Shinobi Manuals, Often Centered On: Bansenshukai

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A ninja (?) or shinobi (?) was a covert agent or mercenary in feudal Japan.

The
functions of the ninja included espionage, sabotage, infiltration, and assassination, and open
combat in certain situations.[1] Their covert methods of waging war contrasted the ninja with the
samurai, who observed strict rules about honor and combat.[2] The shinobi proper, a specially
trained group of spies and mercenaries, appeared in the Sengoku or "warring states" period, in
the 15th century,[3] but antecedents may have existed in the 14th century,[4] and possibly even in
the 12th century (Heian or early Kamakura era).[5][6]
In the unrest of the Sengoku period (15th17th centuries), mercenaries and spies for hire became
active in the Iga Province and the adjacent area around the village of Kga, and it is from the
area's clans that much of our knowledge of the ninja is drawn. Following the unification of Japan
under the Tokugawa shogunate (17th century), the ninja faded into obscurity.[7] A number of
shinobi manuals, often centered on Chinese military philosophy, were written in the 17th and
18th centuries, most notably the Bansenshukai (1676).[8]
By the time of the Meiji Restoration (1868), the tradition of the shinobi had become a topic of
popular imagination and mystery in Japan. Ninja figured prominently in folklore and legend, and
as a result it is often difficult to separate historical fact from myth. Some legendary abilities
purported to be in the province of ninja training include invisibility, walking on water, and
control over the natural elements. As a consequence, their perception in western popular culture
in the 20th century is often based more on such legend and folklore than on the historical spies of
the Sengoku period.[citation needed]

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