:‬‬
‫‪This mosque is very old.‬‬ ‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ ﻗﺪﱘ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪" .‬ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ ﻗﺪﱘ"‬
‫ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﳌﺴﺠﺪ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻗﺪﳝﹰﺎ ﺟﺪﹰﺍ‪" .‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﺇﻥ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻗﺪﳝﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﺮﻩ ﻳﻮﺣﻲ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻗﺪﱘ"‬
‫‪This mosque must be very old.‬‬
‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪١٢‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬
 ‫ﺍﻧﻈﺮ ﺇﱃ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﶈﺎﺩﺛﺔ ‪:Conversation‬‬
‫ﺃ‪ .‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﺷﺨﺺ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻘﺮﻉ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺏ‪.‬‬
‫ﺏ‪ .‬ﻧﻌﻢ‪ ،‬ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﺑﲏ‪ .‬ﻫﻮ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﱃ ﺍﳌﻨﺰﻝ ﰲ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻮﻗﺖ‪" .‬ﻏﲑ ﻣﻌﺮﻭﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﺸﺨﺺ‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺷﻜﻪ ﻳﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺍﺑﻨﻪ"‬
‫‪A. There is somebody knocking on the door.‬‬
‫‪B. Yes, it must be my son. He always gets home at this time.‬‬

‫ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﳌﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ ﺣﻮﻝ ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ‬

‫‪ should -‬ﺃﻗﻞ ﻗﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪.must‬‬
‫‪ must -‬ﻭ ‪ have to‬ﳍﻤﺎ ﻧﻔﺲ ﺍﳌﻌﲎ ﺃﻱ ﳝﻜﻨﻨﺎ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ ﺃﻥ ‪.must = have to‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺗﺮﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ‪ must‬ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻓﻴﺠﺐ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻣﺎﺿﻲ ‪ have to‬ﻭﻫﻮ "‪."had to‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻕ ﺑﲔ ‪ could‬ﻭ ‪ :might‬ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ might‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻻﺣﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺎﺕ‬
‫‪ ،possibility‬ﻭﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻝ ‪ could‬ﻋﻨﺪ ﻃﻠﺐ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺧﺼﺔ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ ‪.permission‬‬
‫‪possibil‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ‪ can , may , could‬ﲨﻴﻌﻬﻢ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻮﻥ ﻟﻄﻠﺐ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺧﻴﺺ ﻟﺸﻲﺀ‬
‫‪ ،permission‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ‪ could‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮﻫﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ ﹰﻻ ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ can‬ﻳﻠﻴﻬﺎ ‪ ،may‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﲑ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺱ‬
‫‪ermission‬‬
‫ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮﻥ ﺇﻥ ‪ may‬ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ‪‬ﺬﻳﺒﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ‪.can‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻷﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ‪ can , may , will , must , shall‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺒﻌﻬﻢ ﺣﺮﻑ ﺟﺮ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ‪.‬‬

‫‪used to‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﻪ ﺍﻟﺼﻴﻐﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Subject‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪used to‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪Verb.1 + Object‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﺍﳌﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﻪ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ ‪.use to‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ‪:used to‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻣﺎ ﺣﺼﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻏﲑ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻵﻥ‪.‬‬
‫‪She used to be a teacher.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ‪" .‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ"‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪١٣‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪AL‬‬
 ‫‪She used to be a teacher.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪but now she works in news paper.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﺍﳉﺮﺍﺋﺪ‪.‬‬

‫ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﳊﺎﺿﺮ‬

‫ﺃﻧﺎ ﻛﻨﺖ ﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ‪ .‬ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻛﻮﺍﻻﳌﺒﻮﺭ‪" .‬ﻛﺎﻥ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﱂ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻳﻌﻤﻞ ﰲ ﻣﺪﺭﻳﺪ"‬
‫‪I used to work in Madrid. Now I work in Kuala Lumpur.‬‬
‫‪.past‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﲑ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺃﻭ ﺳﻠﻮﻙ ﺃﻭ ﻃﺒﻊ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ ‪ast habit‬‬
‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻛﻨﺎ ﺃﻃﻔﺎ ﹰﻻ‪ ،‬ﻛﻨﺎ ﻧﻠﻌﺐ ﰲ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺍﳌﻠﻌﺐ‪" .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﰲ ﺍﳌﺎﺿﻲ"‬
‫‪When we were children, we used to play in that playground‬‬
‫‪playground.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﻨﻔﻲ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪ (١‬ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ "‪ "did not‬ﺃﻭ "‪ "didn't‬ﻭﻧﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪ used to‬ﺇﱃ ‪.use to‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪She (did‬‬
‫)‪did not/didn't‬‬
‫‪not didn't) use to be a teacher.‬‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻛﻠﻤﺔ "‪ "not‬ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ used‬ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ ﱂ ﺗﻜﻦ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ "ﺍﻵﻥ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ"‪.‬‬
‫‪She used‬‬
‫‪use not to be a teacher.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻫﻨﺎﻟﻚ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺘﺎﻥ ﻟﻠﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﳘﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (١‬ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﰲ ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ "‪ "Did‬ﻭﻧﺒﺪﻝ ﻣﻦ ‪ used to‬ﺇﱃ ‪.use to‬‬
‫?‪Did she use to be a teacher‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ؟‬
‫‪ (٢‬ﺑﻨﻘﻞ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ‪ used‬ﺇﱃ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫?‪Used she to be a teacher‬‬ ‫ﻫﻞ ﻫﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﻥ ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻣﻌﻠﻤﺔ؟‬
‫"ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ‪ used to‬ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻏﲑ ﺷﺎﺋﻌﺔ"‬
‫"ﻟﻜﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﱃ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻨﻔﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺴﺆﺍﻝ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ"‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪١٤‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪AL‬‬
‫ﺱ‪ /‬ﻛﻴﻒ ﺳﻨﺘﺮﺟﻢ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ "ﻫﻮ ﺳﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ" ﺇﱃ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻤﹰﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻓﻌـﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ؟ ﲤﻌﻦ ﺟﻴﺪﹰﺍ‪:‬‬
‫ﺝ‪ /‬ﻃﺒﻌﹰﺎ ﻣﻦ ﺍﳋﻄﺄ ﺍﻟﻜﺒﲑ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪He will can do that.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺄ ﻛﺒﲑ )ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﳝﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺄﰐ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﺁﺧﺮ(‬
‫ﺑﻞ ﺗﻜﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪He will be able to do that.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻮ ﺳﻴﺘﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻓﻌﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ‪.‬‬

‫‪www.expenglish.com‬‬ ‫‪١٥‬‬ ‫‪Omar AL-Hourani‬‬

‫‪AL‬‬
Select the ONE lettered answer that is BEST in each question:

1) When we ask a permission, we had better use:

A. might.
B. could.
C. may.
D. can.
E. None of all above.

2) "must" is used to express:

A. Possibility.
B. Obligation.
C. Ability.
D. Intention.

3) "may" is used to express:

A. Possibility.
B. Permission.
C. Ability.
D. Suggestion.

4) Choose the correct sentence:

A. Could I get that pen?
B. Can I get that pen?
C. May I get that pen?
D. Might I get that pen?

5) I may ......... able to come to your party if I have the time.

A. be
B. being
C. being to
D. can

6) I ......... speak French without a problem now because I have had many lessons.
A. may
B. can
C. have
D. could

7) "be" is:
A. Modal Auxiliary Verb
B. Primary Auxiliary Verb.
C. All above.
D. None of all above.

www.expenglish.com ١٦ Omar AL-Hourani

8) We ......... leave to San Francisco tomorrow.
A. will
B. would
C. were
D. have
E. None of all above.

9) When we say an old saying, we had better use:

A. must.
B. could.
C. should.
D. used to.

10) When we say something we do not know if it is true but we have plenty of evidence, we had
better use:
A. must.
B. could.
C. should.
D. may.

www.expenglish.com ١٧ Omar AL-Hourani