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Krull's Theorem: Variants

Krull's theorem states that any nonzero ring has at least one maximal ideal. It was proved in 1929 by Wolfgang Krull using transfinite induction. The theorem can also be proved using Zorn's lemma and is in fact equivalent to Zorn's lemma, which is also equivalent to the axiom of choice. Variants of the theorem hold for noncommutative rings, pseudo-rings, and a slightly stronger version can be proved similarly.

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91 views1 page

Krull's Theorem: Variants

Krull's theorem states that any nonzero ring has at least one maximal ideal. It was proved in 1929 by Wolfgang Krull using transfinite induction. The theorem can also be proved using Zorn's lemma and is in fact equivalent to Zorn's lemma, which is also equivalent to the axiom of choice. Variants of the theorem hold for noncommutative rings, pseudo-rings, and a slightly stronger version can be proved similarly.

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Krull's theorem

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In mathematics, and more specifically in ring theory, Krull's theorem, named after Wolfgang Krull,
asserts that a nonzero ring[1] has at least one maximal ideal. The theorem was proved in 1929 by
Krull, who used transfinite induction. The theorem admits a simple proof using Zorn's lemma, and in
fact is equivalent to Zorn's lemma, which in turn is equivalent to the axiom of choice.
Contents
[hide]

1 Variants
2 Krull's Hauptidealsatz
3 Notes
4 References

Variants[edit]

For noncommutative rings, the analogues for maximal left ideals and maximal right ideals also
hold.
For pseudo-rings, the theorem holds for regular ideals.[disambiguation needed]
A slightly stronger (but equivalent) result, which can be proved in a similar fashion, is as follows:
Let R be a ring, and let I be a proper ideal of R. Then there is a maximal ideal
of R containing I.
This result implies the original theorem, by taking I to be the zero ideal (0). Conversely,
applying the original theorem to R/I leads to this result.
To prove the stronger result directly, consider the set S of all proper ideals of R containing I.
The set S is nonempty since I S. Furthermore, for any chain T of S, the union of the ideals
in T is an ideal J, and a union of ideals not containing 1 does not contain 1, so J S. By
Zorn's lemma, S has a maximal element M. This M is a maximal ideal containing I.

Krull's Hauptidealsatz[edit]
Main article: Krull's principal ideal theorem
Another theorem commonly referred to as Krull's theorem:
Let
be a Noetherian ring and
Then every minimal prime ideal

an element of
which is neither a zero divisor nor a unit.
containing has height 1.

Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^ In this article, rings have a 1.

References[edit]

W. Krull, Idealtheorie in Ringen ohne Endlichkeitsbedingungen, Mathematische


Annalen 10 (1929), 729744.

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