Getting the Current Date and Time

<?php
// get current date and time
$now = getdate();
// turn it into strings
$currentTime = $now["hours"] . ":" . $now["minutes"] .∝
":" . $now["seconds"];
$currentDate = $now["mday"] . "." . $now["mon"] . "." . $now["year"];
// result: "It is now 12:37:47 on 30.10.2006" (example)
echo "It is now $currentTime on $currentDate";
?>

Formatting Timestamps
<?php
// get date
// result: "30 Oct 2006" (example)
echo date("d M Y", mktime()) . " \n";
// get time
// result: "12:38:26 PM" (example)
echo date("h:i:s A", mktime()) . " \n";
// get date and time
// result: "Monday, 30 October 2006, 12:38:26 PM" (example)
echo date ("l, d F Y, h:i:s A", mktime()) . " \n";
// get time with timezone
// result: "12:38:26 PM UTC"
echo date ("h:i:s A T", mktime()) . " \n";
// get date and time in ISO8601 format
// result: "2006-10-30T12:38:26+00:00"
echo date ("c", mktime());
?>

Checking Date Validity

<?php
// check date 31-Apr-2006
// result: "Invalid date"
echo checkdate(31,4,2006) ? "Valid date" : "Invalid date";
?>

Converting Strings to Timestamps

<?php
// define string
$str = "20030607";
// convert string to timestamp
$ts = strtotime($str);
// format as readable date/time value
// result: "Saturday, 07 June 2003 12:00:00 AM" (example)
echo ($ts === -1) ? "Invalid string" : date("l, d F Y h:i:s A", $ts);
?>

Checking for Leap Years

<?php
// function to test if leap year
function testLeapYear($year) {
$ret = (($year%400 == 0) || ($year%4 == 0 && $year%100 != 0)) ∝
? true : false;
return $ret;
}
// result: "Is a leap year"
echo testLeapYear(2004) ? "Is a leap year" : "Is not a leap year";
// result: "Is not a leap year"
echo testLeapYear(2001) ? "Is a leap year" : "Is not a leap year";
?>

Finding the Number of Days in a Month

<?php
// get timestamp for month and year Mar 2005
$ts = mktime(0,0,0,3,1,2005);
// find number of days in month
// result: 31
echo date("t", $ts);
?>

Finding the Day-in-Year or Week-in-Year

Number for a Date
<?php
// get day of year for 01-Mar-2008
// result: 61
echo date("z", mktime(0,0,0,3,1,2008))+1;
// get week of year for 01-Mar-2008
// result: 09
echo date("W", mktime(0,0,0,3,1,2008));
?>

Finding the Day Name for a Date

<?php
// get timestamp for date 04-Jun-2008
$ts = mktime(0,0,0,6,4,2008);
// get day of week
// result: "Wednesday"
echo date("l", $ts);
?>

Finding the Number of Days

or Weeks in a Year
<?php
// get total number of days in the year 2001
$numDays = date("z", mktime(0,0,0,12,31,2001))+1;
// get total number of weeks in the year 2001
$numWeeks = date("W", mktime(0,0,0,12,28,2001));
// result: "There are 365 days and 52 weeks in 2001."
echo "There are $numDays days and $numWeeks weeks in 2001.\n";
?>

Finding the Year Quarter for a Date

<?php
// get timestamp for date 04-Jun-2008
$ts = mktime(0,0,0,6,4,2008);
// get quarter
// result: 2
echo ceil(date("m", $ts)/3);
?>

Converting Local Time to GMT

<?php
// convert current local time (IST) to GMT
// result: "15:06:25 30-Oct-06 GMT" (example)
echo gmdate("H:i:s d-M-y T") . "\n";
// convert specified local time (IST) to GMT
// result: "23:00:00 01-Feb-05 GMT" (example)
$ts = mktime(4,30,0,2,2,2005);
echo gmdate("H:i:s d-M-y T", $ts);
?>

Converting Between Different Time Zones

<?php
// function to get time
// for another time zone
// given a specific timestamp and hour offset from GMT
function getLocalTime($ts, $offset) {
// performs conversion
// returns UNIX timestamp
return ($ts - date("Z", $ts)) + (3600 * $offset);
}
// get current local time in Singapore
// result: "00:11:26 31-10-06 SST"
echo date("H:i:s d-m-y", getLocalTime(mktime(), 8)) . " SST \n";
// get current local time in India
// result: "21:41:26 30-10-06 IST"
echo date("H:i:s d-m-y", getLocalTime(mktime(), +5.5)) . " IST \n";
// get current local time in USA (Eastern)
// result: "11:11:26 30-10-06 EST"
echo date("H:i:s d-m-y", getLocalTime(mktime(), -5)) . " EST \n";
// get current local time in USA (Pacific)
// result: "08:11:26 30-10-06 PST"
echo date("H:i:s d-m-y", getLocalTime(mktime(), -8)) . " PST \n";
// get time in GMT
// when it is 04:30 AM in India
// result: "23:00:00 01-02-05 GMT "
echo date("H:i:s d-m-y", getLocalTime(mktime(4,30,0,2,2,2005), 0)) .∝
" GMT \n";
?>

Converting Between PHP

and MySQL Date Formats
<?php
// run database query, retrieve MySQL timestamp
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "user", "pass") ∝
or die ("Unable to connect!");
$query = "SELECT NOW() AS tsField";
$result = mysql_query($query) ∝
or die ("Error in query: $query. " . mysql_error());
$row = mysql_fetch_object($result);
mysql_close($connection);
// convert MySQL TIMESTAMP/DATETIME field
// to UNIX timestamp with PHP strtotime() function
// format for display with date()
echo date("d M Y H:i:s", strtotime($row->tsField));
?>
<?php
// run database query, retrieve MySQL timestamp
// convert to UNIX timestamp using MySQL UNIX_TIMESTAMP() function
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "user", "pass") ∝
or die ("Unable to connect!");
$query = "SELECT UNIX_TIMESTAMP(NOW()) as tsField";
$result = mysql_query($query) or die ("Error in query: $query. " .
mysql_error());
$row = mysql_fetch_object($result);
mysql_close($connection);
// timestamp is already in UNIX format
// so format for display with date()
echo date("d M Y H:i:s", $row->tsField);
?>
To convert a UNIX timestamp to MySQL’s TIMESTAMP/DATETIME format,
use the date() function with a custom format strong, or use MySQL’s FROM_
UNIXTIME() function:
<?php
// create UNIX timestamp with mktime()
$ts = mktime(22,4,32,7,2,2007);
// turn UNIX timestamp into MYSQL TIMESTAMP/DATETIME format (string)
// result: "2007-07-02 22:04:32"
echo date("Y-m-d H:i:s", $ts);
// turn UNIX timestamp into MYSQL TIMESTAMP/DATETIME format (numeric)
// result: 20070702220432
echo date("YmdHis", $ts);
?>
<?php
// create UNIX timestamp with PHP mktime() function
$ts = mktime(22,4,32,7,2,2007);
// turn UNIX timestamp into MYSQL TIMESTAMP/DATETIME format
// using MySQL's FROM_UNIXTIME() function
$connection = mysql_connect("localhost", "user", "pass") ∝
or die ("Unable to connect!");
$query = "SELECT FROM_UNIXTIME('$ts') AS tsField";
$result = mysql_query($query) or die ("Error in query: $query. " . ∝
mysql_error());
$row = mysql_fetch_object($result);
mysql_close($connection);
// result: "2007-07-02 22:04:32"
echo $row->tsField;
?>

Comparing Dates
<?php
// create timestamps for two dates
$date1 = mktime(0,0,0,2,1,2007);
$date2 = mktime(1,0,0,2,1,2007);
// compare timestamps
// to see which represents an earlier date
if ($date1 > $date2) {
$str = date ("d-M-Y H:i:s", $date2) . " comes before " .∝
date ("d-M-Y H:i:s", $date1);
} else if ($date2 > $date1) {
$str = date ("d-M-Y H:i:s", $date1) . " comes before " .∝
date ("d-M-Y H:i:s", $date2);
} else {
$str = "Dates are equal";
}
// result: "01-Feb-2007 00:00:00 comes before 01-Feb-2007 01:00:00"
echo $str;
?>

Performing Date Arithmetic

<?php
// set base date
$dateStr = "2008-09-01 00:00:00";
// convert base date to UNIX timestamp
// expressed in seconds
$timestamp = strtotime($dateStr);
// express "28 days, 5 hours, 25 minutes and 11 seconds"
// in seconds
$intSecs = 11 + (25*60) + (5*60*60) + (28*24*60*60);
// add interval (in seconds)
// to timestamp (in seconds)
// format result for display
// returns "2008-09-29 05:25:11"
$newDateStr = date("Y-m-d h:i:s", $timestamp + $intSecs);
echo $newDateStr;
?>

Displaying a Monthly Calendar

<?php
// include Calendar class
include "Calendar/Month/Weekdays.php";
include "Calendar/Day.php";
// initialize calendar object
$month = new Calendar_Month_Weekdays(2008, 1);
// build child objects (days of the month)
$month->build();
// format as table
echo "<pre>";
// print month and year on first line
echo " " . sprintf("%02d", $month->thisMonth()) . "/" .∝
$month->thisYear() . "\n";
// print day names on second line
echo " M T W T F S S\n";
// iterate over day collection
while ($day = $month->fetch()) {
if ($day->isEmpty()) {
echo " ";
} else {
echo sprintf("%3d", $day->thisDay()) . " ";
}
if ($day->isLast()) {
echo "\n";
}
}
echo "</pre>";
?>

Working with Extreme Date Values

<?php
// include ADODB date library
include "adodb-time.inc.php";
// get date representation for 01-Mar-1890
// returns "01-Mar-1890"
echo adodb_date("d-M-Y", adodb_mktime(4,31,56,3,1,1890)) . " \n";
// get date representation for 11-Jul-3690 10:31 AM
// result: "11-Jul-3690 10:31:09 AM"
echo adodb_gmdate("d-M-Y h:i:s A", adodb_mktime(16,1,9,07,11,3690)) . "
\n";
// get date representation for 11-Jul-3690 04:01 PM
// result: "11-Jul-3690 04:01:09 PM"
echo adodb_gmdate("d-M-Y h:i:s A", adodb_gmmktime(16,1,9,07,11,3690));
?>

Printing Arrays
<?php
// define array
$data = array(
"UK" => array(
"longname" => "United Kingdom", "currency" => "GBP"),
"US" => array(
"longname" => "United States of America", "currency" => ∝
"USD"), "IN" => array(
"longname" => "India", "currency" => "INR"));
// print array contents
print_r($data);
var_dump($data);
?>

Processing Arrays
<?php
// define indexed array
$idxArr = array("John", "Joe", "Harry", "Sally", "Mona");
// process and print array elements one by one
// result: "John | Joe | Harry | Sally | Mona | "
foreach ($idxArr as $i) {
print "$i | ";
}
?>
<?php
// define associative array
$assocArr = array("UK" => "London", "US" => "Washington",∝
"FR" => "Paris", "IN" => "Delhi");
// process and print array elements one by one
// result: "UK: London US: Washington FR: Paris IN: Delhi "
foreach ($assocArr as $key=>$value) {
print "$key: $value";
print "<br />";
}
?>
Processing Nested Arrays
<?php
// function to recursively traverse nested arrays
function arrayTraverse($arr) {
// check if input is array
if (!is_array($arr)) { die ("Argument is not array!"); }
// iterate over array
foreach($arr as $value) {
// if a nested array
// recursively traverse
if (is_array($value)) {
arrayTraverse($value);
} else {
// process the element
print strtoupper($value) . " \n";
}
}
}
// define nested array
$data = array(
"United States",
array("Texas", "Philadelphia"),
array("California",
array ("Los Angeles", "San Francisco")));
// result: "UNITED STATES TEXAS PHILADELPHIA CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES SAN
FRANCISCO"
arrayTraverse($data);
?>

Counting the Number of Elements in an

Array
<?php
// define indexed array
$animals = array("turtle", "iguana", "wolf", "anteater", "donkey");
// get array size (number of elements)
// result: 5
echo count($animals);
?>

Converting Strings to Arrays

<?php
// define string
$alphabetStr = "a b c d e f g h i j k";
// break string into array
// using whitespace as the separator
// result: ("a","b","c","d","e","f","g","h","i","j","k")
print_r(explode(" ", $alphabetStr));
?>

Swapping Array Keys and Values

<?php
// define associative array
$opposites = array("white" => "black", "day" => "night", "open" =>
"close");
// exchange keys and values
// returns ("black" => "white", "night" => "day", "close" => "open")
print_r(array_flip($opposites));
?>
Adding and Removing Array Elements
<?php
// define indexed array
$superheroes = array("spiderman", "superman");
// add an element to the end of the array
// result: ("spiderman", "superman", "the incredible hulk")
array_push($superheroes, "the incredible hulk");
print_r($superheroes);
// take an element off the beginning of the array
// result: ("superman", "the incredible hulk")
array_shift($superheroes);
print_r($superheroes);
// add an element to the beginning of the array
// result: ("the human torch", "superman", "the incredible hulk")
array_unshift($superheroes, "the human torch");
print_r($superheroes);
// take an element off the end of the array
// result: ("the human torch", "superman")
array_pop($superheroes);
print_r($superheroes);
?>
Use PHP’s array_splice() function to add or remove elements from the
middle of an array:
<?php
// define array
$colors = array("violet", "indigo", "blue", "green", "yellow",∝
"orange", "red", "purple", "black", "white");
// remove middle 4 elements
// result: ("violet", "indigo", "blue", "purple", "black", "white")
array_splice($colors, 3, 4);
print_r($colors);
// add 2 elements between "black" and "white"
// result: ("violet", "indigo", "blue", "purple", "black",∝
"silver", "brown", "white")
array_splice($colors, 5, 0, array("silver", "brown"));
print_r($colors);
?>

Extracting Contiguous Segments of an Array

<?php
// define array
$colors = array("violet", "indigo", "blue", "green", "yellow",∝
"orange", "red", "purple", "black", "white");
// extract middle 4 elements
// result: ("green", "yellow", "orange", "red");
$slice = array_slice($colors, 3, 4);
print_r($slice);
?>

Removing Duplicate Array Elements

<?php
// define an array containing duplicates
$numbers = array(10,20,10,40,35,80,35,50,55,10,55,30,40,70,50,10,35,∝
85,40,90,30);
// extracts all unique elements into a new array
// result: "10, 20, 40, 35, 80, 50, 55, 30, 70, 85, 90"
echo join(", ", array_unique($numbers));
?>
Re-indexing Arrays
<?php
// define indexed array
$superheroes = array(0 => "spiderman", 1 => "superman",∝
2 => "captain marvel", 3 => "green lantern");
// remove an element from the middle of the array
// result: (0 => "spiderman", 1 => "superman", 3 => "green lantern")
unset ($superheroes[2]);
// rearrange array elements to remove gap
// result: (0 => "spiderman", 1 => "superman", 2 => "green lantern")
$superheroes = array_values($superheroes);
print_r($superheroes);
?>

Randomizing Arrays
<?php
// define array of numbers from 1 to 5
$numbers = range(1,5);
// shuffle array elements randomly
// result: "3, 5, 1, 2, 4" (example)
shuffle($numbers);
echo join (", ", $numbers);
?>
<?php
// define array of numbers from 1 to 12
$numbers = range(1,12);
// pick 5 random keys from the array
$randKeys = array_rand($numbers, 5);
// print the chosen elements
// result: "3, 5, 1, 2, 4" (example)
echo join (", ", $randKeys);
?>

Reversing Arrays
<?php
// define array of numbers
$numbers = array("one", "two", "three", "four", "five");
// return an array with elements reversed
// result: ("five", "four", "three", "two", "one")
print_r(array_reverse($numbers));
?>

Searching Arrays
<?php
// define associative array
$data = array(
"UK" => "United Kingdom",
"US" => "United States of America",
"IN" => "India",
"AU" => "Australia");
// search for key
// result: "Key exists"
echo array_key_exists("UK", $data) ? "Key exists" : ∝
"Key does not exist";
// search for value
// result: "Value exists"
echo in_array("Australia", $data) ? "Value exists" : ∝
"Value does not exist";
?>

Searching Nested Arrays

<?php
// function to recursively traverse nested arrays
// and search for values matching a pattern
function arraySearchRecursive($needle, $haystack, $path=””) {
// check if input is array
if (!is_array($haystack)) { die ("Second argument is not array!"); }
// declare a variable to hold matches
global $matches;
// iterate over array
foreach($haystack as $key=>$value) {
if (preg_match("/$needle/i", $key)) {
$matches[] = array($path . "$key/", "KEY: $key");
}
if (is_array($value)) {
// if a nested array
// recursively search
// unset the path once the end of the tree is reached
$path .= "$key/";
arraySearchRecursive($needle, $value, $path);
unset($path);
} else {
// if not an array
// check for match
// save path if match exists
if (preg_match("/$needle/i", $value)) {
$matches[] = array($path . "$key/", "VALUE: $value");
}
}
}
// return the list of matches to the caller
return $matches;
}
// define nested array
$data = array (
"United States" => array (
"Texas",
"Philadelphia",
"California" => array (
"Los Angeles",
"San Francisco" => array(
"Silicon Valley"))));
// search for string "in"
// result: an array of 2 occurrences with path
print_r(arraySearchRecursive("co", $data));
?>

Filtering Array Elements

<?php
// function to test if a number is positive
function isPositive($value) {
return ($value > 0) ? true : false;
}
// define array of numbers
$series = array(-10,21,43,-6,5,1,84,1,-32);
// filter out positive values
// result: (21, 43, 5, 1, 84, 1)
print_r(array_filter($series, 'isPositive'));
?>

Sorting Arrays
<?php
// define indexed array
$animals = array("wolf", "lion", "tiger", "iguana", "bear",∝
"zebra", "leopard");
// sort alphabetically by value
// result: ("bear", "iguana", "leopard", "lion", "tiger", "wolf",
"zebra")
sort($animals);
print_r($animals);
?>

Sorting Multidimensional Arrays

<?php
// create a multidimensional array
$data = array();
$data[0] = array("title" => "Net Force", "author" => "Clancy, Tom", ∝
"rating" => 4);
$data[1] = array("title" => "Every Dead Thing", "author" => "Connolly, ∝
John", "rating"=> 5);
$data[2] = array("title" => "Driven To Extremes", "author" => "Allen, ∝
James", "rating" => 4);
$data[3] = array("title" => "Dark Hollow", "author" => "Connolly, ∝
John", "rating" => 4);
$data[4] = array("title" => "Bombay Ice", "author" => "Forbes, ∝
Leslie", "rating" => 5);
// separate all the elements with the same key
// into individual arrays
foreach ($data as $key=>$value) {
$author[$key] = $value['author'];
$title[$key] = $value['title'];
$rating[$key] = $value['rating'];
}
// sort by rating and then author
array_multisort($rating, $author, $data);
print_r($data);
?>

Sorting Arrays Using a Custom Sort

Function
<?php
// function to compare length of two values
function sortByLength($a, $b) {
if (is_scalar($a) && is_scalar($b)) {
if (strlen($a) == strlen($b)) {
return 0;
} else {
return (strlen($a) > strlen($b)) ? 1 : -1;
}
}
}
// define array
$data = array("abracadabra", "goo", "indefinitely",∝
"hail to the chief", "aloha");
// sort array using custom sorting function
// result: ("goo", "aloha", ..., "hail to the chief")
usort($data, 'sortByLength');
print_r($data);
?>

Sorting Nested Arrays

<?php
// function to compare length of two values
function sortByLength($a, $b) {
if (is_scalar($a) && is_scalar($b)) {
if (strlen($a) == strlen($b)) {
return 0;
} else {
return (strlen($a) > strlen($b)) ? 1 : -1;
}
}
}
// function to recursively sort
// a series of nested arrays
function sortRecursive(&$arr, $sortFunc, $sortFuncParams = null) {
// check if input is array
if (!is_array($arr)) { die ("Argument is not array!"); }
// sort the array using the named function
$sortFunc($arr, $sortFuncParams);
// check to see if further arrays exist
// recurse if so
foreach (array_keys($arr) as $k) {
if (is_array($arr[$k])) {
sortRecursive($arr[$k], $sortFunc, $sortFuncParams);
}
}
}
// define nested array
$data = array (
"United States" => array (
"West Virginia",
"Texas" => array(
"Dallas", "Austin"),
"Philadelphia", "Vermont", "Kentucky",
"California" => array (
"San Francisco", "Los Angeles", "Cupertino", "Mountain
View")));
// sort $data recursively using asort()
sortRecursive($data, 'asort');
print_r($data);
// sort $data recursively using custom function()
sortRecursive($data, 'usort', 'sortByLength');
print_r($data);
?>

Merging Arrays
<?php
// define arrays
$statesUS = array("Maine", "New York", "Florida", "California");
$statesIN = array("Maharashtra", "Tamil Nadu", "Kerala");
// merge into a single array
// result: ("Maine", "New York", ..., "Tamil Nadu", "Kerala")
$states = array_merge($statesUS, $statesIN);
print_r($states);
?>
<?php
// define arrays
$ab = array("a" => "apple", "b" => "baby");
$ac = array("a" => "anteater", "c" => "cauliflower");
$bcd = array("b" => "ball", "c" => array("car", "caterpillar"),∝
"d" => "demon");
// recursively merge into a single array
$abcd = array_merge_recursive($ab, $ac, $bcd);
print_r($abcd);
?>

Comparing Arrays
<?php
// define arrays
$salt = array("sodium", "chlorine");
$acid = array("hydrogen", "chlorine", "nitrogen");
// get all elements from $acid
// that also exist in $salt
// result: ("chlorine")
$intersection = array_intersect($acid, $salt);
print_r($intersection);
?>
Use PHP’s array_diff() function to find the elements that exist in either one
of the two arrays, but not both simultaneously:
<?php
// define arrays
$salt = array("sodium", "chlorine");
$acid = array("hydrogen", "chlorine", "nitrogen");
// get all elements that do not exist
// in both arrays simultaneously
// result: ("hydrogen", "nitrogen", "sodium")
$diff = array_unique(array_merge(∝
array_diff($acid, $salt), array_diff($salt, $acid)
));
print_r($diff);
?>

Controlling String Case

<?php
// define string
$rhyme = "And all the king's men couldn't put him together again";
// uppercase entire string
// result: "AND ALL THE KING'S MEN COULDN'T PUT HIM TOGETHER AGAIN"
$ucstr = strtoupper($rhyme);
echo $ucstr;
// lowercase entire string
// result: "and all the king's men couldn't put him together again"
$lcstr = strtolower($rhyme);
echo $lcstr;
?>

Checking for Empty String Values

<?php
// define string
$str = " ";
// check if string is empty
// result: "Empty"
echo (!isset($str) || trim($str) == "") ? "Empty" : "Not empty";
?>

Removing Characters from the Ends of a

String
<?php
// define string
$str = "serendipity";
// remove first 6 characters
// result: "ipity"
$newStr = substr($str, 6);
echo $newStr;
// remove last 6 characters
// result: "seren"
$newStr = substr($str, 0, -6);
echo $newStr;
?>

Removing Whitespace from Strings

<?php
// define string
$str = " this is a string with lots of emb e dd ∝
ed whitespace ";
// trim the whitespace at the ends of the string
// compress the whitespace in the middle of the string
// result: "this is a string with lots of emb e dd ed whitespace"
$newStr = ereg_replace('[[:space:]]+', ' ', trim($str));
echo $newStr;
?>

Reversing Strings
<?php
// define string
$cards = "Visa, MasterCard and American Express accepted";
// reverse string
// result: "detpecca sserpxE naciremA dna draCretsaM ,asiV"
$sdrac = strrev($cards);
echo $sdrac;
?>

Repeating Strings
<?php
// define string
$laugh = "ha ";
// repeat string
// result: "ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha "
$rlaugh = str_repeat($laugh, 10);
echo $rlaugh;
?>
Truncating Strings
<?php
function truncateString($str, $maxChars=40, $holder="...") {
// check string length
// truncate if necessary
if (strlen($str) > $maxChars) {
return trim(substr($str, 0, $maxChars)) . $holder;
} else {
return $str;
}
}
// define long string
$str = "Just as there are different flavors of client-side scripting,∝
there are different languages that can be used on
the server as well.";
// truncate and print string
// result: "Just as there are different flavours of..."
echo truncateString($str);
// truncate and print string
// result: "Just as there are di >>>"
echo truncateString($str, 20, " >>>");
?>

Splitting Strings into Smaller Chunks

<?php
// define string
$str = "The mice jumped over the cat, giggling madly ∝
as the moon exploded into green and purple confetti";
// define chunk size
$chunkSize = 11;
// split string into chunks
// result: [0] = The mice ju [1] = mped over t [2] = he cat, gig
// [3] = gling madly ...
$chunkedArr = str_split($str, $chunkSize);
print_r($chunkedArr);
?>

Comparing Strings for Similarity

<?php
// compare strings
// result: "Strings are similar"
echo (metaphone("rest") == metaphone("reset")) ? ∝
"Strings are similar" : "Strings are not similar";
// result: "Strings are similar"
echo (metaphone("deep") == metaphone("dip")) ? ∝
"Strings are similar" : "Strings are not similar";
// result: "Strings are not similar"
echo (metaphone("fire") == metaphone("higher")) ? ∝
"Strings are similar" : "Strings are not similar";
?>
Parsing Comma-Separated Lists
<?php
// define comma-separated list
$ingredientsStr = "butter, milk, sugar, salt, flour, caramel";
// decompose string into array
// using comma as delimiter
$ingredientsArr = explode(", ", $ingredientsStr);
// iterate over array
// print individual elements
foreach ($ingredientsArr as $i) {
print $i . "\r\n";
}
?>

Parsing URLs
<?php
// define URL
$url = "http://www.melonfire.com:80/community/columns/trog/ ∝
article.php?id=79 &page=2";
// parse URL into associative array
$data = parse_url($url);
// print URL components
foreach ($data as $k=>$v) {
echo "$k: $v \n";
}
?>

Counting Words in a String

<?php
// define string
$text = "Fans of the 1980 group will have little trouble recognizing ∝
the group's distinctive synthesized sounds and hypnotic dance beats,∝
since these two elements are present in almost every song on the ∝
album; however, the lack of diversity and range is troubling, and I'm ∝
hoping we see some new influences in the next album. More
intelligent lyrics might also help.";
// decompose the string into an array of "words"
$words = preg_split('/[^0-9A-Za-z\']+/', $text, -1, ∝
PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
// count number of words (elements) in array
// result: "59 words"
echo count($words) . " words";
?>

Spell-Checking Words in a String

<?php
// define string to be spell-checked
$str = "someun pleez helpp me i canot spel";
// check spelling
// open dictionary link
$dict = pspell_new("en", "british");
// decompose string into individual words
// check spelling of each word
$str = preg_replace('/[0-9]+/', '', $str);
$words = preg_split('/[^0-9A-Za-z\']+/', $str, -1, ∝
PREG_SPLIT_NO_EMPTY);
foreach ($words as $w) {
if (!pspell_check($dict, $w)) {
$errors[] = $w;
}
}
// if errors exist
// print error list
if (sizeof($errors) > 0) {
echo "The following words were wrongly spelt: " . ∝
implode(" ", $errors);
}
?>

Identifying Duplicate Words in a String

<?php
// define string
$str = "baa baa black sheep";
// trim the whitespace at the ends of the string
$str = trim($str);
// compress the whitespace in the middle of the string
$str = ereg_replace('[[:space:]]+', ' ', $str);
// decompose the string into an array of "words"
$words = explode(' ', $str);
// iterate over the array
// count occurrences of each word
// save stats to another array
foreach ($words as $w) {
$wordStats[strtolower($w)]++;
}
// print all duplicate words
// result: "baa"
foreach ($wordStats as $k=>$v) {
if ($v >= 2) { print "$k \r\n"; }
}
?>

Searching Strings
<?php
// define string
$html = "I'm <b>tired</b> and so I <b>must</b> go
<a href='http://domain'>home</a> now";
// check for match
// result: "Match"
echo ereg("<b>(.*)+</b>", $html) ? "Match" : "No match";
?>
Use a regular expression with PHP’s preg_match() function:
<?php
// define string
$html = "I'm <b>tired</b> and so I <b>must</b> go
<a href='http://domain'>home</a> now";
// check for match
// result: "Match"
echo preg_match("/<b>(.*?)<\/b>/i", $html) ? "Match" : "No match";
?>

Counting Matches in a String

<?php
// define string
$html = "I'm <b>tired</b> and so I <b>must</b> go
<a href='http://domain'>home</a> now";
// count occurrences of bold text in string
// result: "2 occurrence(s)"
preg_match_all("/<b>(.*?)<\/b>/i", $html, &$matches);
echo sizeof($matches[0]) . " occurrence(s)";
?>