The document discusses deduction and induction. Deductive arguments claim that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, while inductive arguments claim that if the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true. Four examples of arguments are given and identified as either deductive or inductive. The key differences between deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined.
The document discusses deduction and induction. Deductive arguments claim that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, while inductive arguments claim that if the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true. Four examples of arguments are given and identified as either deductive or inductive. The key differences between deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined.
The document discusses deduction and induction. Deductive arguments claim that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, while inductive arguments claim that if the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true. Four examples of arguments are given and identified as either deductive or inductive. The key differences between deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined.
The document discusses deduction and induction. Deductive arguments claim that if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true, while inductive arguments claim that if the premises are true, the conclusion is probably true. Four examples of arguments are given and identified as either deductive or inductive. The key differences between deductive and inductive arguments are then outlined.
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Deduction and Induction
Deduction and Induction
Deductive arguments are arguments in which the conclusion is claimed or intended to follow necessarily from the premises. ( If premises are true, then the conclusion must be true). Inductive arguments are arguments in which the conclusion is claimed or intended to follow probably from the premises. ( If premises are true, then the conclusion is false or probably true).
Deduction and Induction
Arguments below deductive or inductive?
Argument 1: Most Germany cars are high in maintenance cost Mercedes is a Germany car Therefore, Mercedes are high in maintenance cost Answer: Deductive argument
Deduction and Induction
Argument 2: Steven was Greek. Most Greeks eat fish. Steven ate fish. Answer: Inductive argument Argument 3: Bergen is either in Norway or Sweden. If Bergen is in Norway, then Bergen is in Scandinavia. If Bergen is in Sweden, then Bergen is in Scandinavia. Therefore, Bergen is in Scandinavia. Answer: Deductive argument
Deduction and Induction
Argument 4: The members of the Williams family are Susan, Nathan and Alexander. Susan wears glasses. Nathan wears glasses. Alexander wears glasses. Therefore,all members of the Williams family wear glasses. Answer: Inductive argument
KEY DIFFERENCES Deductive arguments claim that
If the premises are true, then the
conclusion must be true. The conclusion follows necessarily from the premises. The premises provide conclusive evidence for the truth of the conclusion. It is impossible for all the premises to be true and the conclusion false. It is logically inconsistent to assert the premises and deny the conclusion, meaning that if you accept the premises, you must accept the conclusion.
Inductive arguments claim that
If the premises are true, then the
conclusion is probably true. The conclusion follows probably from the premises. The premises provide good (but not conclusive) evidence for the truth of the conclusion. It is unlikely for the premises to be true and the conclusion false. Although it is logically consistent to assert the premises and deny the conclusion, the conclusion is probably true if the premises are true.
Exercises Instruction: Solve the following mini-mysteries on your own, using your own native reasoning abilities. Then discuss your solutions with partner.
1. Either Bill was the murderer, or Peter was
the murderer. If Peter was murderer, then traces of cyanide should have been found on the body. No traces of cyanide were found on the body. Who is the murderer?
Exercises 2. Lan, Huong, and Vu are college friends in Vietnam who plan to spend a semester abroad. They can study in the U.S., England, Singapore, Canada, Japan, France. Lan is willing to go anywhere except Asia. Huong doesnt care where they go, as long as its not France. Vu prefers not to study in America. Which is the one country that satisfied all of these various preferences?
