DSP C5000

Chapter 21
Frequency Modulation
GMSK Modulation
Copyright 2003 Texas Instruments. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives

ESIEE, Slide 2

Overview of Digital Modulation

Understanding GMSK Modulation
Learning how to Implement a GMSK Mo
dulator on a C54

Copyrigh

Digital Modulations

Baseband and bandpass signalling are used to

transmit data on physical channels such as
telephone cables or radiofrequency channels.
The source of data (bits or symbol) may be a
computer file or a digitized waveform (speech,
video)
The transmitted signal carries information about
the data and its characteristic changes at the same
rate as the data.
When the signal carrying the data information
Extends from 0 Hz upwards, the term baseband
signalling is used.
Has its power centered on a central frequency fc,
the term bandpass signalling or modulation is
used.

ESIEE, Slide 3

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Digital Modulation

Modulation is used because:

ESIEE, Slide 4

The channel does not include the 0 Hz

frequency and baseband signalling is
impossible
The bandwidth of the channel is split
between several channels for frequency
multiplexing
For wireless radio-communications, the size
of the antenna decreases when the
transmitted frequency increases.

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Carrier Frequency

In simple modulation schemes, a single

frequency signal, the carrier, is modified
at the rate of the data.
The carrier is commonly written as:
A cos 2 f c t

fc= Carrier frequency

A = Carrier Amplitude
= Carrier phase

ESIEE, Slide 5

The 3 main parameters of the carrier:

amplitude, phase and frequency can be
modified to carry the information
leading to: amplitude, phase and
frequency modulation.
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Digital Modulation

CPM: Continuous Phase Modulation

QAM: Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

Example: QPSK, OQPSK, 16QAM

Characteristic: High spectral efficiency

Multicarrier Modulation

ESIEE, Slide 6

Frequency or phase modulation

Example: MSK, GMSK
Characteristic: constant envelope modulation

Example: OFDM, DMT

Characteristic: Muti-path delay spread tolerance,
effectivness against channel distortion

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What is the Complex Envelope z(t) of a

Modulated Signal x(t) ?
x(t) z(t)e j2f ct zI (t)cos 2fct zQ(t)sin 2fct .
fc= Carrier frequency

z (t ) x(t ) jxH (t ) e j 2 fct z I (t ) jzQ (t ) A(t )e j ( t )

z(t) = Complex envelope of x(t)
zI(t), zQ(t) are the baseband components
xH(t) = Hilbert transform of x(t) = x(t) with a phase shift of /2

S x (f) 1 S z (f fc ) S z (f fc ).
2
Sx(f) = Power spectral density of x(t)
ESIEE, Slide 7

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Complex Envelope z of a Modulated Signal x

Frequency Domain
2

X(f)

Xa(f)

Z(f)

ESIEE, Slide 8

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GMSK Modulation

Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying.

Used in GSM and DECT standards.

Relevant to mobile communications
because of constant envelope
modulation:

ESIEE, Slide 9

Quite insensitive to non-linearities of power

amplifier
Robust to fading effects

But moderate spectral efficiency.

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What is GMSK Modulation?

Continuous phase digital frequency

modulation
Modulation index h=1/2
Gaussian Frequency Shaping Filter
GMSK = MSK + Gaussian filter
Characterized by the value of BT

ESIEE, Slide 10

T = bit duration
B = 3dB Bandwidth of the shaping filter
BT = 0.3 for GSM
BT = 0.5 for DECT
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GMSK Modulation, Expression for the

Modulated Signal x(t)
x(t ) cos 2 f c t (t ) with:
t

(t ) 2 h

a s( kT )d

ak = Binary data = +/- 1

h = Modulation index = 0.5
Normalization
s(t) = Gaussian frequency shaping filter
s(t)= Elementary frequency pulse

ESIEE, Slide 11

1
s( )d 2
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GMSK Elementary Phase Pulse

t

q (t )

s( )d .

Elementary phase pulse = (t )

t

(t ) 2 hq(t ) 2 h s ( )d .

For t nT , (n 1)T

(t ) 2 h ak q(t kT )

a (t kT )

x(t ) cos 2 f c t (t ) cos 2 f c t ak (t kT ) .

k

ESIEE, Slide 12

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Architecture of a GMSK Modulator

GMSK modulator using a VCO

a s t kT

a t kT

Bits ak

x(t )

VCO

h( t )

r (t )

Coder

s (t ) r (t ) * h(t )

Rectangular filter Gaussian filter

GMSK modulator without VCO

cos 2 f ct

Coder
Bits ak

s(t )

s(t ) r (t ) * h(t )

ESIEE, Slide 13

cos()

2 h

a t kT

(t )
sin 2 f ct

+
-

x (t )

sin()

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Equation for the Gaussian Filter h(t)

2 2 B 2 2
2
h(t )
B exp
t
ln(2)
ln(2)

ln(2) 2
H ( f ) exp
f
2
2B

The duration MTb of the gaussian pulse

is truncated to a value inversely
proportional to B.
BT = 0.5, MTb = 2Tb
BT = 0.3, MTb = 3 or 4Tb

ESIEE, Slide 14

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Frequency and Phase Elementary Pulses

Tbg(t )

Elementary frequency pulse

BTb

0.5

BTb 0,5
BTb 0,3

0.4

(t )

Elementary phase pulse

1.6

/2

BT b

1.4

1.2

BT

BT

0 .5
0 .3

0.8

0.3

0.6

0.2
0.4

0.1
0

0.2

-2

-1

t in number of bit periods Tb

-2

-1

t in number of bit period Tb

The elementary frequency pulse is

the convolution of a square pulse
r(t) with a gaussian pulse h(t).
Its duration is (M+1)Tb.

ESIEE, Slide 15

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GMSK Signals
1

Binary sequence

0
-1
1

10

15

20

GMSK modulated Signal 0

-1

(t )
in rd

z I ( t ) cos ( t )

10

15

20

0
-5
1

10

15

20

0
-1
1

10

15

20

z Q ( t ) sin ( t ) 0
-1

ESIEE, Slide 16

t
0

10

15

20

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Power Spectral Density of GMSK Signals

Power spectral density of the complex envelope of GMSK, BT=0.3, fe=8, T=1.
Logarithmic scale
20
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
-140

ESIEE, Slide 17

0.5

1.5
2
2.5
3
Frequency normalized by 1/T

3.5

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Implementing a GMSK Modulator on a DSP

Quadrature modulation can be used:

The DSP calculates the phase and the 2

baseband components zI and zQ and sends
them to the DAC.

Or a modulated loop can be used.

In this case, the DSP generates the

instantaneous frequency finst signal that is
sent to the DAC.

f inst h ak s ( kT ).
k

ESIEE, Slide 18

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Calculation of the Instantaneous Frequency

finst is obtained by a simple filtering of

the bit sequence ak by a FIR filter of
impulse response s(n).

Open Matlab routine

pul_phas.m to calculate s(n).
Explanation of parameters
are given in following slides.

ESIEE, Slide 19

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Expression for the Baseband Components

The baseband components zI and zQ are

modulated in amplitude by the 2
quadrature carriers.

x(t ) cos 2 f ct (t ) cos (t ) cos 2 f ct sin (t ) sin 2 f ct

x(t ) z I (t )cos 2 f ct zQ (t )sin 2 f ct

ESIEE, Slide 20

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Baseband Components and Carriers

Baseband components

z I (t ) cos (t )
zQ (t ) sin (t )

The carriers are generally RF analog

signals generated by analog oscillators
However, we will show how they could
be generated digitally if the value of fc
were not too high.
CarrierI cos 2 f ct

CarrierQ sin 2 f ct
ESIEE, Slide 21

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Calculation of the Baseband

Components on a DSP

Calculate the phase at time mTS

Ts the sampling frequency.

Read the value of cos( ) and sin( )

from a table.
For t nT , (n 1)T
(mTS )

ESIEE, Slide 22

(t )

a (mT

a (t kT ).

kT ).

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Calculation of the Elementary Pulse Phase

with Matlab

The elementary pulse phase (mTS) is

calculated with Matlab and stored in
memory.

The duration LT of the evolutive part of

(mTS) depends on the value of BT.
is called phi in the matlab routine.
t

(t ) 2 h s ( )d

(t ) 0 t 0
(t ) h t LT
ESIEE, Slide 23

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Calculation of the Elementary Pulse Phase

with Matlab 1/2
Beginning of the matlab routine

function [phi,s]=pul_phas(T_over_Ts,L,BT,T)
Ts=T/ T_over_Ts ;
% calculates the number of samples in phi in the interval 0 - LT
Nphi=ceil(T_over_Ts*L);
% calculates the number of samples in T
Nts=ceil(T_over_Ts);

Open Matlab
routine
pul_phas.m

phi=zeros(1,Nphi);
s=zeros(1,Nphi);
sigma=sqrt(log(2))/2/pi/(BT/T)

ESIEE, Slide 24

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Calculation of the Elementary Pulse Phase

with Matlab 2/2
End of the matlab routine

t=[-L*T/2:Ts:L*T/2];
t=t(1:Nphi);
ta=t+T/2;
tb=t-T/2;
Qta=0.5*(ones(1,Nphi)+erf(ta/sigma/sqrt(2)));
Qtb=0.5*(ones(1,Nphi)+erf(tb/sigma/sqrt(2)));
expta=exp(-0.5*((ta/sigma).^2))/sqrt(2*pi)*sigma;
exptb=exp(-0.5*((tb/sigma).^2))/sqrt(2*pi)*sigma;
phi=pi/T/2*(ta.*Qta+expta-tb.*Qtb-exptb);
s=1/2/T*(Qta-Qtb);
ESIEE, Slide 25

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Using the Matlab Routine

Start Matlab
Use:

call the routine using to calculate the

phase pulse phi ( ) and the pulse s:

[phi,s]=pul_phas(T_over_Ts,L,BT,T)

Plot the phase phi and the shaping pulse s

ESIEE, Slide 26

T_over_Ts=8
L=4
T=1
BT=0.3

plot(phi)
plot(s)

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Results of Matlab Routine

ESIEE, Slide 27

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Results for phi

For L=4 and T_over_Ts=8, we obtain 32

samples for phi. Matlab gives the
following values for phi:

Phi=
[0.0001,
0.0062, 0.0127,
0.1884, 0.2740,
0.9299, 1.0672,
1.4945, 1.5262,
1.5696, 1.5703,

After this evolutive part of phi, phi stays

equal to /2 (1.57).
To calculate , the evolutive part and
the constant part of the elementary
phase pulse phi are treated separately.

ESIEE, Slide 28

0.0002, 0.0005,
0.0246, 0.0446,
0.3798, 0.5036,
1.1910, 1.2968,
1.5462, 1.5581,
1.5706]

0.0012,
0.0763,
0.6409,
1.3824,
1.5646,

0.0028,
0.1231,
0.7854,
1.4476,
1.5680,

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Calculation of
Separation of evolutive and constant
parts of phi.

For t nT ,(n 1)T

(t )

n L

a (t kT ) a (t kT )

k n L 1

ak (t kT ) with:

(t ) 0 t 0
h
(t ) h t LT
2
n
n
n L
(t ) ak ak (t kT ) phimem( n) ak (t kT )
2 k
k n L 1
k n L 1

ESIEE, Slide 29

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Memory Part and Evolutive Part of

For t nT ,(n 1)T

phimem( n) phimem( n 1) a( n L) .
2

(t ) phimem(n)

k n L 1

ak (t kT )

t mTS
(mTS ) phimem(n)

ESIEE, Slide 30

k n L 1

ak (mTS kT )

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Recursive Calculation of

Names of variables

Phase =
phi = array of evolutive part of ,

Ns = number of samples per bit = T/Ts

an = binary sequence (+/- 1)

2 calculation steps:

ESIEE, Slide 31

Nphi samples = LT/Ts

Calculate
Calculate zI=cos( ) and zQ=sin( ) by table
reading
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Calculation of : Initialization

Initialization step:

L first bit periods, phimem = 0

At bit L+1, phimem is set to a1 /2.

Principle of the initialization

processing:

FOR i=1 to i=L

for j=(i-1)Ns+1 to j=(i-1)Ns+Nphi

ESIEE, Slide 32

phase((i-1)Ns+j)= phase((i-1)Ns+j)+phi(j)an(i)

Endfor

endFOR
phimem=an(1) /2
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Calculation of : After Initialization

FORi=L+1tolast_bit

Forj=(i1)Ns+1toj=(i1)Ns+Nphi

endFor
Forj=(i1)Ns+1toj=iNs

ESIEE, Slide 33

phase((i1)Ns+j)=phase((i1)Ns+j)+phi(j)an(i)

phase((i1)Ns+j)=phase((i1)Ns+j)+phimem
xi=cos(phase(i1)Ns+j)
xq=sin(phase((i1)Ns+j)

endFor
phimem=phimem+pi/2an(i+1L)

endFOR
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Coding and Wrapping the Phase Table

Thephasevaluein[ , [isrepresented
bythe16bitnumberIphase

Minimumphase= , Iphase = -215.

Maximum phase = (1-215), Iphase = 215-1.
15

2 phase
Iphase

ESIEE, Slide 34

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Index for the table in Phase Calculation

Phase increment between 2 table values:

2 / Ncos and on Iphase 216/Ncos

For Iphase, the index of the table is:

ESIEE, Slide 35

i= Ncos Iphase 2-16

Here Ncos 2-16 = 2-9,
So the index in the table is given by shifting
Iphase 9 bits to the right.

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Coding of phi

The quantized values of phi can be

obtained with Matlab:

phi

ESIEE, Slide 36

phi= round(phi*2^15/pi);

phi is defined and initialized in the file

phi03.asm as:

.ref phi
.sect "phi"
.word 1,2,5,13,29,65,133,256
.word 465,795,1284,1965,2858,3961,5252,6685
.word 8192,9699,11132,12423,13526,14419,15100,15589
.word 15919,16128,16251,16319,16355,16371,16379,16382

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Calculation of sin() and cos() by

Table Lookup

We use a table of cosine values

Length of the table Ncos=128, circular

buffer
Contents of the table: cosine of angles i
uniformlydistributedbetween and .
i
i
N

ESIEE, Slide 37

N cos N cos

i
,
1
2
2

deb_cos=firstaddressofthetable
mid_cos=addressofthetablemiddle
cos( i)isataddressmid_cos+i
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Calculation of sin() and cos() by

Table Lookup

Conversion of the phase modulo 2 :

Wrappingphasein[ , [
Donebyamacro:testa02pi

* Macro to wrap the phase between

testa02pi
.macro
SUB #8000h,A,B
BC suite1?, BGEQ
SUB #8000h,A
SUB #8000h,A
B suite?
suite1?
ADD #8000h,A,B
BC suite?,BLT
ADD #8000h,A
ADD #8000h,A
suite?
.endm

ESIEE, Slide 38

- et , phase is in ACCU A
;
;
;
;

sub -2^(15)
test if phase is in [0,2pi[
sub -2^(15)
SUB -2^(15)

; add -2^(15)
; add -2^(15)
; add -2^(15)
; end of test

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Generating the Sine Values from a Table of

Cosine Values

To generate sin( ) from the table of

cosine values, we use:

cos( /2 - ) or cos(- /2 + ) or cos(3 /2+ )

If i is the index of the cosine, for the sine we
use:

ESIEE, Slide 39

i-Ncos/4 if i>= -Ncos/4

i+3Ncos /4
if i < Ncos/4.

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Implementation on a C54x, Test Sequence

We can test the GMSK modulation on a

given periodical binary sequence an:

an=[ 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0]
These bits are stored in a circular buffer:

Size NB = 10
Declaration of a section bits aligned on an
address which is a multiple of 16 bits.
AR5

deb_bit

NB
an

ESIEE, Slide 40

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Testing the Generation of on the C54x,

Results Buffer

We calculate and store it in a buffer

pointed by AR1. The size of the result
buffer is 1000 words.
resu

AR1

1000

Buffer for the last 1000 result values of

ESIEE, Slide 41

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Testing the Generation of on the C54x

Buffers
deb_phase

AR3

phi

AR4

Nphi
phi

Circular Buffer for phi (evolutive part)

Allocated at an address multiple of 64
(Nphi = 32)

ESIEE, Slide 42

Nphi
phase

Circular Buffer for the variable phase

Allocated at an address multiple of 64
(Nphi = 32)

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Listing for the Calculation of

Definitions
.mmregs
.global
.global
.global
.global
Nphi
.set
Nphim .set
L
.set
Ncos
.set
Nsur2 .set
Nsur4 .set
NB
.set
NS
.set
.bss
ESIEE, Slide 43

debut,boucle
deb_cos, phi
deb_phase
resu
32
-32
4
128
64
32
10
8
resu,1000
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Listing for the Calculation of

Macro for phase wrapping
* Definition of macro of phase wrapping testa02pi
testa02pi .macro
SUB
#8000h,A,B
;sub -2^(15)
BC
suite1?, BGEQ
;test if phase in [0,2pi[
SUB
#8000h,A
;sub -2^(15)
SUB
#8000h,A
;sub -2^(15)
B
suite?
suite1?
ADD #8000h,A,B
;add -2^(15)
BC
suite?,BLT
ADD
#8000h,A
;add -2^(15)
ADD
#8000h,A
;add -2^(15)
suite?
;end test wrapping [0,2pi[
.endm

ESIEE, Slide 44

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Listing for the Calculation of

Initialization of Registers and Buffers 1/2
.text
* Initialization of BK, DP, ACCUs, and ARi
debut: LD
#0, DP
LD
#0, A
LD
#0, B
STM
#deb_bit,AR5
STM
#deb_cos,AR2
STM
#deb_phase ,AR3
STM
#phi,AR4
STM
#resu,AR1
STM
+1,AR0
STM
#Nphi, BK
STM
#(NS-1),AR7
RSBX
OVM
SSBX
SXM
ESIEE, Slide 45

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Listing for the Calculation of

Initialization of Registers and Buffers 2/2
* Initialization of the phase buffer
RPT
#(Nphi-1)
STL
A,*AR3+%
*initialization of phimem
LD
*AR5,T
MPY
#04000h,A ; -2^(14) an(1)(pi/2 an(1))
STL
A,*(phimem)

ESIEE, Slide 46

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Listing for the Calculation of

Calculation for the first L bits
* processing for the first L bits
STM
#(L-1),AR6
Ldeb
STM
#Nphi-1,BRC
RPTB fin-1
LD
*AR3,A
MAC
*AR4+0%,*AR5,A
testa02pi
STL
A,*AR3+%
NOP
fin
NOP
STM
#(NS-1), AR7
Nsbouc
LD
*AR3,A
STL A,*AR1+
ST
#0,*AR3+%
BANZ nsbouc,*AR7STM
MAR
STM
BANZ

ESIEE, Slide 47

; from k=0 to k=Nphi

; accu=phase(k)
; A=phase(k)+an(i) phi(k)
; A->phase(k)

; output of NS values
; and reset at 0 of NS words

#NB, BK
*AR5+%
#Nphi,BK
Ldeb, *AR6-

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Listing for the Calculation of

Calculation of the Following Bits 1/2
* begin of the infinite loop
boucle
STM
#Nphi-1,BRC
RPTB
fin2-1
; for k=0 to Nphi
LD
*AR3,A
; accu=phase(k)
MAC
*AR4+0%,*AR5,A ; A=phase(k)+an(i) phi(k)
testa02pi
STL A,*AR3+%
; A->phase(k)
fin2
* adding phimem to the NS first points of the array
* then taking them out and reset to 0 in phase
STM
#NS-1,AR7
nsbouc2
LD
*(phimem),B
ADD
*AR3,B,A
; B=phimem+phase(k)
testa02pi
STL
A,*AR1+
ST
#0,*AR3+%
; 0->phase(k)
BANZ
nsbouc2,*AR7- ; ....

ESIEE, Slide 48

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Listing for the Calculation of

Calculation of the Following Bits 2/2
fin3
* actualization of phimem
LD
*(phimem),A
STM
#NB, BK
MAR
*+AR5(#unmL)%
LD
*AR5,T
MAC
#04000h,A
; -2^(14) an(1)(pi/2 an(1))
testa02pi
STL
A,*(phimem)
MAR
*+AR5(#L)%
STM
#Nphi,BK
B
boucle
.end

ESIEE, Slide 49

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Illustration of the Phase Result Wrapped

Between - and

ESIEE, Slide 50

Plot under CCS the buffer of phase results

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Generation of the Baseband Components

zI=cos( ) and zQ=sin( )

We calculate zI and zQ and we do not

need to save the phase any more.
We output ZI and Zq, in this example on
DXR0 and DXR1.
We need the table of constants for the
values of cosine.

ESIEE, Slide 51

This table is defined in the file tabcos.asm

The cosine values are given in format Q14.

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File tabcos.asm

deb_cos

mid_cos

ESIEE, Slide 52

.def deb_cos,mid_cos
.sect "tab_cos"
.word -16384,-16364,-16305,-16207,-16069,-15893,-15679,-15426
.word -15137,-14811,-14449,-14053,-13623,-13160,-12665,-12140
.word -11585,-11003,-10394,-9760,-9102,-8423,-7723,-7005
.word -6270,-5520,-4756,-3981,-3196,-2404,-1606,-804
.word 0,804,1606,2404,3196,3981,4756,5520
.word 6270,7005,7723,8423,9102,9760,10394,11003
.word 11585,12140,12665,13160,13623,14053,14449,14811
.word 15137,15426,15679,15893,16069,16207,16305,16364
.word 16384,16364,16305,16207,16069,15893,15679,15426
.word 15137,14811,14449,14053,13623,13160,12665,12140
.word 11585,11003,10394,9760,9102,8423,7723,7005
.word 6270,5520,4756,3981,3196,2404,1606,804
.word 0,-804,-1606,-2404,-3196,-3981,-4756,-5520
.word -6270,-7005,-7723,-8423,-9102,-9760,-10394,-11003
.word -11585,-12140,-12665,-13160,-13623,-14053,-14449,-14811
.word -15137,-15426,-15679,-15893,-16069,-16207,-16305,-16364
.set deb_cos+64

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Listing for the Calculation of zI and zQ

The listing for definitions and

initializations is the same as before.
Processing of the L first bits,
Processing of the other bits

ESIEE, Slide 53

(infinite loop)

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Processing of the First L Bits 1/2

Processing of the L first bits
STM
#(L-1),AR6
Ldeb
STM
#Nphi-1,BRC
RPTB
fin-1
; from k=0 to Nphi
LD
*AR3,A
; accu=phase(k)
MAC
*AR4+0%,*AR5,A ; A=phase(k)+an(i) phi(k)
testa02pi
STL
A,*AR3+%
; A->phase(k)
fin
NOP
STM
#(NS-1), AR7
Nsbouc LD
*AR3,A
; output of NS values
SFTA
A,-9,A
ADD
#mid_cos,A,B
STLM
B,AR1
NOP
NOP
LD
*AR1,B
STL
B,DXR0
*

ESIEE, Slide 54

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Processing of the First L Bits 2/2

* Calculation of the sine
ADD
#Nsur4,A,B
BC
sui,BGT
ADD
#(Nsur2),B
B
sui1
sui
SUB
#Nsur2,B
sui1
ADD
#mid_cos,B

ESIEE, Slide 55

STLM
NOP
NOP
LD
STL
ST
BANZ

B,AR1

STM
MAR
STM

#NB, BK
*AR5+%
#Nphi,BK

*AR1,A
A,DXR1
#0,*AR3+%
nsbouc,*AR7-

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Processing of the Following bits 1 of 2

* begin the infinite loop
boucle
STM
#Nphi-1,BRC
RPTB fin2-1
; for k=0 to Nphi
LD
*AR3,A
; accu=phase(k)
MAC
*AR4+0%,*AR5,A
; A=phase(k)+an(i) phi(k)
testa02pi
STL
A,*AR3+%
; A->phase(k)
fin2
*phimem is added to the NS first points of the array
* then they are output and words are reset to 0 in buffer phase
STM
#NS-1,AR7
nsbouc2
LD
*(phimem),B
ADD
*AR3,B,A
; A=phimem+phase(k)
testa02pi
SFTA A,-9,A
ADD
#mid_cos,A,B
STLM B,AR1
NOP
NOP
LD
*AR1,B
STL
B,DXR0

ESIEE, Slide 56

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Processing of the Following Bits 2 of 2

* Calculation of the sine
NOP
ADD
#Nsur4,A,B
NOP
NOP
BC
suii,BGT
ADD
#(Nsur2),B
B
suii1
suii SUB
#(Nsur2) ,B
suii1
ADD
#mid_cos,B
STLM B,AR1
NOP
NOP
LD
*AR1,A
STL
A,DXR1
ST
#0,*AR3+%
; 0->phase(k)
BANZ nsbouc2,*AR7fin3
* actualization of phimem
LD
*(phimem),A
STM
#NB, BK
MAR
*+AR5(#unmL)%
LD
*AR5,T
MAC
#04000h,A
; -2^(14) an(1)(pi/2 an(1))
testa02pi
STL
A,*(phimem)
MAR
*+AR5(#L)%
STM
#Nphi,BK
B
boucle
.end
ESIEE, Slide 57

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Results Observed in CCS

ESIEE, Slide 58

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Generation of 2 Quadrature Carriers

Generation of:

ESIEE, Slide 59

cos(2 fct) and sin (2 fct)

fc is the frequency of the carrier
In this example we choose fc=1/T
Sampling frequency = 1/Ts = fS

In RF applications, the carriers are not

generated by the DSP. It is only possible
to use the DSP for low values of fc.
The angle (t)= 2 fct is calculated then
the value of cos() is read from a table.
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Calculation of the Angle of the Carriers

Recursive calculation of the angle :

(nTS ) 2 f c nTS (n 1)TS 2 f cTS (n 1)Ts

ESIEE, Slide 60

The precision of the generated

frequency depends on the precision of
.
The phase increment corresponds to
an increment I to the integer that
represents .
I =216fcTS rounded to the closest
integer.

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Calculation of the Angle of the Carriers

If the number of samples per period of

the carrier is a power of 2, 2k:
I =216fcTS=2(16-k) is exact
Then the precision of the generated
frequency depends only on the
precision of the sampling frequency.
Otherwise, there is an error dfc in fc:

ESIEE, Slide 61

|dfc|<2-17fS.

Error in the amplitudes of the carriers

due to finite precision of the table
reading. (possible interpolation).
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Implementation on a C54x

We use: fs/fc=8=Ns.
The cosine table has 128 Values in Q14.
deb_cos

AR1

128
Cosine
values

Circular buffer,Table of cosine

ESIEE, Slide 62

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Implementation on a C54x

ESIEE, Slide 63

Here k=3 (8 samples per period) and the

increment
I =216fcTS=2(16-k) =213
Simple case of fS/fc as an integer value, the
table is read with an offset from the pointer =
16 = 27/23 to generate a cosine with 8 samples
per period.
We can work directly on the index i and not
on I.

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Generation of the Cosine and Sine Carriers

For the cosine:

For the sine:

ESIEE, Slide 64

The circular buffer containing the cosine

values (length N) is accessed with AR1.
Incremented by the content of AR0=16.
AR1 initialized with deb_cos.
Same circular buffer accessed by AR2.
AR2 initialized with deb_cos + Ncos/4.
Decremented by AR0=16.

Outputs (cos and sin) are sent to DXR0

and DXR1.
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Generation of quadrature 2 Carriers

File porteuse.asm
A file associated with DXR0 and DXR1
is used to save visual results obtained
with the CCS simulator.
Here cosine table goes from:

ESIEE, Slide 65

0 to 2

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Listing for the Generation of 2 Carriers 1 of 2

.mmregs
.global
debut,boucle
Ncos
.set
128
Nsur2
.set
64
Nsur4
.set
32
Inc
.set
16
* Definition and initialization of Table of cosine
.sect "tab_cos"
deb_cos
.word 16384,16364,16305,16207,16069,15893,15679,15426
.word 15137,14811,14449,14053,13623,13160,12665,12140
.word 11585,11003,10394,9760,9102,8423,7723,7005
.word 6270,5520,4756,3981,3196,2404,1606,804
.word 0,-804,-1606,-2404,-3196,-3981,-4756,-5520
.word -6270,-7005,-7723,-8423,-9102,-9760,-10394,-11003
.word -11585,-12140,-12665,-13160,-13623,-14053,-14449,-14811
.word -15137,-15426,-15679,-15893,-16069,-16207,-16305,-16364
.word -16384,-16364,-16305,-16207,-16069,-15893,-15679,-15426
.word -15137,-14811,-14449,-14053,-13623,-13160,-12665,-12140
.word -11585,-11003,-10394,-9760,-9102,-8423,-7723,-7005
.word -6270,-5520,-4756,-3981,-3196,-2404,-1606,-804
.word 0,804,1606,2404,3196,3981,4756,5520
.word 6270,7005,7723,8423,9102,9760,10394,11003
.word 11585,12140,12665,13160,13623,14053,14449,14811
.word 15137,15426,15679,15893,16069,16207,16305,16364

ESIEE, Slide 66

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Listing for the Generation of 2 Carriers 2 of 2

.text
* Initializations of DP, and of the phase Ialpha at 0
* The phase Ialpha is in ACCU A, and the index of table in B
* attention we work in the part of ACCUs
* Initialize AR1 at mid_cos and AR0 at Nsur4
debut:
LD
#0, DP
LD
#0, A
STM
#Ncos,BK
STM
#deb_cos,AR1
STM
#(deb_cos+Nsur4),AR2
STM
#Inc, AR0
* endless loop
boucle:
LD
*AR1+0%,A
STL
A, DXR0
LD
*AR2-0%,B
STL
B,DXR0
* Return to the beginning of the endless loop
B
boucle

ESIEE, Slide 67

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Results Obtained with CCS

ESIEE, Slide 68

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Tutorial

The listing files for the precedent examples

can be found in the directory tutorial:

ESIEE, Slide 69

Tutorial > Dsk5416 > Chapter 21 > Labs_modulation

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Further Activities

Application 5 for the TMS320C5416

DSK and for the TMS320C5510.

Alien Voices. A very simple application showing the

effect of modulation on audio frequencies. It shows
how the carrier causes sum and difference frequencies
to be generated. Here it is used to generate the
strange voices used for aliens in science fiction films
and television.

ESIEE, Slide 70

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