AN 1101 App1

AN No.
: 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
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AIRWORTHINESS NOTICE No. 1101

Appendix 1
Issue 1
1 January 2011
BASIC KNOWLEDGE REQUIREMENT
1.0
KNOWLEDGE LEVELS AML CATEGORY A, B1 AND B2
1.1
Basic knowledge for categories A, B1 and B2 are indicated by the allocation of knowledge
levels indicators (1, 2 or 3) against each applicable subject.
1.2
The knowledge level indicators are defined as follows:

a)
b)
LEVEL 1
A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject.
Objectives:
The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the

subject.
The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole

subject, using common words and examples.
The applicant should be able to use typical terms.
LEVEL 2
A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the

subject.
An ability to apply that knowledge.
Objectives:
The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical

fundamentals of the subject.
The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject

using, as appropriate, typical examples.
The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction

with physical laws describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings

and schematics describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner

using detailed procedures.
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c)
LEVEL 3
A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of

the subject. A capacity to combine and apply the separate
elements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive manner.
Objectives:
The applicant should know the theory of the subject and

interrelationships with other subjects.
The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject

using theoretical fundamentals and specific examples.
The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical

formulae related to the subject.
The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches,

simple drawings and schematics describing the subject.
The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner

using manufacturer's instructions.
The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and
measurements and apply corrective action where appropriate.
2.0
MODULARISATION
2.1
Qualification on basic subjects for each DCAM Part-66 aircraft maintenance licence
category or subcategory should be in accordance with the following matrix. Applicable
subjects are indicated by an X:
Subject
modules
1
2
3
4*
5
6
7
8
9
10
11A
11B
12
13
14
15
16
17
A or B1 aeroplane with:
Turbine
engine(s)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Piston
engine(s)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
A or B1 helicopter with:
Turbine
engine(s)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Piston
engine(s)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
B2
Avionics
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Note* : Module 4 is not applicable for Category A AML
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MODULE 1 : MATHEMATICS
SUBTOPIC
1.1 Arithmetic
Arithmetical terms and signs, methods of multiplication and division,
fractions and decimals, factors and multiples, weights, measures and
conversion factors, ratio and proportion, averages and percentages,
areas and volumes, squares, cubes, square and cube roots.
1.2 Algebra
(a) Evaluating simple algebraic expressions, addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division, use of brackets, simple algebraic
fractions;
(b) Linear equations and their solutions;
Indices and powers, negative and fractional indices;
Binary and other applicable numbering systems;
Simultaneous equations and second degree equations with one
unknown;
logarithms;
1.3 Geometry
(a) Simple geometrical constructions;
(b) Graphical representation; nature and uses of graphs, graphs of
equations/functions;
(c) Simple trigonometry; trigonometrical relationships, use of tables
and rectangular and polar coordinates.
A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
2
1
2
1
2
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MODULE 2 : PHYSICS
A1
1
LEVEL
B1
1
B2
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
2.4 Optics (Light)

Nature of light; speed of light;
Laws of reflection and refraction: reflection at plane surfaces, reflection
by spherical mirrors, refraction, lenses;
Fibre optics.
2.5 Wave Motion and Sound

Wave motion: mechanical waves, sinusoidal wave motion, interference
phenomena, standing waves;
Sound: speed of sound, production of sound, intensity, pitch and
quality, Doppler effect.
SUBTOPIC
2.1 Matter
Nature of matter: the chemical elements, structure of atoms,
molecules;
Chemical compounds.
States: solid, liquid and gaseous;
Changes between states.
2.2 Mechanics
2.2.1 Statics
Forces, moments and couples, representation as vectors;
Centre of gravity;
Elements of theory of stress, strain and elasticity: tension,
compression, shear and torsion;
Nature and properties of solid, fluid and gas;
Pressure and buoyancy in liquids (barometers).
2.2.2 Kinetics
Linear movement: uniform motion in a straight line, motion under
constant acceleration (motion under gravity);
Rotational movement: uniform circular motion (centrifugal/centripetal
forces);
Periodic motion: pendular movement;
Simple theory of vibration, harmonics and resonance;
Velocity ratio, mechanical advantage and efficiency.
2.2.3 Dynamics
(a) Mass
Force, inertia, work, power, energy (potential, kinetic and total
energy), heat, efficiency;
(b) Momentum, conservation of momentum;
Impulse;
Gyroscopic principles;
Friction: nature and effects, coefficient of friction (rolling resistance)
2.2.4 Fluid dynamics
(a) Specific gravity and density;
(b) Viscosity, fluid resistance, effects of streamlining;
Effects of compressibility on fluids;
Static, dynamic and total pressure: Bernoulli's Theorem, venturi.
2.3 Thermodynamics
(a) Temperature: thermometers and temperature scales: Celsius,
Fahrenheit and Kelvin; Heat definition.
(b) Heat capacity, specific heat;
Heat transfer: convection, radiation and conduction;
Volumetric expansion;
First and second law of thermodynamics;
Gases: ideal gases laws; specific heat at constant volume and
constant pressure, work done by expanding gas;
Isothermal, adiabatic expansion and compression, engine cycles,
constant volume & constant pressure, refrigerators & heat pumps;
Latent heats of fusion and evaporation, thermal energy, heat of
combustion.
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MODULE 3 : ELECTRICAL FUNDAMENTALS
A
1
LEVEL
B1
1
B2
1
3.2 Static Electricity and Conduction

Static electricity and distribution of electrostatic charges;
Electrostatic laws of attraction and repulsion;
Units of charge, Coulomb's Law;
Conduction of electricity in solids, liquids, gases and a vacuum.
3.3 Electrical Terminology

The following terms, their units and factors affecting them: potential
difference, electromotive force, voltage, current, resistance,
conductance, charge, conventional current flow, electron flow.
3.4 Generation of Electricity

Production of electricity by the following methods: light, heat, friction,
pressure, chemical action, magnetism and motion.
3.5 DC Sources of Electricity

Construction and basic chemical action of: primary cells, secondary
cells, lead acid cells, nickel cadmium cells, other alkaline cells;
Cells connected in series and parallel;
Internal resistance and its effect on a battery;
Construction, materials and operation of thermocouples;
Operation of photo-cells.
3.6 DC Circuits
Ohms Law, Kirchoff's Voltage and Current Laws;
Calculations using the above laws to find resistance, voltage & current;
Significance of the internal resistance of a supply.
3.8 Power
Power, work and energy (kinetic and potential);
Dissipation of power by a resistor;
Power formula;
Calculations involving power, work and energy.
3.9 Capacitance/Capacitor
Operation and function of a capacitor;
Factors affecting capacitance area of plates, distance between plates,
number of plates, dielectric and dielectric constant, working voltage,
voltage rating;
Capacitor types, construction and function;
Capacitor colour coding;
Calculations of capacitance and voltage in series and parallel circuits;
Exponential charge and discharge of a capacitor, time constants;
Testing of capacitors.
SUBTOPIC
3.1 Electron Theory
Structure and distribution of electrical charges within: atoms,
molecules, ions, compounds;
Molecular structure of conductors, semiconductors and insulators.
3.7 Resistance/Resistor
(a) Resistance and affecting factors; Specific resistance;
Resistor colour code, values and tolerances, preferred values,
wattage ratings;
Resistors in series and parallel;
Calculation of total resistance using series, parallel and series
parallel combinations;
Operation and use of potentiometers and rheostats;
Operation of Wheatstone Bridge.
(b) Positive and negative temperature coefficient conductance;
Fixed resistors, stability, tolerance and limitations, methods of
construction;
Variable resistors, thermistors, voltage dependent resistors;
Construction of potentiometers and rheostats;
Construction of Wheatstone Bridge;
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LEVEL
B1
B2
3.11 Inductance/Inductor
Faraday's Law;
Action of inducing a voltage in a conductor moving in a magnetic field;
Induction principles;
Effects of the following on the magnitude of an induced voltage:
magnetic field strength, rate of change of flux, number of conductor
turns;
Mutual induction;
The effect the rate of change of primary current and mutual inductance
has on induced voltage;
Factors affecting mutual inductance: number of turns in coil, physical
size of coil, permeability of coil, position of coils with respect to each
other;
Lenz's Law and polarity determining rules;
Back emf, self induction;
Saturation point;
Principle uses of inductors;
3.12 DC Motor/Generator Theory

Basic motor and generator theory;
Construction and purpose of components in DC generator;
Operation of, and factors affecting output and direction of current flow
in DC generators;
Operation of, and factors affecting output power, torque, speed and
direction of rotation of DC motors;
Series wound, shunt wound and compound motors;
Starter Generator construction.
3.13 AC Theory
Sinusoidal waveform: phase, period, frequency, cycle;
Instantaneous, average, root mean square, peak, peak to peak current
values & calculations of these values, in relation to voltage, current &
power;
Triangular/Square waves;
Single/3 phase principles.
3.14 Resistive (R), Capacitive (C) and Inductive (L) Circuits

circuits, parallel, series and series parallel;
Power dissipation in L, C and R circuits;
Impedance, phase angle, power factor and current calculations;
True power, apparent power and reactive power calculations.
3.15 Transformers
Transformer construction principles and operation;
Transformer losses and methods for overcoming them;
Transformer action under load and no-load conditions;
Power transfer, efficiency, polarity markings;
Calculation of line and phase voltages and currents;
Calculation of power in a three phase system;
Primary and Secondary current, voltage, turns ratio,power, efficiency;
Auto transformers.
SUBTOPIC
3.10 Magnetism
(a) Theory of magnetism;
Properties of a magnet;
Action of a magnet suspended in the Earth's magnetic field;
Magnetisation and demagnetisation;
Magnetic shielding;
Various types of magnetic material;
Electromagnets construction and principles of operation;
Hand clasp rules to determine: magnetic field around current
carrying conductor.
(b) Magnetomotive force, field strength, magnetic flux density,
permeability, hysteresis loop, retentivity, coercive force reluctance,
saturation point, eddy currents;
Precautions for care and storage of magnets.
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A
-
LEVEL
B1
1
B2
1
3.17 AC Generators
Rotation of loop in a magnetic field and waveform produced;
Operation and construction of revolving armature and revolving field
type AC generators;
Single phase, two phase and three phase alternators;
Three phase star and delta connections advantages and uses;
Permanent Magnet Generators.
3.18 AC Motors
Construction, principles of operation and characteristics of: AC
synchronous and induction motors both single and polyphase;
Methods of speed control and direction of rotation;
Methods of producing a rotating field: capacitor, inductor, shaded or
split pole.
SUBTOPIC
3.16 Filters
Operation, application and uses of the following filters: low pass, high
pass, band pass, band stop.
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MODULE 4 : ELECTRONIC FUNDAMENTALS
SUBTOPIC
4.1 Semiconductors
4.1.1 Diodes
(a) Diode symbols;
Diode characteristics and properties;
Diodes in series and parallel;
Main characteristics and use of silicon controlled rectifiers
(thyristors), light emitting diode, photo conductive diode, varistor,
rectifier diodes;
Functional testing of diodes.
(b) Materials, electron configuration, electrical properties;
P and N type materials: effects of impurities on conduction, majority
and minority characters;
PN junction in a semiconductor, development of a potential across
a PN junction in unbiased, forward biased & reverse biased
conditions;
Diode parameters: peak inverse voltage, maximum forward current,
temperature, frequency, leakage current, power dissipation;
Operation and function of diodes in the following circuits: clippers,
clampers, full and half wave rectifiers, bridge rectifiers, voltage
doublers and triplers;
Detailed operation and characteristics of the following devices:
silicon controlled rectifier (thyristor), light emitting diode, Shottky
diode, photo conductive diode, varactor diode, varistor, rectifier
diodes, Zener diode.
4.1.2 Transistors
(a) Transistor symbols;
Component description and orientation;
Transistor characteristics and properties.
(b) Construction and operation of PNP and NPN transistors;
Base, collector and emitter configurations;
Testing of transistors.
Basic appreciation of other transistor types and their uses.
Application of transistors: classes of amplifier (A, B, C);
Simple circuits including: bias, decoupling, feedback & stabilisation;
Multistage circuit principles: cascades, push-pull, oscillators,
multivibrators, flip-flop circuits.
4.1.3 Integrated Circuits
(a) Description and operation of logic circuits and linear
circuits/operational amplifiers.
(b) Description and operation of logic circuits and linear circuits;
Introduction to operation and function of an operational amplifier
used as: integrator, differentiator, voltage follower, comparator;
Operation and amplifier stages connecting methods: resistive
capacitive, inductive (transformer), inductive resistive (IR), direct;
Advantages and disadvantages of positive and negative feedback.
4.2 Printed Circuit Boards
Description and use of printed circuit boards.
4.3 Servomechanisms
(a) Understanding of the following terms: Open and closed loop
systems, feedback, follow up, analogue transducers;
Principles of operation and use of the following synchro system
components/features: resolvers, differential, control and torque,
transformers, inductance and capacitance transmitters
(b) Understanding of the following terms: Open & closed loop, follow
up, servomechanism, analogue, transducer, null, damping,
feedback, deadband;
Construction operation and use of the following synchro system
components: resolvers, differential, control and torque, E and I
transformers, inductance transmitters, capacitance transmitters,
synchronous transmitters;
Servomechanism defects, reversal of synchro leads, hunting.
LEVEL
A
B1
B2
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MODULE 5 : DIGITAL TECHNIQUES / ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENT SYSTEMS
SUBTOPIC
LEVEL
B1.1 B1.2
B1.3 B1.4
2
2
B2
5.1 Electronic Instrument Systems

Typical systems arrangements & cockpit layout of electronic
instrument systems.
5.2 Numbering Systems

Numbering systems: binary, octal and hexadecimal;
Demonstration of conversions between the decimal and binary, octal
and hexadecimal systems and vice versa.
5.3 Data Conversion

Analogue Data, Digital Data;
Operation and application of analogue to digital, and digital to
analogue converters, inputs and outputs, limitations of various types.
5.4 Data Buses

Operation of data buses in aircraft systems, including knowledge of
ARINC and other specifications; Aircraft network / Ethernet.
5.7 Microprocessors
Functions performed and overall operation of a microprocessor;
Basic operation of each of the following microprocessor elements:
control and processing unit, clock, register, arithmetic logic unit
5.8 Integrated Circuits

Operation and use of encoders and decoders;
Function of encoder types;
Uses of medium, large and very large scale integration.
5.9 Multiplexing
Operation, application and identification in logic diagrams of
multiplexers and demultiplexers.
5.10 Fibre Optics

Advantages and disadvantages of fibre optic data transmission over
electrical wire propagation;
Fibre optic data bus;
Fibre optic related terms;
Terminations;
Couplers, control terminals, remote terminals;
Application of fibre optics in aircraft systems.
5.11 Electronic Displays

Principles of operation of common types of displays used in modern
aircraft, including Cathode Ray Tubes, Light Emitting Diodes & Liquid
Crystal Display.
5.5 Logic Circuits

(a) Identification of common logic gate symbols, tables and equivalent
circuits;
Applications used for aircraft systems, schematic diagrams.
(b) Interpretation of logic diagrams.
5.6 Basic Computer Structure
(a) Computer terminology (including bit, byte, software, hardware,
CPU, IC, & various memory devices such as RAM, ROM, PROM);
Computer technology (as applied in aircraft systems).
(b) Computer related terminology;
Operation, layout and interface of the major components in a micro
computer including their associated bus systems;
Information contained in single and multiaddress instruction words;
Memory associated terms; Operation of typical memory devices;
Operation, advantages and disadvantages of the various data
storage systems.
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SUBTOPIC
LEVEL
B1.1 B1.2
B1.3 B1.4
2
2
B2
5.12 Electrostatic Sensitive Devices

Special handling of components sensitive to electrostatic discharges;
Awareness of risks and possible damage, component and personnel
anti-static protection devices.
5.13 Software Management Control

Awareness of restrictions, airworthiness requirements and possible
catastrophic effects of unapproved changes to software programmes.
5.14 Electromagnetic Environment

Influence of the following phenomena on maintenance practices for
electronic system:
EMC-Electromagnetic Compatibility
EMI-Electromagnetic Interference
HIRF-High Intensity Radiated Field
Lightning/lightning protection
5.15 Typical Electronic/Digital Aircraft Systems

General arrangement of typical electronic/digital aircraft systems and
associated BITE (Built In Test Equipment) testing such as:
ACARS-ARINC Communication & Addressing and Reporting System
ECAM-Electronic Centralised Aircraft Monitoring
EFIS-Electronic Flight Instrument System
EICAS-Engine Indication and Crew Alerting System
FBW-Fly by Wire
FMS-Flight Management System
GPS-Global Positioning System
IRS-Inertial Reference System
TCAS-Traffic Alert Collision Avoidance System
Integrated Modular Avionics
Cabin Systems
Information Systems
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MODULE 6 : MATERIALS & HARDWARE
A
LEVEL
B1
B2
6.3.2 Wooden structures

Construction methods of wooden airframe structures;
Characteristics, properties & types of wood & glue used in aeroplanes;
Preservation and maintenance of wooden structure;
Types of defects in wood material and wooden structures;
The detection of defects in wooden structure;
Repair of wooden structure.
6.3.3 Fabric covering

Characteristics, properties and types of fabrics used in aeroplanes;
Inspections methods for fabric;
Types of defects in fabric;
Repair of fabric covering.
6.5.2 Bolts, studs and screws

Bolt types: specification, identification and marking of aircraft bolts,
international standards;
Nuts: self locking, anchor, standard types;
Machine screws: aircraft specifications;
Studs: types and uses, insertion and removal;
Self tapping screws, dowels.
6.5.3 Locking devices

Tab and spring washers, locking plates, split pins, pal-nuts, wire
locking, quick release fasteners, keys, circlips, cotter pins.
SUBTOPIC
6.1 Aircraft Materials Ferrous
(a) Characteristics, properties and identification of common alloy steels
used in aircraft;
Heat treatment and application of alloy steels;
(b) Testing of ferrous materials for hardness, tensile strength, fatigue
strength and impact resistance.
6.2 Aircraft Materials Non-Ferrous
(a) Characteristics, properties and identification of common nonferrous materials used in aircraft;
Heat treatment and application of non-ferrous materials;
(b) Testing of non-ferrous material for hardness, tensile strength,
fatigue strength and impact resistance.
6.3 Aircraft Materials Composite and Non-Metallic
6.3.1 Composite and non-metallic other than wood and fabric
(a) Characteristics, properties and identification of common composite
and non-metallic materials, other than wood, used in aircraft;
Sealant and bonding agents.
(b) The detection of defects/deterioration in composite and nonmetallic material.
Repair of composite and non-metallic material.
6.4 Corrosion
(a) Chemical fundamentals;
Formation by, galvanic action process, microbiological, stress;
(b) Types of corrosion and their identification;
Causes of corrosion;
Material types, susceptibility to corrosion.
6.5 Fasteners
6.5.1 Screw threads
Screw nomenclature;
Thread forms, dimensions & tolerances for standard threads used in
aircraft;
Measuring screw threads;
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A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
1
6.7 Springs
Types of springs, materials, characteristics and applications.
6.8 Bearings
Purpose of bearings, loads, material, construction;
Types of bearings and their application.
6.9 Transmissions
Gear types and their application;
Gear ratios, reduction and multiplication gear systems, driven and
driving gears, idler gears, mesh patterns;
Belts and pulleys, chains and sprockets.
6.10 Control Cables

Types of cables;
End fittings, turnbuckles and compensation devices;
Pulleys and cable system components;
Bowden cables;
Aircraft flexible control systems.
6.11 Electrical Cables and Connectors

Cable types, construction and characteristics;
High tension and co-axial cables;
Crimping;
Connector types, pins, plugs, sockets, insulators, current and voltage
rating, coupling, identification codes.
SUBTOPIC
6.5.4 Aircraft rivets
Types of solid and blind rivets: specifications & identification, heat
treatment.
6.6 Pipes and Unions
(a) Identification of, and types of rigid and flexible pipes and their
connectors used in aircraft;
(b) Standard unions for aircraft hydraulic, fuel, oil, pneumatic and air
system pipes.
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MODULE 7 : MAINTENANCE PRACTICES
A
3
LEVEL
B1
3
B2
3
7.2 Workshop Practices

Care of tools, control of tools, use of workshop materials;
Dimensions, allowances and tolerances, standards of workmanship;
Calibration of tools and equipment, calibration standards.
7.3 Tools
Common hand tool types;
Common power tool types;
Operation and use of precision measuring tools;
Lubrication equipment and methods.
Operation, function and use of electrical general test equipment;
7.4 Avionic General Test Equipment

Operation, function and use of avionic general test equipment.
7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards

Drawing types and diagrams, their symbols, dimensions, tolerances
and projections;
Identifying title block information;
Microfilm, microfiche and computerised presentations;
Specification 100 of the Air Transport Association (ATA) of America;
Aeronautical and other applicable standards including ISO, AN, MS,
NAS and MIL;
Wiring diagrams and schematic diagrams.
7.6 Fits and Clearances

Drill sizes for bolt holes, classes of fits;
Common system of fits and clearances;
Schedule of fits and clearances for aircraft and engines;
Limits for bow, twist and wear;
Standard methods for checking shafts, bearings and other parts.
7.7 Electrical Wiring Interconnection System (EWIS)

Continuity, insulation and bonding techniques and testing;
Use of crimp tools: hand and hydraulic operated;
Testing of crimp joints;
Connector pin removal and insertion;
Co-axial cables: testing and installation precautions;
Identification of wire types, their inspection criteria & damage tolerance
Wiring protection techniques: Cable looming and loom support, cable
clamps, protective sleeving techniques including heat shrink wrapping,
shielding.
EWIS installations, inspection, repair, maintenance & cleanliness
standard.
7.8 Riveting
Riveted joints, rivet spacing and pitch;
Tools used for riveting and dimpling;
Inspection of riveted joints.
7.9 Pipes and Hoses

Bending and belling/flaring aircraft pipes;
Inspection and testing of aircraft pipes and hoses;
Installation and clamping of pipes.
7.10 Springs
Inspection and testing of springs.
SUBTOPIC
7.1 Safety Precautions-Aircraft and Workshop
Aspects of working practices including precautions to take when
working with electricity, gases especially oxygen, oils and chemicals.
Also, instruction in the remedial action to be taken in the event of a fire
or another accident with one or more of these hazards including
knowledge on extinguishing agents.
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A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
-
7.12 Transmissions
Inspection of gears, backlash;
Inspection of belts and pulleys, chains and sprockets;
Inspection of screw jacks, lever devices, push-pull rod systems
7.13 Control Cables

Swaging of end fittings;
Inspection and testing of control cables;
Bowden cables; aircraft flexible control systems.
2
2
2
-
2
-
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
-
SUBTOPIC
7.11 Bearings
Testing, cleaning and inspection of bearings;
Lubrication requirements of bearings;
Defects in bearings and their causes.
7.14 Material handling

7.14.1 Sheet Metal
Marking out and calculation of bend allowance;
Sheet metal working, including bending and forming;
Inspection of sheet metal work.
7.14.2 Composite and non-metallic
Bonding practices;
Environmental conditions;
Inspection methods
7.15 Welding, Brazing, Soldering and Bonding
(a) Soldering methods; inspection of soldered joints.
(b) Welding and brazing methods;
Inspection of welded and brazed joints;
Bonding methods and inspection of bonded joints.
7.16 Aircraft Weight and Balance
(a) Centre of Gravity/Balance limits calculation: use of relevant
documents;
(b) Preparation of aircraft for weighing;
Aircraft weighing;
7.17 Aircraft Handling and Storage
Aircraft taxiing/towing and associated safety precautions;
Aircraft jacking, chocking, securing and associated safety precautions;
Aircraft storage methods;
Refuelling/defuelling procedures;
De-icing/anti-icing procedures;
Electrical, hydraulic and pneumatic ground supplies.
Effects of environmental conditions on aircraft handling and operation.
7.18 Disassembly, Inspection, Repair and Assembly Techniques
(a) Types of defects and visual inspection techniques.
Corrosion removal, assessment and reprotection.
(b) General repair methods, Structural Repair Manual;
Ageing, fatigue and corrosion control programmes;
(c) Non destructive inspection techniques including, penetrant,
radiographic, eddy current, ultrasonic and boroscope methods.
(d) Disassembly and re-assembly techniques.
(e) Trouble shooting techniques
7.19 Abnormal Events
(a) Inspections following lightning strikes and HIRF penetration.
(b) Inspections following abnormal events such as heavy landings and
flight through turbulence.
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SUBTOPIC
7.20 Maintenance Procedures
Maintenance planning;
Modification procedures;
Stores procedures;
Certification/release procedures;
Interface with aircraft operation;
Maintenance Inspection/Quality Control/Quality Assurance;
Additional maintenance procedures;
Control of life limited components.
A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
2
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MODULE 8 : BASIC AERODYNAMICS
A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
2
8.2 Aerodynamics
Airflow around a body;
Boundary layer, laminar and turbulent flow, free stream flow, relative
airflow, upwash and downwash, vortices, stagnation;
The terms: camber, chord, mean aerodynamic chord, profile (parasite)
drag, induced drag, centre of pressure, angle of attack, wash in and
wash out, fineness ratio, wing shape and aspect ratio;
Thrust, Weight, Aerodynamic Resultant;
Generation of Lift and Drag: Angle of Attack, Lift coefficient, Drag
coefficient, polar curve, stall;
Aerofoil contamination including ice, snow, frost.
8.3 Theory of Flight

Relationship between lift, weight, thrust and drag;
Glide ratio;
Steady state flights, performance;
Theory of the turn;
Influence of load factor: stall, flight envelope and structural limitations;
Lift augmentation.
8.4 Flight Stability and Dynamics

Longitudinal, lateral and directional stability (active and passive).
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8.1 Physics of the Atmosphere
International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), application to aerodynamics.
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MODULE 9 : HUMAN FACTORS
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1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
2
9.2 Human Performance and Limitations

Vision;
Hearing;
Information processing;
Attention and perception;
Memory;
Claustrophobia and physical access.
9.3 Social Psychology

Responsibility: individual and group;
Motivation and de-motivation;
Peer pressure;
Culture issues;
Team working;
Management, supervision and leadership.
9.4 Factors Affecting Performance

Fitness/health;
Stress: domestic and work related;
Time pressure and deadlines;
Workload: overload and underload;
Sleep and fatigue, shiftwork;
Alcohol, medication, drug abuse.
9.5 Physical Environment

Noise and fumes;
Illumination;
Climate and temperature;
Motion and vibration;
Working environment.
9.6 Tasks
Physical work;
Repetitive tasks;
Visual inspection;
Complex systems.
9.7 Communication
Within and between teams;
Work logging and recording;
Keeping up to date, currency;
Dissemination of information.
9.8 Human Error

Error models and theories;
Types of error in maintenance tasks;
Implications of errors (i.e accidents);
Avoiding and managing errors.
9.9 Hazards in the Workplace

Recognising and avoiding hazards;
Dealing with emergencies.
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9.1 General
The need to take human factors into account;
Incidents attributable to human factors/human error;
Murphy's law.
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MODULE 10: AVIATION LEGISLATION
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10.1 International and Malaysian Aviation Requirement
International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO):
formation, structure, functions, obligations and responsibility;
A
2
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
2
Review of ICAO relevant Annexes;

ICAO specification applicable to the particular course of study;
Government, Ministerial and National Aviation Authority responsible for
the Civil Aviation within the States;
National Civil Aviation Regulation, Civil Aviation Act, MCAR,
Airworthiness Notices, Air Information Circular & Air Information
Publication (in relation to airworthiness of aircraft);
State competency and licensing regulation for AMEs;
Formalities prescribed by DCAM such as Certificate of Registration,
Certificates of Airworthiness, Logbooks, Certificate of Maintenance
(CRS, CRS-SMI, CMR, C of FF), Maintenance Schedules and
Certificate of Approval;
Format of documents, required signature, and condition of issue of or
compliance, period of validity and retention of certificate.
10.2 Airworthiness Requirements
Design requirements (Airworthiness Notice No. 1 and Annex 8Airworthiness of Aircraft):
performance, structural strength, handling, aerodynamics, reliability
system or component performance, engine type, monitoring
programme and tests;
Construction requirements:
material quality, construction method, approved manufacturing
organization(DOA), system of traceability to source of origin and
quality control, quality assurance;
Test requirement:
MPD, Structure test programme, Safe life, Fail Safe and Damage
Tolerant concept and testing;
Component and System testing;
Flight test schedules and Engine test schedule;
Test programme for special cases;
Procedure for the Maintenance of Continuing Airworthiness:
Appropriately approved Maintenance Organisation (Part M and Part
145;
Airworthiness Directives:
DCAM and Foreign AD. Issue, control, action and dissemination. One
time and recurring ADS;
Operational requirements:
Operation manual, Flight and performance scheduling, Technical Log
and Minimum Equipment List (MEL);
Maintenance requirements:
Use of aircraft Maintenance Manuals, Maintenance Schedules,
Overhaul period, Life Limited Parts, Maintenance Programme HT, OC,
CM;
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LEVEL
B1
B2
10.3 Civil Aviation Operating Regulation

Fitness/health;
Stress: domestic and work related;
Time pressure and deadlines;
Workload: overload and underload;
Sleep and fatigue, shiftwork;
Alcohol, medication, drug abuse.
10.4 Air Transport Operations

Brief historical review of commercial aviation;
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Responsibility of Licenced Aircraft Maintenance Personnel working
with an Operator or an aircraft Maintenance Organisation.
Outline of major factors in airline organization and economics;
10.5 Organisation and Management of the Operator

Understanding of the air operators responsibilities for maintenance
and the relationship between the operators Maintenance Management
Organisation Exposition (MMOE) and maintenance organization
Procedure Manual (MOE);
General structure of an airline:
Function and organization of various departments. Detail function of
Engineering;
Technical, Production and Quality Assurance department and their
function, responsibility and interrelation between each department
heads;
Documentation of Maintenance:
Use of aircraft manuals, manufacturer bulletins and ADs, preparation
and approval of maintenance schedule, MEL and Technical Log.
Familiar with Job/task cards, worksheets, Logbooks, weight schedules
and flight test schedules.
Understand the Quality department audit / operation / inspection;
Planned Maintenance work:
Understand the Planning department function in maintenance work
such as checks period, callout on components life, check cycles,
rotation of components and overhaul of components;
Hangar layout, docking facility and equipment;
Workshop safety, fire hazard and first aids;
Management methods:
Methods study, time and motion study, statistical methods, budgeting
and analysis.
10.6 Operator Economics Related to Maintenance

Maintenance costs:
Percentage of operating costs, capital equipment costs, labour,
consumable stores, stores inventory, effect of elapsed time on airline
costs, man-hours required to complete a typical work and maintenance
time overrun penalties;
Relative cost of overhaul by manufacturer or airline;
Component/engine leasing;
Planning:
Analysis of different cyclic system(progressive and equalized
checks),long term planning for mixed fleet, balance work loading,
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LEVEL
B1
B2
effect of seasonal peak on work loading;

Preparing of worksheet and job cards, task time and task sequence for
optimum down time;
Development Engineering:
Liaison with manufacturer, study of new aircraft types, performance
analysis, modification policy, defect analysis, improved utilization,
reliability programme, engine trend monitoring, reliability study;
Labour policy:
Skill required training and recruitment, grading and qualification, salary
structure and agreements with trade union;
State regulation, incentive, discipline and welfare;
Quality Control and Assurance:
Inspection procedure, documentation, records and sampling
technique. Psychological aspect of inspection, duplicate inspection
according to National and International standards;
Safety:
National Industrial safety, insurance requirement, control of Hazmat,
protective measures in work area;
10.7 Approved Maintenance Organisations (AMOs)
Concept of a corporate body, its legal responsibilities and
organizational structure;
Group of person nominated as being responsible for ensuring
compliance with approved requirements;
Establishment of the competence of personnel and training of persons
signing maintenance release;
Issue of terms of approval by the state;
Maintenance procedures and exposition;
AMO quality assurance and inspection system;
AMO facilities, tools, equipment and working environment;
AMO storage facilities and procedures;
Access to necessary technical data;
Record keeping and recording procedure, records retention;
Issue of a maintenance release.
10.8 The Role of DCA Malaysia As An Aviation Regulatory Body
Protection of public interest by establishing the need for the feasibility
of air service and ensuring safety of flight operations conducted within
the Malaysia;
Regulation of the degree of competition between operators and
exercise control over commercial air operators;
Definition of the requirement for State-owned or State-operated
facilities and services;
State authority is normally exercised through the incorporation of civil
aviation acts, laws and statutes into the states legal system. It is also
asserted through the establishment of a State Civil Aviation Authority
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LEVEL
B1
B2
which has the power to apply principles set forth in the aviation law,
develop civil aviation regulations and orders and establish
requirements for the issue of licences, certificates and other
instruments of authority deemed necessary for commercial air
transport. The State must also inspect all aspect of commercial air
transport operations to ensure continuing compliance with State
requirements, recommend corrective action to air operators and
revoke or suspend an air operators licenses.
10.9 Aircraft Certification, Documents and Maintenance
Requirement of a Type Certification (TC in accordance to Annex 8).
Code/Certification Rule (CFR FAR, EASA 21/23/25/27);
Type Certificate issue by State of Design, associated TC Data Sheet,
control and revision;
Supplemental TC and Major Modification;
Individual Aircraft Certification:
Design Organisation Approval and Production Organisation Approval
Approved Data such as AFM, MMEL, MPD, WBM
Acceptable Data such as AMM, CMM, WDM, IPC, SRM;
Issuance of Certificate of Registration and Certificate of Airworthiness;
Documents to be carried on board the aircraft such as C of R, C of A,
Weight & Balance Report, Flight Test Report, Noise Certificate, Radio
Station License.
10.10 Requirement For Continuing Airworthiness

Understanding the concept that continuing airworthiness is a process
of ensuring that at any time in its operating life, the aircraft should
comply with airworthiness requirements and should be in a condition
for safe operation;
Renewal or continued validity of C of A;
Approval or Acceptance of maintenance programmes, minimum
equipment lists, ADs, SBs, SLs, Aircraft maintenance manual,
operator maintenance control manual and AMO maintenance
Procedure Manuals;
Understanding of the importance of Defects Reporting and Mandatory
Occurrence Reporting (MOR) procedures to the Authority and the type
design holder;
Analysis of defects and accidents information and the next action to be
taken to prevent such incident recurring;
Structural integrity programme such as CPCP, Ageing Aircraft, SSIP,

ALIs;
Special Operational Approvals:
Extended Range Twin Engine Operation Procedures (ETOPs),
Reduced Vertical Separation Minima(RVSM), Required Navigation
Performance(NRP), Minimum Navigation Performance
Specification(MNPS).
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MODULE 11A : TURBINE AEROPLANE AERODYNAMICS,STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS
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LEVEL
B1.1
B2

1
11.1.1 Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls
Operation and effect of:
roll control: ailerons and spoilers;
pitch control: elevators, stabilators, variable incidence stabilisers and
canards;
yaw control, rudder limiters;
Control using elevons, ruddervators;
High lift devices, slots, slats, flaps, flaperons;
Drag inducing devices, spoilers, lift dumpers, speed brakes;
Effects of wing fences, saw tooth leading edges;
Boundary layer control using, vortex generators, stall wedges or leading
edge devices;
Operation and effect of trim tabs, balance and antibalance (leading) tabs,
servo tabs, spring tabs, mass balance, control surface bias, aerodynamic
balance panels;
11.1.2 High Speed Flight
Speed of sound, subsonic flight, transonic flight, supersonic flight,
Mach number, critical Mach number, compressibility buffet, shock wave,
aerodynamic heating, area rule;
Factors affecting airflow in engine intakes of high speed aircraft;
Effects of sweepback on critical Mach number.
11.2 Airframe Structures General Concepts
(a) Airworthiness requirements for structural strength;
Structural classification, primary, secondary and tertiary;
Fail safe, safe life, damage tolerance concepts;
Zonal and station identification systems;
Stress, strain, bending, compression, shear, torsion, tension, hoop
stress, fatigue;
Drains and ventilation provisions;
System installation provisions;
Lightning strike protection provision;
Aircraft bonding
(b) Construction methods of: stressed skin fuselage, formers, stringers,
longerons, bulkheads, frames, doublers, struts, ties, beams, floor
structures, reinforcement, methods of skinning, anti-corrosive
protection, wing, empennage and engine attachments;
Structure assembly techniques: riveting, bolting, bonding;
Methods of surface protection, such as chromating, anodising,
painting;
Surface cleaning;
Airframe symmetry: methods of alignment and symmetry checks.
11.3 Airframe Structures Aeroplanes
1
11.3.1 Fuselage (ATA 52/53/56)
Construction and pressurisation sealing;
Wing, stabiliser, pylon and undercarriage attachments;
Seat installation and cargo loading system;
Doors and emergency exits: construction, mechanisms, operation and
safety devices;
Windows and windscreen construction and mechanisms.
11.3.2 Wings (ATA 57)
Construction;
Fuel storage;
Landing gear, pylon, control surface and high lift/drag attachments.
11.3.3 Stabilisers (ATA 55)

Construction;
Control surface attachment.
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11.3.4 Flight Control Surfaces (ATA 55/57)
Construction and attachment;
Balancing mass and aerodynamic.
11.3.5 Nacelles/Pylons (ATA 54)
Construction;
Firewalls;
Engine mounts.
A
1
LEVEL
B1.1
2
B2
-
11.4 Air Conditioning and Cabin Pressurisation (ATA 21)

1
11.4.1 Air supply
Sources of air supply including engine bleed, APU and ground cart;
11.4.2 Air Conditioning
Air conditioning systems;
Air cycle and vapour cycle machines;
Distribution systems;
Flow, temperature and humidity control system.
11.4.3 Pressurisation
Pressurisation systems;
Control and indication including control and safety valves;
Cabin pressure controllers.
11.4.4 Safety and warning devices

Protection and warning devices.
11.5 Instruments/Avionic Systems

1
11.5.1 Instrument Systems (ATA 31)
Pitot static system: altimeter, air speed indicator, vertical speed indicator;
Gyroscopic: artificial horizon, attitude director, direction indicator,
horizontal situation indicator, turn and slip indicator,
turn coordinator;
Compasses: direct reading, remote reading;
Angle of attack indication, stall warning systems;
Glass Cockpit;
Other aircraft system indication.
11.5.2 Avionic Systems
Fundamentals of system lay-outs and operation of;
Auto Flight (ATA 22);
Communications (ATA 23);
Navigation Systems (ATA 34).
11.6 Electrical Power (ATA 24)

Batteries Installation and Operation;
DC power generation;
AC power generation;
Emergency power generation;
Voltage regulation;
Power distribution;
Inverters, transformers, rectifiers;
Circuit protection;
External/Ground power;
11.7 Equipment and Furnishings (ATA 25)

(a) Emergency equipment requirements;
Seats, harnesses and belts.
(b) Cabin lay-out;
Equipment lay-out;
Cabin Furnishing Installation;
Cabin entertainment equipment;
Galley installation;
Cargo handling and retention equipment;
Airstairs.
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1
LEVEL
B1.1
3
B2
-
11.9 Flight Controls (ATA 27)

Primary controls: aileron, elevator, rudder, spoiler;
Trim control;
Active load control;
High lift devices;
Lift dump, speed brakes;
System operation: manual, hydraulic, pneumatic, electrical, fly-by-wire;
Artificial feel, Yaw damper, Mach trim, rudder limiter, gust locks sys.;
Balancing and rigging;
Stall protection/warning system.
11.10 Fuel System (ATA 28)

System lay-out;
Fuel tanks;
Supply systems;
Dumping, venting and draining;
Cross-feed and transfer;
Indications and warnings;
Refuelling and defuelling;
Longitudinal balance fuel systems.
11.11 Hydraulic Power (ATA 29)

System lay-out;
Hydraulic fluids;
Hydraulic reservoirs and accumulators;
Pressure generation: electric, mechanical, pneumatic;
Emergency pressure generation;
Filters;
Pressure Control;
Power distribution;
Indication and warning systems;
Interface with other systems.
11.12 Ice And Protection (ATA 30)

Ice formation, classification and detection;
Anti-icing systems: electrical, hot air and chemical;
De-icing systems: electrical, hot air, pneumatic and chemical;
Rain repellant;
Probe and drain heating.
Wiper systems
11.13 Landing Gear (ATA 32)

Construction, shock absorbing;
Extension and retraction systems: normal and emergency;
Indications and warning;
Wheels, brakes, antiskid and autobraking;
Tyres;
Steering;
Air ground sensing.
11.14 Lights (ATA 33)

External: navigation, anti-collision, landing, taxiing, ice;
Internal: cabin, cockpit, cargo;
Emergency.
11.15 Oxygen (ATA 35)

System lay-out: cockpit, cabin;
Sources, storage, charging and distribution;
Supply regulation;
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11.8 Fire Protection (ATA 26)
(a) Fire and smoke detection and warning systems;
Fire extinguishing systems;
System tests.
(b) Portable fire extinguisher
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1
LEVEL
B1.1
3
B2
-
11.17 Water/Waste (ATA 38)

Water system lay-out, supply, distribution, servicing and draining;
Toilet system lay-out, flushing and servicing;
Corrosion aspect
11.18 On Board Maintenance Systems (ATA 45)

Central maintenance computers;
Data loading system;
Electronic library system;
Printing;
Structure monitoring (damage tolerance monitoring).
11.19 Integrated Modular Avionics (ATA42)

Functions that may be typically integrated in the Integrated Modular
Avionic (IMA) modules are, among others:
. Bleed Management, Air Pressure Control, Air Ventilation and Control,
Avionics and Cockpit Ventilation Control, Temperature Control, Air
Traffic Communication, Avionics Communication Router, Electrical Load
Management, Circuit Breaker Monitoring, Electrical System BITE, Fuel
Management, Braking Control, Steering Control, Landing Gear
Extension and Retraction, Tyre Pressure Indication, Oleo Pressure
Indication, Brake Temperature Monitoring, etc
Core System;
Network Components
11.20 Cabin System (ATA44)

The units and components which furnish a means of entering the
passengers and providing communication within the aircraft (Cabin
Intercommunication Data System) and between the aircraft cabin and
ground stations (Cabin Network Service). Includes voice, data, music and
video transmissions.
The Cabin Intercommunication Data System provides an interface
between cockpit/cabin crew and cabin systems. These systems support
data exchange of the different related LRUs and they are typically
operated via Flight Attendant Panels
The Cabin Network Service typically consists on a server, typically
interfacing with, among others, the following systems:
- Data/Radio Communication, In-Flight Entertainment Systems
The Cabin Network Service may host functions such as:
- Access to pre-departure/departure report
- E-mail/intranet/internet access,
- Passenger database,
Cabin Core System
In-Flight Entertainment System
External Communication System
Cabin Mass Memory System
Cabin Monitoring System
Miscellaneous Cabin System
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11.16 Pneumatic/Vacuum (ATA 36)
System lay-out;
Sources: engine/APU, compressors, reservoirs, ground supply;
Pressure control;
Distribution;
Interfaces with other systems.
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11.21 Information Systems (ATA46)
The units and components which furnish a means of storing, updating
and retrieving digital information traditionally provide on paper, microfilm
or microfiche. Includes units that are dedicated to the information storage
and retrieval function such as the electronic library mass storage and
controller. Does not include units or components installed for other uses
and shared with other systems, such as flight deck printer or general use
display
Typical example include Air Traffic and Information Management System
and Network Server Systems
Aircraft General Information Systems;
Flight Deck Information System;
Maintenance Information System;
Passenger Cabin Information System;
Miscellaneous Information System;
A
1
LEVEL
B1.1
2
B2
-
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MODULE 11B :PISTON AEROPLANE AERODYNAMICS,STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS
A2
LEVEL
B1.2
B2
11.3.2 Wings (ATA 57)

Construction;
Fuel storage;
Landing gear, pylon, control surface and high lift/drag attachments
11.3.3 Stabilisers (ATA 55)

Construction;
Control surface attachment.
11.3.4 Flight Control Surfaces (ATA 55/57)

Construction and attachment;
Balancing mass and aerodynamic.
SUBTOPIC
11.1.1 Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls
pitch control: elevators, stabilators, variable incidence stabilisers
and canards;
High lift devices, slots, slats, flaps, flaperons;
Drag inducing devices, spoilers, lift dumpers, speed brakes;
Effects of wing fences, saw tooth leading edges;
Boundary layer control using, vortex generators, stall wedges or
leading edge devices;
Operation and effect of trim tabs, balance and antibalance (leading)
tabs, servo tabs, spring tabs, mass balance, control surface bias,
aerodynamic balance panels;
11.1.2 High Speed Flight N/A
11.2 Airframe Structures General Concepts
Stress, strain, bending, compression, shear, torsion,
tension, hoop stress, fatigue;
Lightning strike protection provision.
Aircraft bonding
(b) Construction methods of: stressed skin fuselage, formers,
stringers, longerons, bulkheads, frames, doublers, struts, ties,
beams, floor structures, reinforcement, methods of skinning, anticorrosive protection, wing, empennage and engine attachments;
painting;
Surface cleaning;
11.3 Airframe Structures Aeroplanes
11.3.1 Fuselage (ATA 52/53/56)
Construction and pressurisation sealing;
Wing, tail-plane pylon and undercarriage attachments;
Seat installation;
Doors and emergency exits: construction and operation;
Window and windscreen attachment.
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A2
LEVEL
B1.2
B2

Fundamentals of system lay-outs and operation of:

Voltage regulation;
Power distribution;
Circuit protection;
Inverters, transformers.

Primary controls: aileron, elevator, rudder;
Trim tabs; High lift devices;
System operation: manual;
Gust locks;
Balancing and rigging;
Stall warning system.
11.10 Fuel Systems (ATA 28)

System lay-out;
Fuel tanks;
Supply systems;
Refuelling and defuelling.
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11.3.5 Nacelles/Pylons (ATA 54)
(a) Nacelles/Pylons:
Construction;
Firewalls;
Engine mounts.
Pressurisation and air conditioning systems;
Cabin pressure controllers, protection and warning devices.
Pitot static system: altimeter, air speed indicator, vertical speed
indicator;
Gyroscopic: artificial horizon, attitude director, direction indicator,
horizontal situation indicator, turn and slip indicator, turn coordinator;
Angle of attack indication, stall warning systems;
Glass cockpit;

Seats, harnesses and belts.
(b) Cabin lay-out;
Equipment lay-out;
Cabin Furnishing Installation (level 2);
Cabin entertainment equipment;
Galley installation;
Cargo handling and retention equipment;
Airstairs.
(a) Fire extinguishing systems;
Fire and smoke detection and warning systems; System tests.
(b) Portable fire extinguisher.
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A2
1
LEVEL
B1.2
3
B2
-
11.12 Ice and Rain Protection (ATA 30)

De-icing systems: electrical, hot air, pneumatic and chemical;
Probe and drain heating;
Wiper systems.

Wheels, brakes, antiskid and autobraking;
Tyres; Steering;
Air ground sensing.

External: navigation, anti collision, landing, taxiing, ice;
Emergency.

System lay-out: cockpit, cabin;
Sources, storage, charging and distribution;
Supply regulation;

System lay-out;
Sources: engine/APU, compressors, reservoirs, ground supply;
Pressure control;
Distribution;
11.17 Water/Waste (ATA 38)

Toilet system lay-out, flushing and servicing;
Corrosion aspects.
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System lay-out;
Hydraulic fluids;
Pressure generation: electric, mechanical;
Pressure Control;
Power distribution;
Indication and warning systems.
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MODULE 12 : HELICOPTER AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS
A3
A4
1
LEVEL
B1.3
B1.4
2
B2
12.2 Flight Control Systems

Cyclic control; Collective control;
Swashplate;
Yaw control: Anti-Torque Control, Tail rotor, bleed air;
Main Rotor Head: Design and Operation features;
Blade Dampers: Function and construction;
Rotor Blades: Main and tail rotor blade construction and attachment;
Trim control, fixed and adjustable stabilisers;
System operation: manual, hydraulic, electrical and fly-by-wire;
Artificial feel;
Balancing and Rigging.
12.3 Blade Tracking and Vibration Analysis

Rotor alignment;
Main and tail rotor tracking;
Static and dynamic balancing;
Vibration types, vibration reduction methods;
Ground resonance.
12.4 Transmissions
Gear boxes, main and tail rotors;
Clutches, free wheel units and rotor brake.
Tail rotor drive shafts, flexible couplings, bearings, vibration dampers
and bearing hangers.
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12.1 Theory of Flight Rotary Wing Aerodynamics
Terminology;
Effects of gyroscopic precession;
Torque reaction and directional control;
Dissymmetry of lift, Blade tip stall;
Translating tendency and its correction;
Coriolis effect and compensation;
Vortex ring state, power settling, overpitching;
Auto-rotation;
Ground effect.
12.5 Airframe Structures

Stress, strain, bending, compression, shear, torsion,
tension, hoop stress, fatigue;
(b) Construction methods of: stressed skin fuselage, formers,
stringers, longerons, bulkheads, frames, doublers, struts, ties,
beams, floor structures, reinforcement, methods of skinning and
anti-corrosive protection.
Pylon, stabiliser and undercarriage attachments;
Seat installation;
Doors: construction, mechanisms, operation and safety devices;
Windows and windscreen construction;
Fuel storage;
Firewalls;
Engine mounts;
painting;
Surface cleaning;
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A3
A4
LEVEL
B1.3
B1.4
B2
12.6 Air Conditioning (ATA 21)

1

Fire and smoke detection and warning systems;
Fire extinguishing systems;
System tests.

System lay-out;
Fuel tanks;
Supply systems;
Refuelling and defuelling.
12.6.1 Air supply

Sources of air supply including engine bleed and ground cart;
Air conditioning systems;
Flow and temperature control systems;

1
Pitot static system:altimeter, air speed indicator, vertical speed
indicator;
Gyroscopic:artificial horizon, attitude director, direction indicator,
horizontal situation indicator, turn and slip indicator, turn coordinator;
Vibration indicating systems HUMS;
Glass Cockpit;
Fundamentals of system layouts and operation of:
1
DC power generation, AC power generation;
Voltage regulation, Circuit protection.
Power distribution;
External/Ground power.
Seats, harnesses and belts;
Lifting systems.
(b) Emergency flotation systems;
Cabin lay-out, cargo retention;
Equipment lay-out;
Cabin Furnishing Installation.
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A3
A4
1
LEVEL
B1.3
B1.4
3
B2

Anti-icing and de-icing systems: electrical, hot air and chemical;
Rain repellant and removal;
Probe and drain heating.
Wiper system.

Wheels, tyres, brakes;
Steering;
Skids, floats.
Air ground sensing.

External: navigation, landing, taxiing, ice;
Emergency.

System lay-out;
Sources: engine, compressors, reservoirs, ground supply;
Pressure control;
Distribution;
12.17 Integrated Modular Avionics (ATA42)

- Bleed Management, Air Pressure Control, Air Ventilation and Control,
Avionics and Cockpit Ventilation Control, Temperature Control, Air
Traffic Communication, Avionics Communication Router, Electrical
Load Management, Circuit Breaker Monitoring, Electrical System
BITE, Fuel Management, Braking Control, Steering Control, Landing
Gear Extension and Retraction, Tyre Pressure Indication, Oleo
Pressure Indication, Brake Temperature Monitoring, etc
Core System;
Network Components
12.18 On Board Maintenance Systems (ATA45)

Central Maintenance Computers;
Data loading systems;
Electronic library system; Printing;
Structure monitoring (damage tolerance monitoring)
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System lay-out;
Hydraulic fluids;
Pressure generation: electric, mechanical, pneumatic;
Pressure Control;
Power distribution;
Interface with other systems.
Filters.
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SUBTOPIC
12.19 Information Systems (ATA46)
and retrieving digital information traditionally provide on paper,
microfilm or microfiche. Includes units that are dedicated to the
information storage and retrieval function such as the electronic library
mass storage and controller. Does not include units or components
installed for other uses and shared with other systems, such as flight
deck printer or general use display
Typical example include Air Traffic and Information Management
System and Network Server Systems
A3
A4
1
LEVEL
B1.3
B1.4
2
B2
-
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 34 of 43
MODULE 13 : AIRCRAFT AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS (AVIONICS)
A
LEVEL
B1
B2
1
2
13.3 Autoflight (ATA 22)

Fundamentals of automatic flight control including working principles
and current terminology;
Command signal processing;
Modes of operation: roll, pitch and yaw channels;
Yaw dampers;
Stability Augmentation System in helicopters;
Automatic trim control;
Autopilot navigation aids interface;
Autothrottle systems.
Automatic Landing Systems: principles and categories, modes of
operation, approach, glideslope, land, go-around, system monitors and
failure conditions.
13.4 Communication/Navigation (ATA 23/34)

Fundamentals of radio wave propagation, antennas, transmission
lines, communication, receiver and transmitter;
Working principles of following systems:
Very High Frequency (VHF) communication;
High Frequency (HF) communication;
Audio;
Emergency Locator Transmitters;
Cockpit Voice Recorder;
Very High Frequency omnidirectional range (VOR);
Automatic Direction Finding (ADF);
Instrument Landing System (ILS);
Microwave Landing System (MLS);
Flight Director systems; Distance Measuring Equipment (DME);
Very Low Frequency and hyperbolic navigation (VLF/ Omega);
Doppler navigation;
Area navigation, RNAV systems;
Flight Management Systems;
Global Positioning System (GPS), Global Navigation Satellite
Systems (GNSS);
Inertial Navigation System;
Air Traffic Control transponder, secondary surveillance radar;
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS);
Weather avoidance radar;
Radio altimeter;
ARINC communication and reporting;
SUBTOPIC
(a) Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls
pitch control: elevators, stabilators, variable incidence
stabilisers and canards;
High lift devices: slots, slats, flaps;
Drag inducing devices: spoilers, lift dumpers, speed brakes;
Operation and effect of trim tabs, servo tabs, control surface bias.
(b) High Speed Flight
Speed of sound, subsonic flight, transonic flight, supersonic flight,
Mach number, critical Mach number.
(c) Rotary Wing Aerodynamics
Terminology;
Operation and effect of cyclic, collective and anti-torque controls.
13.2 Structures General Concepts
(a) Fundamentals of structural systems.
(b) Zonal and station identification systems;
Electrical bonding;
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 35 of 43
SUBTOPIC
AC power generation;
Voltage regulation;
Power distribution;
Circuit protection;
External/Ground power.
Electronic emergency equipment requirements;
Cabin entertainment equipment.
(a) Primary controls: aileron, elevator, rudder, spoiler;
Trim control;
Active load control;
High lift devices;
Lift dump, speed brakes;
System operation: manual, hydraulic, pneumatic;
Artificial feel, Yaw damper, Mach trim, rudder limiter, gust locks.
Stall protection systems.
(b) System operation: electrical, fly by wire.
A
-
LEVEL
B1
-
B2
3
13.8 Instrument Systems (ATA 31)

Classification;
Atmosphere;
Terminology;
Pressure measuring devices and systems;
Pitot static systems;
Altimeters;
Vertical speed indicators;
Airspeed indicators;
Machmeters;
Altitude reporting/alerting systems;
Air data computers;
Instrument pneumatic systems;
Direct reading pressure and temperature gauges;
Temperature indicating systems;
Fuel quantity indicating systems;
Gyroscopic principles;
Artificial horizons;
Slip indicators;
Directional gyros;
Ground Proximity Warning Systems;
Compass systems;
Flight Data Recording systems;
Electronic Flight Instrument Systems;
Instrument warning systems including master warning systems and
centralised warning panels;
Stall warning systems and angle of attack indicating systems;
Vibration measurement and indication.

External: navigation, landing, taxiing, ice;
Emergency.
13.10 On board Maintenance Systems (ATA 45)

Central maintenance computers;
Data loading system;
Electronic library system;
Printing;
Structure monitoring (damage tolerance monitoring).
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 36 of 43
LEVEL
B1
B2
2
3
1
3

System layout;
Fuel tanks;
Supply systems;
Refuelling and defueling;
Longitudinal balance fuel systems;
1
1
1
1
2
3
2
3

System lay-out
Hydraulic fluids;
Hydraulics reservoirs and accumulators;
Pressure generation, electrical, mechanical, pneumatic;
Filters;
Pressure control;
Power distribution;
Interface with other systems;
1
1
1
3
3
1
3
1
3
3

Anti-icing systems: electrical, hot air and chemical;
De-icing systems: electrical, hot air, pneumatic, chemical;
Rain repellent;
Probe and drain heating;
Wiper systems;
2
2
3
1
3
1

Extension and retraction systems: normal and emergency
Wheel, brakes, antiskid and autobraking;
Tyres
Steering
Air ground sensing
1
3
3
3
1
3
3

System lay-out: cockpit, cabin
Sources, storages, charging and distribution;
Supply regulation;
1
1
1
3
SUBTOPIC
13.11.1 Air Supply
Source of air supply including engine bleed, APU and ground chart
Air Conditioning Systems;
Air cycle and vapour cycle machines;
Flow, temperature and humidity control system;
13.11.3 Pressurisation
Pressurisation systems;
Control and indicating including control and valves;
Cabin pressure controllers;
13.11.4 Safety and warning devices
13.12 Fire Protection (ATA2 6)
(a) Fire and smoke detection and warning systems;
Fire extinguishing systems; System tests.
(b) Portable fire extinguisher
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 37 of 43
LEVEL
B1
B2
2
2
3
1
3
3
13.19 Water / Waste (ATA 38)

Toilet system lay-out, flushing and servicing
13.20 Integrated Modular Avionics (ATA 42)

- Bleed Management, Air Pressure Control, Air Ventilation and
Control, Avionics and Cockpit Ventilation Control, Temperature
Control, Air Traffic Communication, Avionics Communication Router,
Electrical Load Management, Circuit Breaker Monitoring, Electrical
System BITE, Fuel Management, Braking Control, Steering Control,
Landing Gear Extension and Retraction, Tyre Pressure Indication,
Oleo Pressure Indication, Brake Temperature Monitoring, etc
Core System;
Network Components.
13.21 Cabin Systems (ATA 44)

The units and components which furnish a means of entering the
passengers and providing communication within the aircraft (Cabin
Intercommunication Data System) and between the aircraft cabin and
ground stations (Cabin Network Service). Includes voice, data, music
and video transmissions.
The Cabin Intercommunication Data System provides an interface
between cockpit/cabin crew and cabin systems. These systems
support data exchange of the different related LRUs and they are
typically operated via Flight Attendant Panels.
The Cabin Network Service typically consists on a server, typically
interfacing with, among others, the following systems:
- Data/Radio Communication, In-Flight Entertainment Systems
The Cabin Network Service may host functions such as:
- Access to pre-departure/departure report
- E-mail/intranet/internet access,
- Passenger database,
Cabin Core System
In-Flight Entertainment System
External Communication System
Cabin Mass Memory System
Cabin Monitoring System
Miscellaneous Cabin System
13.22 Information Systems (ATA 46)

and retrieving digital information traditionally provide on paper,
microfilm or microfiche. Includes units that are dedicated to the
information storage and retrieval function such as the electronic library
mass storage and controller. Does not include units or components
installed for other uses and shared with other systems, such as flight
deck printer or general use display.
Typical example include Air Traffic and Information Management
System and Network Server Systems.
SUBTOPIC
System lay-out
Sources; engine/APU, compressors, reservoir, ground supply
Pressure control;
Distribution;
Indicators and warnings;
Interfaces with other systems;
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 38 of 43
MODULE 14 : PROPULSION SYSTEM (AVIONICS)
A
LEVEL
B1
B2
14.2 Engine Indicating Systems

Exhaust gas temperature/Interstage turbine temperature systems;
Engine speed;
Engine Thrust Indication: Engine Pressure Ratio, engine turbine
discharge pressure or jet pipe pressure systems;
Oil pressure and temperature;
Fuel pressure, temperature and flow;
Manifold pressure;
Engine torque;
Propeller speed.
14.3 Starting and Ignition Systems

Operation of engine start systems and components;
Ignition systems and components;
Maintenance safety requirements
SUBTOPIC
14.1 Turbine Engines
(a) Constructional arrangement and operation of turbojet, turbofan,
turboshaft and turbopropeller engines;
(b) Electronic Engine control and fuel metering systems (FADEC).
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 39 of 43
MODULE 15 : GAS TURBINE ENGINE
A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
-
15.2 Engine Performance

Gross thrust, net thrust, choked nozzle thrust, thrust distribution,
resultant thrust, thrust horsepower, equivalent shaft horsepower,
specific fuel consumption;
Engine efficiencies;
By-pass ratio and engine pressure ratio;
Pressure, temperature and velocity of the gas flow;
Engine ratings, static thrust, influence of speed, altitude and hot
climate, flat rating, limitations.
15.3 Inlet
Compressor inlet ducts;
Effects of various inlet configurations;
Ice protection.
15.4 Compressors
Axial and centrifugal types;
Constructional features and operating principles and applications;
Fan balancing;
Operation:
Causes and effects of compressor stall and surge;
Methods of air flow control: bleed valves, variable inlet guide vanes,
variable stator vanes, rotating stator blades;
Compressor ratio.
15.5 Combustion Section

Constructional features and principles of operation.
15.6 Turbine Section

Operation and characteristics of different turbine blade types;
Blade to disk attachment;
Nozzle guide vanes;
Causes and effects of turbine blade stress and creep.
15.7 Exhaust
Constructional features and principles of operation;
Convergent, divergent and variable area nozzles;
Engine noise reduction;
Thrust reversers.
15.8 Bearings and Seals

Constructional features and principles of operation.
15.9 Lubricants and Fuels

Properties and specifications;
Fuel additives;
Safety precautions.
15.10 Lubrication Systems

System operation/lay-out and components.
15.11 Fuel Systems

Operation of engine control and fuel metering systems including
electronic engine control (FADEC);
Systems lay-out and components.
SUBTOPIC
15.1 Fundamentals
Potential energy, kinetic energy, Newton's laws of motion, Brayton
cycle;
The relationship between force, work, power, energy, velocity,
acceleration;
Constructional arrangement and operation of turbojet, turbofan,
turboshaft, turboprop.
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 40 of 43
A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
-

Operation of engine start systems and components;
Ignition systems and components;
Maintenance safety requirements.
15.14 Engine Indication Systems

Exhaust Gas Temperature/Interstage Turbine Temperature;
Engine Thrust Indication: Engine Pressure Ratio, engine turbine
discharge pressure or jet pipe pressure systems;
Oil pressure and temperature;
Fuel pressure and flow;
Engine speed;
Vibration measurement and indication;
Torque;
Power.
15.15 Power Augmentation Systems

Operation and applications;
Water injection, water methanol;
Afterburner systems.
15.16 Turbo-prop Engines

Gas coupled/free turbine and gear coupled turbines;
Reduction gears;
Integrated engine and propeller controls;
Overspeed safety devices.
15.17 Turbo-shaft engines

Arrangements, drive systems, reduction gearing, couplings, control
systems.
15.18 Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)

Purpose, operation, protective systems.
15.19 Powerplant Installation

Configuration of firewalls, cowlings, acoustic panels, engine mounts,
anti-vibration mounts, hoses, pipes, feeders, connectors, wiring looms,
control cables and rods, lifting points and drains.
15.20 Fire Protection Systems

Operation of detection and extinguishing systems.
15.21 Engine Monitoring and Ground Operation

Procedures for starting and ground run-up;
Interpretation of engine power output and parameters;
Trend (including oil analysis, vibration and boroscope) monitoring;
Inspection of engine and components to criteria, tolerances and data
specified by engine manufacturer;
Compressor washing/cleaning;
Foreign Object Damage.
15.22 Engine Storage and Preservation

Preservation and depreservation for the engine and
accessories/systems.
SUBTOPIC
15.12 Air Systems
Operation of engine air distribution and anti-ice control systems,
including internal cooling, sealing and external air services.
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 41 of 43
MODULE 16 : PISTON ENGINE
A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
-
16.2 Engine Performance

Power calculation and measurement;
Factors affecting engine power;
Mixtures/leaning, pre-ignition.
16.3 Engine Construction

Crank case, crank shaft, cam shafts, sumps;
Accessory gearbox;
Cylinder and piston assemblies;
Connecting rods, inlet and exhaust manifolds;
Valve mechanisms;
Propeller reduction gearboxes.
16.4.2 Fuel injection systems

Types, construction and principles of operation
16.4.3 Electronic engine control

Operation of engine control and fuel metering systems including
electronic engine control (FADEC);
Systems lay-out and components.

Starting systems, pre-heat systems;
Magneto types, construction and principles of operation;
Ignition harnesses, spark plugs;
Low and high tension systems.
16.6 Induction, Exhaust and Cooling Systems

Construction and operation of: induction systems including alternate
air systems;
Exhaust systems, engine cooling systems air and liquid.
16.7 Supercharging/Turbocharging
Principles and purpose of supercharging and its effects on engine
parameters;
Construction and operation of supercharging/turbocharging systems;
System terminology;
Control systems;
System protection.
16.8 Lubricants and Fuels

Properties and specifications;
Fuel additives;
Safety precautions.
16.9 Lubrication Systems

System operation/lay-out and components.
16.10 Engine Indication Systems

Engine speed; Cylinder head temperature;
Coolant temperature; Oil pressure and temperature;
Exhaust Gas Temperature; Fuel pressure and flow;
Manifold pressure.
SUBTOPIC
16.1 Fundamentals
Mechanical, thermal and volumetric efficiencies;
Operating principles 2 stroke, 4 stroke, Otto and Diesel;
Piston displacement and compression ratio;
Engine configuration and firing order.
16.4 Engine Fuel Systems

16.4.1 Carburettors
Types, construction and principles of operation;
Icing and heating.
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 42 of 43
A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
-
16.12 Engine Monitoring and Ground Operation

Procedures for starting and ground run-up;
Interpretation of engine power output and parameters;
Inspection of engine and components: criteria, tolerances, and data
specified by engine manufacturer.
16.13 Engine Storage and Preservation

Preservation and depreservation for the engine and
accessories/systems.
SUBTOPIC
16.11 Powerplant Installation
Configuration of firewalls, cowlings, acoustic panels, engine mounts,
anti-vibration mounts, hoses, pipes, feeders, connectors, wiring looms,
control cables and rods, lifting points and drains.
AN No. : 1101
Appendix 1
Issue : 1
Page : 43 of 43
MODULE 17 : PROPELLER
A
1
LEVEL
B1
2
B2
-
17.2 Propeller Construction

Construction methods and materials used in wooden, composite and
metal propellers;
Blade station, blade face, blade shank, blade back and hub assembly;
Fixed pitch, controllable pitch, constant speeding propeller;
Propeller/spinner installation.
17.3 Propeller Pitch Control

Speed control and pitch change methods, mechanical and
electrical/electronic;
Feathering and reverse pitch;
Overspeed protection.
17.4 Propeller Synchronising

Synchronising and synchrophasing equipment.
17.5 Propeller Ice Protection

Fluid and electrical de-icing equipment.
17.6 Propeller Maintenance

Static and dynamic balancing;
Blade tracking;
Assessment of blade damage, erosion, corrosion, impact damage,
delamination;
Propeller treatment/repair schemes;
Propeller engine running
17.7 Propeller Storage and Preservation

Propeller preservation and depreservation
SUBTOPIC
17.1 Fundamentals
Blade element theory;
High/low blade angle, reverse angle, angle of attack, rotational speed;
Propeller slip;
Aerodynamic, centrifugal, and thrust forces;
Torque;
Relative airflow on blade angle of attack;
Vibration and resonance.

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AN No.

AIRWORTHINESS NOTICE No. 1101

KNOWLEDGE LEVELS AML CATEGORY A, B1 AND B2

The knowledge level indicators are defined as follows:

A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject.

The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the

The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole

The applicant should be able to use typical terms.

A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the

The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical

The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject

The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction

The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings

The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner

A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of

The applicant should know the theory of the subject and

The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject

The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical

The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches,

The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner

Note* : Module 4 is not applicable for Category A AML

2.4 Optics (Light)

2.5 Wave Motion and Sound

3.2 Static Electricity and Conduction

3.3 Electrical Terminology

3.4 Generation of Electricity

3.5 DC Sources of Electricity

3.12 DC Motor/Generator Theory

3.14 Resistive (R), Capacitive (C) and Inductive (L) Circuits

5.1 Electronic Instrument Systems

5.2 Numbering Systems

5.3 Data Conversion

5.4 Data Buses

5.8 Integrated Circuits

5.10 Fibre Optics

5.11 Electronic Displays

5.5 Logic Circuits

5.12 Electrostatic Sensitive Devices

5.13 Software Management Control

5.14 Electromagnetic Environment

5.15 Typical Electronic/Digital Aircraft Systems

6.3.2 Wooden structures

6.3.3 Fabric covering

6.5.2 Bolts, studs and screws

6.5.3 Locking devices

6.10 Control Cables

6.11 Electrical Cables and Connectors

7.2 Workshop Practices

7.4 Avionic General Test Equipment

7.5 Engineering Drawings, Diagrams and Standards

7.6 Fits and Clearances

7.7 Electrical Wiring Interconnection System (EWIS)

7.9 Pipes and Hoses

7.13 Control Cables

7.14 Material handling

8.3 Theory of Flight

8.4 Flight Stability and Dynamics

9.2 Human Performance and Limitations