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    Lecture 3-ADF & NDB

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    Lecture+3-ADF+&+NDB (1)

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    Lecture 3-ADF & NDB

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    melonybluebell
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    Lecture+3-ADF+&+NDB (1)

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    Lecture+3-ADF+&+NDB (1)

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    Lecture+3-ADF+&+NDB (1)

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    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    14 views20 pages

    Lecture 3-ADF & NDB

    Uploaded by

    melonybluebell
    Lecture+3-ADF+&+NDB (1)

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 20

    By: Zuliana Ismail , 2010

    At the end of this lecture, the


    student should be able to:
    Explain how Automatic Direction Finder
    (ADF) and the Non-directional Beacons
    (NDB) works
    Describe the purpose of ADF & NDB
    Explain the advantages & disadvantages
    of ADF & NDB.

    INTRODUCTION TO NDB & ADF

    Automatic Directional Finder

    Non Directional Beacon

    Definition
    ADF is stand for Automatic Direction
    Finder.
    NDB is stand for Non Directional
    Beacon.
    ADF & NDB is the one of the older types
    of radio navigation system that still in
    use today.
    They still in use today because of its
    simplicity.

    ADF & NDB Equipments


    Non Directional Beacon (NDB) is used
    in conjunction with Automatic
    Direction Finder (ADF) in the cockpit.
    ADF equipments consists of 1) ADF
    antenna (transmitter & receiver)
    outside aircrafts body, 2) an ADF
    indicator inside the cockpit.
    NDB equipment only consist of
    ground NDB antenna located near
    the airport (airfield area).
    ADF determines the direction to

    ADF & NDB Equipment

    ADF indicator inside


    the cockpit

    ADF antenna outside


    aircraft s body

    Ground NDB stations is the


    Tall antenna located near
    the airfield

    The purpose of ADF/NDB is to provide aid


    for aircraft navigation by provide bearing
    information of aircraft location to the
    airport. (aircraft direction or heading to the
    airport in degrees(angle))
    **Bearing: the angle which measured in a
    clockwise direction.
    NDB bearings provide a consistent method
    for defining paths aircraft can fly. NDB can
    define "airways" in the sky.

    ICAO has assigned Low Frequency


    (LF) and Medium Frequency (MF)
    band for NDB,
    It is within 200 1750 KHz.
    However, most of NDB equipments are
    found operating within frequency band
    of 200-525 KHz.

    How ADF & NDB works


    NDB station radiates a non-directional
    signal in all directions around its antenna
    (transmitter).
    Station identification code(Callsign) in the
    form Morse Code is also transmitted by the
    NDB.
    An ADF selector in aircraft will tune to
    NDBs frequency in order to search its
    signals.
    After NDB call sign is identified, the
    direction of aircraft in BEARING to the
    NDB station will be indicated.

    The uses of NDB


    Used for FLYING FROM NDB or HOMING
    TO NDB when maintaining airway centrelines.
    Used for en-route navigational bearing
    Used for HOLDING system before
    landing.
    Used as markers for an Instrument
    Landing System (ILS) approach

    FLYING FROM or HOMING


    TO NDB station
    Flying From

    Homing To

    En-Route Navigation
    Aircraft must maintain their heading using
    the Automatic Direction Finding (ADF) in the
    cockpit.
    Pilot must always watch the relative bearing
    indicator to maintain the airway center line.

    NDB also can used as the markers for


    Instrument Landing System (ILS)
    approach.
    This type of NDB is also known as LOCATOR.

    Locator is a low power NDB.


    It has signal range within 10 to 25
    Nautical Miles.

    Advantages of NDB
    NDB signal can be received at low
    altitudes.
    This is because NDB signal is based on
    surface wave propagation (signal not
    limited to line of sight ).
    NDB also can be used as the Back-Up
    system. For example, during no signal
    given by the VHF Omni-directional
    Range (VOR) system.
    NDB system only requires low cost for
    their maintenances.

    Disadvantages of NDB
    Limited Signal because of several
    factors including:
    1.
    2.
    3.
    4.
    5.

    Interference Effect
    Thunderstorm Effect
    Mountain Effect
    Night Effect
    Coastal Refractions

    Interference Effect interference occurs if


    an ADF receives two or more signals
    radiated by NDB.
    Thunderstorm Effect Thunderstorm
    have very powerful discharges of static
    electricity that can interrupt the NDB signal.
    Needle of ADF indicator sometimes points
    toward the storm.
    Mountain Effect Mountain areas can
    cause reflections and diffractions and lead
    to the error direction reading by ADF.

    Night Effect Low signal or no signal


    during night time because contamination of
    radio wave.
    Coastal Refractions Also known as
    Shoreline Effect . Surface wave travel in
    one direction over land, but another
    direction over water (refraction). This can
    cause error reading in ADF indicator.

    The accuracy of NDB is +/- 5 degree


    for approach and +/- 10 for en-route.
    The accuracy of an NDB at any given
    time is difficult to determine when
    considering all the factors creating
    error.

    Exercises
    List out and define ADF & the NDB
    equipments (3M)
    Explain how ADF/NDB works? (8M)
    What are the advantages of ADF/NDB
    (4M)

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