CAD: COMPUTER AIDED DRAFTING.

FOUR WAYS TO START A DRAWING.

1. OPEN AN EXISTING DRAWING: opens a drawing you select from a

list of the most recently opened drawings. Also displays the
browse buttons that choose to look fir another file.
2. STARTING A DRAWING FROM SCRATCH: opens a drawing based on the
measurement system you choose-English (inches) or metric (mille
meters).
3. START A DRAWING BASED ON A TEMPLATE: opens a drawing based on
a template you select from a list. Extension of file name is
(.dwt).template files stores all the settings for a drawing and also
include predefined layers, dimension styles, and views.
4. USE WIZARDS TO HELP YOU SET UP YOUR DRAWING: opens a new
drawing that you set up using either the quick setup wizard or the
advanced setup wizard.
SNAP:
Used to set increments for cursor movement. If the screen is on
snap mode, the cursor jumps from point to point only. This command is
useful for inputting the data through digitizer/mouse.
Command line: Snap or F9
Options: snap spacing or On/Off/Accept/Locate/Style<Default>0.1
GRID:
Working on a plane area is difficult. This command enables to draw
dotted lines on the screen at pre-defined spacing. The grid dots do not
become part of the drawing.
Command line: Grid or F7
Options: Grid Spacing or On/Off/Accept/Snap<Default>0.5
UNITS:
Sets Auto Cad to unit format appropriate to the drawing.
Command line: Units or Uni
Menu: Format
drawing units
LIMITS:
Determines the drawing boundaries. If you use a grid, it will appear
only with in the limits.

Command line: limits

Menu: Format
Drawing limits
LAYER: To create new layers, assign colors and line types, set the current
layer, repress editing of layers, and allow you to control which layers are
displayed.
Command line: layer or la
Menu: draw
layer
Drawing utilities tool bar:
line
Options: Lock/Unlock/Off/On/Freeze/Thaw/Plot
1. lock :The objects in the locked layer are not editable
2. Unlock: It unlocks the locked layers objects are available for
editing.
3. Off: the objects in the off ed layer are not visible on the drawing
screen it cannot be plotted we can make current layer turned off.
4. On: It turns on the off ed layer.
5. Freeze: The objects in the free zed layer are not visible be
regenerated and cannot be plotted we can make current layer
freeze.
6. Thaw: It reverses the action of freeze.
7. Plot: The objects in the plot of layer are visible on the drawing
screen but it cannot be printed or plotted. Plot on layer can be
plotted.
OBJECT SNAP: Sets the current default object snap mode, allowing you to
pick specific geometric points on an object. You can have several objects
snap modes activate at once if you separate their names by commas.
Command line: O snap or F3
Status bar: snap
Options:
1. End point
5. Quadrant
8. Insert
11. Nearest

2.Mid point
3.Center
4.Node
6.Intersection
7.Extension
9.Perpendicular
10.Tangent
12.Appearent-intersection 13.parallel

2D-DRAFTING
CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS IN AUTO CAD:
1) Absolute co-ordinate system.
2) Relative rectangle co-ordinate system.
3) Relative polar co-ordinate system.

1. ABSOLUTE CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM:

The objects are drawn with reference to the origin.
Format: x, y
Example: line (enter)
1. (2,2) enter
2. (8,2) enter
3. (8,6) enter
4. (2,6) enter
5. (2,2) enter
2. RELATIVE RECTANGLE CO-ORDINGATE SYSTEM:
The objects are drawn with reference to the previous point.
Format: @x, y
Example: line (enter)
1. (2,2) enter
2. (@6,0) enter
3. (@0,4) enter
4. (@-6,0) enter
5. (@0,-4) enter
3. RELATIVE POLAR CO-ORDINATE SYSTEM:
The objects are drawn with reference to the previous point by simply
specifying the distance and angle.
Format: @ distance < angle
Example: line (enter)
1. (2,2) enter
2. (@6<0) enter
3. (@4<90) enter
4. (@6<180) enter
5. (@4<270) enter
LINE: used to draw a line on the drawing screen.
Command line: line or l
Menu: draw
line
Draw tool bar:
line
1. From point: select a point to begin the line.
2. To point: select the line end point.
Options: close/undo
1. Close: it closes the first part and last point and comes to the
command prompt.
2. Undo: it comes to the previous action or point.
RAY: creates the semi-infinite lines that are generally used as construction
lines in a drawing.the ray extend from a selected point to infinity.
Command line: ray
Menu: draw
ray

Draw tool bar:

ray
Options: From Point/ Through Point:
1. From point: specify a start point for the ray.
2. Through point: specify the point through which you want the ray
pass.
XLINE: allows you to create construction lines any where in 3d space.
Command line: xline or Xl
Menu: draw
xline
Draw tool bar:
xline
Options:
1. Hor/Ver/Ang/Bisect/Offset<From Point>pick a first
Point or selects an option.
2. Through point: pick a second point or enter Coordinates to orient
the xline.

Hor/Ver: allows you to draw a construction line parallel to the x

axis (hor) or y axis (ver).
Ang: allows you to draw an xline at a specified angle to the x axis
by entering an angle value or by dynamically picking two points.
Bisect: creates a construction line that bisects a specified angle.
Offset: allows you to draw a construction line parallel to a selected
line offset.

MLINE (ML): M line draws multiple parallel lines.multi lines consist of

between 1 and 16 parallel lines or elements.
Command line: mline
Menu: draw
object
multiline
Modify II tool bar multiline
Options: 1. justification=top, scale=1.00, style=standard
Justification/scale /style<from point>specify the first point or select
an option.
2. Continue to pick points as required to create the multi line; enter
c to create a closed object.

Justification: allows you to select between top, zero, and bottom.

Scale: allow you to enter a different scale value for the multi lines.
Scale controls the over all width of the multi lines elements.
Style: allow you to select a different multiline style from previously
created styles.
Close: allow you to create a closed multiline by joining the last point
picked to the origin point.
Undo: allow you to undo the previous multiline segment drawn.

POLY LINE (PL): create s lines having properties such as thickness and
curvature.
Command line: pline or Pl
Menu: draw
polyiline
Draw tool bar: polyiline
1. From point: pick the start point of the polyline.
2. arc/close/half width/length/undo/width<end point of
lines>enter the desired option or pick the next point of pline
Options:
Arc: changes pline to arc mode.
angle/cecenter/close/direction/halfwidth/line/radius/selectpoint/undo/wi
dth<end point of arc>
Half width: specifies half the polyline width at the current point.
Width: determines the whole width of the polyline.
3D POLY: draws a polyline in 3d space using xyz coordinates on the drawing
screen.
Command line: 3dploy
Menu: draw
3dployline
1. from point : enter the start point
2. Close/undo/<end point of line>enter the next point of the line.
3. Close/undo/<end point of line>continue to pick points for
additional line segments or press enters to end the command.
Options:
1. Close: connects the first point with the last point in a series of
line segments.
2. Undo: move back one line segment in a series of line segments.
POLYGON: to draw a regular polygon, sides ranging from 3-1024
Command line: polygon
Menu: draw
polygon
Draw tool bar: polygon
1. number of sides: enter the number of sides
2. edge/<center of polygon>enter e for edge or by default it
takes as center of polygon
a) Inscribed in circle/circumscribed about circle
(i/c): enter the desired option.
b) radius: enter the radius of circle defining
polygon size
RECTANGLE: allows you to draw a rectangle polyline with chamfered or
filleted corners, thickness, elevation and/or width.
Command line: rectangle or rec
Menu: draw
rectangle
Draw tool bar: rectangle

1. chamfer/ elevation/fillet/ thickness/ width<first corner>

2. Other corner: specify the opposite corner.
3. press c for chamfer distance and enter first chamfer
distance<0.000>,second chamfer distance<0.000>
4. press e for entering elevation of rectangles<0.000>
5. press f for entering fillet radius for rectangles<0.000>
6. press t for entering thickness of rectangles<0.000>
7. press w for entering width of rectangles<0.000>
Arc: allow you to draw an arc using a variety of methods. Maximum arc
included angle is 359.999 degrees.
Command line: arc or a
Menu: draw
arc
Draw tool bar: arc
Options:
1.3-point
2.st, Ce, end
3.st, Ce, ang
4. St, Ce, len
5.st, end, ang
6.st, end, dir
7. St, end, rad
8.ce, st, end
9.ce, st, ang
10. Ce, st, len
CIRCLE: create circles on the drawing screen by default given the center
point and radius.
Command line: circle or c
Menu: draw
circle
Draw tool bar: circle
1. 3p/2p/ttr/ttt<center point>pick the center point or enters
an option.
2. diameter/<radius><default>enter the diameter of circle
Options:
3p (3 point): allow you to define a circle by specifying 3 points.
2p (2 point): allow you to define a circle by specifying 3 points.
Ttr (tan tan radius): allows you to define a circle by specifying 2
tangents and radius.
Ttt (tan tan tan): allows you to define a circle by specifying 3
tangents.
DONUT: draws a circle whose line thickness you specify by entering its
inside and out side diameters.
Command line: donut or do
Menu: draw
donut
Options:
1. Inside diameter<default>entering the inside diameter of
the donut or pick a point, specify second point.
2. Outside diameter<default>entering the outside diameter
of the donut or pick two points.

3. Center of donut: pick a point for center of donut.

SPLINE: fits smooth curves to set of points within a defined tolerance.
Command line: spline or spl
Menu: draw
spline
Draw tool bar: spline
ELLIPSE: draws an ellipse for which you specify the major and minor axes, a
center point, and two axis points.
Command line: ellipse or el
Menu: draw
ellipse
center/axis, end/arc
Draw tool bar: ellipse
BHATCH: used to apply hatch within the closed objects with the given style,
scale and rotation angles.
Command line: b hatch or h
Menu: draw
hatch
Draw tool bar: hatch
HATCH EDIT: used to edit an existing hatch by double clicking on the hatch.
Command line: hatch edit or he
BLOCK: store the selected objects from the drawing screen to a block which
can be re-called at any time on to the current drawing screen
Command line: block
Tool bar: block
Options: retain, convert to block, delete
WBLOCK: to create blocks with selected objects from the drawing screen
which can be recalled at any time in any other drawing file?
Command line: w block
TEXT: allows you to enter several lines of text at once.
Command line: dtext or dt
Menu: draw
text
single line text
Expressions:
%% c implies diameter
%% d implies degree
%% p implies plus, minus
DEDIT: allows you to edit the existing text by double clicking on the text.
Command line: dedit
STYLE: allows you to create new text style on the drawing screen.
Command line: style or st

MTEXT: this command is used to create paragraph text on the drawing

screen.
command line: mtext or mt
REVCLOUD: used to create 2d clouds on the drawing screen with the arc
length.
Command line: recloud
Menu: draw
reclouds
Draw tool bar: recloud
Options: arc length, object.

MODIFYING COMMANDS

Match Prop: apply the properties of once selected objects to the destination
object.
Command line: match prop or ma
Menu: modify
match prop
Modify tool bar: match prop
Erase: deletes one or several selected objects from a drawing.
Command line: erase or e
Menu: modify
erase
Modify tool bar: erase
Copy: copy selected objects from one point to other point with the given
base point. Multiple options are used to copy multiple objects.
Command line: copy or co
Menu: modify
copy
Modify tool bar: copy
Mirror: mirror the selected objects about the given mirror line. The distance
between sources object and mirror line is maintained the same for the
mirrored object also.
Command line: mirror or mi
Menu: modify
mirror
Modify tool bar: mirror
Offset: create parallel line or arcs on the drawing screen with the given
offset distance.
Command line: offset or o
Menu: modify
offset
Modify tool bar: offset
Array: allows you to copy the selected objects in both rectangular and
circular patterns.
Command line: array or ar
Menu: modify
array

Modify tool bar: array

Options: Rectangular, polar
Move: allows you to move the objects from one point to other point with the
given base point.
Command line: move or m
Menu: modify
move
Modify tool bar: move
Rotate: allow you to rotate the selected objects by giving base point and
angle.
Command line: rotate or ro
Menu: modify
rotate
Modify tool bar: rotate
Scale: allow you to reduce or increase the size of the objects to the given
scale factor.
Command line: scale or sc
Menu: modify
scale
Modify tool bar: scale
Lengthen: allow you to modify the length of existing lines.
Command line: lengthen or Len
Menu: modify
lengthen
Modify tool bar: lengthen
Options: delta, percent, total, dynamic
Trim: allow you to erase a part of an object up to the given boundary.
Command line: trim or TR
Menu: modify
trim
Modify tool bar: trim
Extend: allow you to extend the selected objects up to the given
boundaries.
Command line: extend or ex
Menu: modify
extend
Modify tool bar: extend
Break: allows you to break the selected objects on the drawing screen from
one pointt to the other point. It is also used to break selected objects into
two equal halves.
Command line: break or br
Menu: modify
break
Modify tool bar: break

Fillet: allows you to apply fillet between two selected objects to the given
radius.
Command line: fillet or f
Menu: modify
fillet
Modify tool bar: fillet
Options: polyline/radius/trim
Chamfer: allows you to apply chamfer between two selected objects to the
given distance & angle.
Command line: chamfer or cha
Menu: modify
chamfer
Modify tool bar: chamfer
Options: [polyline/distance/angle/trim/method]
Explode: used to convert a polyline object into individual entities.
Command line: explode
Menu: modify
explode
Modify tool bar: explode
ZOOM (Z): THIS COMMAND IS USED TO VIEW ALL THE OBJECTS ON THE
DRAWING.
OPTIONS: ALL, CENTER, DYNAMIC, EXTENTS, PREVIOUS, SCALE, WINDOW,
REAL TIME
PAN: allows you to view different parts of your drawing by moving the
cursor, displayed as an open hand, in any direction.
Command line: pan
Menu: view
pan
preset options
Standard tool bar: pan
UCSICON: controls the display and location of the ucs icon.
Command line: ucs icon.
Menu: view
display
ucs icon
on/origin
Options:
1. On: turns the UCS icon on.
2. Off: turns the UCS icon off.
3. All: forces the UCS icon settings to take effect in all view ports
if you have more than one view port. Otherwise, the settings
will affect only the active view port.
4. No origin: places the UCS icon in the lower-left corner of the
drawing area, regardless of the current UCS origin location.
REDO: used to cancel the undo operation in cad. It has only one action and it
should immediately follow the undo command.
Command line: redo

Menu: edit
redo
Standard tool bar: redo
UNDO: used to cancel the last operation in cad. We can undo for unlimited
no of times.
Command line: undo
Menu: edit
undo
Options: auto/control/begin/end/mark/back/<default number>
OOPS: restores objects that have been accidentally removed from a
drawing.
Command line: oops
LT SCALE: used to control the pitch of the line types.
Command line: Lt Scale or lts
Menu: modify
offset
Modify tool bar: offset
REGEN: this command is used to smoothen the views of Objects like arcs
and circles when zoomed in drawing screen.
Command line: regen or re
Menu: modify
regen
Modify tool bar: regen
REGION: it converts closed 2d objects into 3d polylines objects.
Command line: region or re
Menu: modify
region
Modify tool bar: region

DIMENSIONING:
1. LINEAR DIMENSION: this command measures and annotates a
specified length, either horizontally, vertically.
Command line: dim linear
Menu: dimension
linear
Dimension tool bar: linear
2. ALIGNED DIMENSION: the aligned dimension draws the dimension
parallel to the line (or object) that is being dimensioned.
Command line: dim aligned
Menu: dimension
aligned
Dimension tool bar: aligned
3. ORDINATE DIMENSION: the ordinate dimension draws the
dimension both horizontal and vertical direction.
Command line: dim ordinate
Menu: dimension
ordinate

Dimension tool bar: ordinate

4. RADIUS DIMENSION: this command dimensions a radius on arc or
circle object, it does not attempt to dimension complex curves such as
splines or ellipses.
Command line: dim radius
Menu: dimension
radius
Dimension tool bar: radius
5. DIAMETER DIMENSION: the diameter dimension command is very
similar in uses to the radius dimension. This command measures the
diameter of an object (circles, not arcs).
Command line: dim diameter
Menu: dimension
diameter
Dimension tool bar: diameter
6. ANGULAR DIMENSION: the angular dimension command calculates
the angle between any two non parallel lines.
Command line: dim angular
Menu: dimension
angular
Dimension tool bar: angular
7. CONTINUE DIMENSION: this command enables you to continue
adding dimensions off the second extension point of the previous
dimension. To create a continue dimension, first create (or select) a
linear, ordinate, or angular dimension to serve as the base dimension.
Command line: dim continue
Menu: dimension
continue
Dimension tool bar: continue
8. BASE LINE DIMENSION: this command works in a similar way to
continue dimension. This command either starts from the base point
of last dimension created or prompts the user to select a dimension
object to act as the base dimension.
Command line: dim base line
Menu: dimension
base line
Dimension tool bar: base line
9. QUICK DIMENSION: this command is a power full dimensioning tool.
This commands multiple objects with the same base line and can be a
real time saver. You can select any number of objects in the drawing.
Command line: q dim
Menu: dimension
quick dimension
Dimension tool bar: quick dimension
10.
LEADERS AND TOLERANCES: a leader is simply an arrow that
points to a location in a drawing and then leads to one or several lines
of text. Geometric tolerances specify deviations of form, profile,
orientation, location, and run out of a feature.

Command line: Q leader

Menu: dimension
leader
Dimension tool bar: leader
11.
EDITING THE DIMENSION TEXT:
The dim edit command enables you to move the text component of the
dimension relative to the base line.
Command line: dim edit
V POINT: selects an orthographic, 3d view of your drawing.
Command line: v point
Menu: view
3d view point
tripod or vector
View port tool bar: top view/ bottom view/ left view/ right view/
front view/ back view/ sw isometric view/ se isometric view/ ne isometric
view/ nw isometric view.
Orthographic
Top view: 0, 0, 1
Bottom: 0, 0,-1
Left: -1, 0, 0
Right: 1, 0, 0
Front: 0,-1, 0
Back: 0, 1, 0
Sw: -1,-1,-1
Se: 1,-1, 1
Ne: 1, 1, 1
Nw: -1, 1, 1
VIEW PORTS: enables you to divide the viewing area into multiple screens.
This makes it possible for you to interact with whole drawing rather than one
specific portion.
Command line: view ports or v
Menu: viewports
named views
View tool bar: view ports
SECTION: this command is used to view the section of 3d object at the
specified location
Options: object/z-axis/view/xy/yz/zx/3points
PURGE: allows you to remove the unreferenced blocks, layers, linetypes,
dimension styles, shape files or text styles. These objects and settings can
increase the size of drawing file, making the drawing slow to load and
difficult to transport.
Command line: purge or pu
Menu: drawing utilities
purge
preset options

3DARRAY: used to array the 3d object in both rectangular and polar

directions using x, y, z planes.
COMMAND LINE: 3d array OR 3a
MENU: MODIFY OFFEST
MODIFY TOOL BAR: OFFEST
MASSPROP: used to view the mass properties of the selected objects to find
mass density, volume, m.i., and radius of gyration, centroid, and principle
moments etc.
Command line: offset or o
Menu: modify
offset
Modify tool bar: offset
3D OBJECTS CAN BE REPRESENTED BY THE FOLLOWING METHODS:
1) Wire frame model (composed of lines and arcs)
2) Surface model (composed of only surfaces)
3) Solid model (composed of objects having mass and volume)

CREATING AND MODIFYING 3D SOLIDS

1. SOLID PRIMITIVES:
BOX: this command creates a 3d solid box.
Command line: box
Menu: draw
solids
box
Solids tool bar: box
1. Center/<corner of box><0, 0, 0>pick the first corner point (or
enter c for the center point) for your box, or enter a value.
2. cube/length/<other corner> pick the second corner point or
enter a value or enter c or l
3. Height: provide the box height dynamically picking two points or
entering a value.
Options:
Center: allows you to create a 3d box using a specified center
point.
Cube: allow you to create a 3d box with all sides are equal.
Length: allows you to enter values for length, width, and
height.
CONE: this command creates a 3d solid cone. The default is to choose
a center point, radius/diameter, and apex.
Command line: cone
Menu: draw
solids
cone

Solids tool bar: cone

1. Elliptical/< center point><0, 0, 0>; pick a center point or enter
e for elliptical.
2. Diameter /< radius > provide a diameter or radius.
3. Apex/height: provide an apex or height by dynamically picking
the points or entering a value.
Options:
Center: allows you to create a cone with a circular base.
Elliptical: allow you to create a cone with an elliptical base.
Apex: allows you to specify the apex of the cone solid.
height: allows you to specify the height of the cone solid
CYLINDER: this command creates a 3d solid cylinder. The default is to
choose a center point, radius/diameter, and apex.
Command line: cylinder
Menu: draw
solids
cylinder
Solids tool bar: cylinder
1. Elliptical/< center point><0, 0, 0>; pick a center point or enter
e for elliptical.
2. Diameter/< radius > provide a diameter or radius.
3. Center of other end/<height>: provide cylinder top or height
by dynamically picking the points or entering a value or enter
c.
Options:
Center: allows you to create a cylinder with a circular base.
Elliptical: allow you to create a cylinder with an elliptical base.
Center of other end: allows you to specify the top end of the
cylinder.
height: allows you to specify the height of the cylinder
SPHERE: creates a 3d solid sphere with its central axis parallel to the
z axis of the current UCS. Sphere is specified using the radius or the
diameter.
Command line: sphere
Menu: draw
solids
sphere
Solids tool bar: sphere
1. center of sphere<0, 0, 0>; pick a center point
2. diameter/< radius > provide a diameter or radius by
dynamically picking the points or entering a value
Options:
Radius: allows you to specify the over all dimension of the
sphere using its radius.
Diameter: allows you to specify the over all dimension of the
sphere using its diameter.

TORUS: creates 3d donut-shaped.the torus is specified by two

radius/diameter values. One from center of the torus to center of the
tube, and one for the actual tube
Command line: torus
Menu: draw
solids
torus
Solids tool bar: torus
1. Center of torus <0, 0, 0>; pick a center point.
2. Diameter/< radius >of torus; provide a diameter or radius for
the torus by dynamically picking or entering a value.
3. Diameter/< radius >of tube; provide a diameter or radius for
the tube by dynamically picking or entering a value.
Options:
Radius: allows you to specify the over all dimension of the
torus or the tube using its radius.
Diameter: allows you to specify the over all dimension of the
torus or the tube using its diameter.
WEDGE: creates 3d wedge-shaped. The base is parallel to the z axis
and the sloped face is tapered along the x axis. Wedge is specified
using the first corner point or on a specified center point
Command line wedge
Menu: draw
solids
wedge
Solids tool bar: wedge
1. Center/<corner of wedge>point> <0, 0, 0>; specify a corner
point, or type c and pick a center point.
2. Cube/length< other corner > picks a point for the other corner.
3. height: provide height by dynamically picking the points or
entering a value
Options:
First corner: allows you to create a cylinder starting from the
first corner point.
Center: allow you to create a cube wedge on a specified point.
Cube: allows you to specify the top end of the cylinder.
Length: allows you to specify a wedge by specifying separately
the length, width and height the cylinder.
2. EXTRUDE: used to add material to a closed 2d polyline object in zdirection to the given depth and taper angle.
Command line: extrude
Menu: draw
solids
extrude
Solids tool bar: extrude
1. Select objects: select the objects to extrude.
2. Path<height of extrusion>: specify the height or enter p and
pick an object that describes the path.
3. Extrusion taper angle<0>: enter a value for tapering.

3. REVOLVE: used to create solid revolutions are created by revolving an

object about a specified axis a closed 2d polyline object in z- direction
to the given depth and taper angle.
Command line: revolve or rev
Menu: draw
solids
revolve
Solids tool bar: revolve
Options:
Start point for axis of revolution or define axis by: object/x
axis/y axis

Revolve around an object: you can use a separate object

as the axis to revolve a p line around by using this
option.
X and y axis: these option use either the x axis or y-axis
of the current ucs as the axis of revolution.

4. BOOLEAN OPERATIONS:

UNION: creates a composite object by combining the total area or

volume of two or more regions solids.
Command line: union or uni
Menu: modify ii
union
Modify ii tool bar: union
Select the objects: selects the individual objects to be union.

SUBTRACT: allows you to remove the common area shared by two

sets of solids and creates a new composite region or solid.
Command line: subtract or su
Menu: modify
Boolean
subtract
Modify ii tool bar: subtract
1. Select solids and regions to subtract from: click on over
lapping solids or regions that will form the basis of new
object.
2. Select solids and regions to subtract: click on the objects
you wish to subtract.

INTERSECT: allows you to create a composite solid or region that

contains only the common volume of two or more over lapping solid
objects or regions.
Command line: intersect or
Modify ii tool bar: intersect
Select the objects: click on over lapping solids or regions for which you
wish to derive the intersection.

INTERFERE: it selects the common portion from the selected solids

without disturbing it.

HIDE AND SHADED IMAGES

1. HIDE: after creating your 3d object you will notice that in the wire
frame mode the objects appears vey cluttered with so many lines that
is almost impossible to fully understand what the object should look
like and from which plane you are viewing it. Hide command displays
3d objects with all the back ground lines removed.
Command line: hide
Menu: view
hide
Render tool bar: hide
2. SHADED IMAGES: the shaded mode gives you an image with a fixed
ambient light and a light source located from behind you and over your
left shoulder. You are able to edit your design while in the shade mode
and can also save the object and open it with the object still shaded.
Command line: shade
Menu: Views
hide shade
2D WIRE FRAME: objects are displayed using line and curve
that represent boundaries, where raster images and OLE object
are visible.
3D WIRE FRAME: objects are displayed using line and curve,
yet this option does not allow raster images and OLE object to be
displayed.
HIDDEN: the back faces of the object are hidden in this 3d
representation of a wire frame model.
FLAT SHADED: the back faces of the object are hidden in this
3d representation of a wire frame model.