Krull's Theorem: Variants
Krull's Theorem: Variants
In mathematics, and more specifically in ring theory, Krull's theorem, named after Wolfgang Krull,
asserts that a nonzero ring[1] has at least one maximal ideal. The theorem was proved in 1929 by
Krull, who used transfinite induction. The theorem admits a simple proof using Zorn's lemma, and in
fact is equivalent to Zorn's lemma, which in turn is equivalent to the axiom of choice.
Contents
[hide]
1 Variants
2 Krull's Hauptidealsatz
3 Notes
4 References
Variants[edit]
For noncommutative rings, the analogues for maximal left ideals and maximal right ideals also
hold.
For pseudo-rings, the theorem holds for regular ideals.[disambiguation needed]
A slightly stronger (but equivalent) result, which can be proved in a similar fashion, is as follows:
Let R be a ring, and let I be a proper ideal of R. Then there is a maximal ideal
of R containing I.
This result implies the original theorem, by taking I to be the zero ideal (0). Conversely,
applying the original theorem to R/I leads to this result.
To prove the stronger result directly, consider the set S of all proper ideals of R containing I.
The set S is nonempty since I S. Furthermore, for any chain T of S, the union of the ideals
in T is an ideal J, and a union of ideals not containing 1 does not contain 1, so J S. By
Zorn's lemma, S has a maximal element M. This M is a maximal ideal containing I.
Krull's Hauptidealsatz[edit]
Main article: Krull's principal ideal theorem
Another theorem commonly referred to as Krull's theorem:
Let
be a Noetherian ring and
Then every minimal prime ideal
an element of
which is neither a zero divisor nor a unit.
containing has height 1.
Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^ In this article, rings have a 1.
References[edit]